ЕГЭ ПО ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ. РОДЫ И ЖАНРЫ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Summary

The video script is an educational lesson by Александр Левинская, focusing on the fundamental concepts of literary theory, specifically genres and types of literature. It emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between 'genre' and 'type' and their interrelation. The lesson categorizes literature into three main types: epic, lyric, and drama, each with its subtypes like novel, romance, and tragedy. It discusses the characteristics of each, such as the objectivity of epic and the subjectivity of lyric, using examples like Chekhov's 'The Death of a Government Clerk'. The script aims to help viewers understand literature for academic purposes and personal enrichment.

Takeaways

• 📚 Literature is divided into three main types: epic, lyric, and drama.
• 🎭 Genres are subcategories of literature types; for example, epics include novels and stories, and dramas include tragedies and comedies.
• ✍️ An epic focuses on objective storytelling, where the author narrates events neutrally without personal involvement.
• 💭 Lyric poetry emphasizes subjectivity and the personal emotions of the author or lyrical hero.
• 🎬 Drama is constructed through dialogues and monologues, with limited input from the author beyond stage directions and setting.
• 📖 A story typically involves one or two events with a limited number of characters, focusing on a specific issue or conflict.
• 📙 A novel is a more complex and large-scale epic form, with multiple characters and intertwining plots covering various themes like love, society, and philosophy.
• 📝 In lyric poetry, genres include elegies, epigrams, odes, and letters, each with distinct purposes, such as meditative thought or praise.
• 🎨 Dramas are characterized by types of conflicts: comedies focus on humorous contradictions, tragedies deal with unresolved struggles, and standard dramas have solvable, realistic issues.
• 📅 The largest epic genre is the novel-epic, which covers historical events and the fate of a nation, such as Mikhail Sholokhov's *Quiet Don*.

Q & A

What is the main purpose of studying literary genres and types according to the script?

The main purpose of studying literary genres and types is to understand the system of coordinates that encompasses world literature from a theoretical perspective, and more pragmatically, to be able to correctly identify the genre or type of a literary work after reading a text, which is essential for answering test questions.

How are the concepts of 'genre' and 'type' differentiated in literary theory?

In literary theory, 'genre' refers to a group of artistic works that share similar structural and thematic features, while 'type' refers to a broader category that includes several genres. The script emphasizes not confusing the two and understanding their interrelation.

What are the three main types of literature according to the script?

The three main types of literature are 'epic', 'lyric', and 'drama', each of which includes a certain group of genres.

What is the defining characteristic of the epic type in literature?

The defining characteristic of the epic type is 'objectivity'. It is the most objective literary type, where the author must recount events and reconstruct history in an impartial and detached manner, without expressing personal thoughts or feelings directly.

How is the lyric type different from the epic type in literature?

The lyric type is the most subjective literary type, characterized by the expression of personal, intimate, and subjective experiences of the lyrical hero. The focus is on the emotions and experiences, making it the main event in a lyrical work.

What is the primary structure of a dramatic text according to the script?

A dramatic text is primarily structured with dialogues, monologues, and asides of the main characters. It consists only of the characters' speeches, with minimal space for authorial words, which can be found in expositions and stage directions.

What are the four epic genres mentioned in the script?

The four epic genres mentioned are 'narrative', 'novel', 'epopee', and 'short story'.

What is the main difference between a 'novel' and an 'epopee' in literature?

The main difference is that an 'epopee' is the largest genre and must be dedicated to a historical event, depicting the life of a nation during a historical turning point or crisis, unlike a 'novel' which can be multi-themed and does not necessarily have to be tied to historical events.

Which lyrical genre involves a poem that is a letter in verse?

A 'message' is a lyrical genre that involves a letter in verse, which can be either love or friendship-themed.

What are the three dramatic genres discussed in the script?

The three dramatic genres discussed are 'comedy', 'tragedy', and 'drama'. A comedy is characterized by humorous situations and conflicts, a tragedy involves an irreconcilable conflict often resolved by the death of the protagonist, and a drama has more grounded, possibly resolvable conflicts.