4. SISTEM ETIKA, NILAI, NORMA DAN MORAL

Summary

This script explores the concept of ethics, defined as the study of moral principles guiding human conduct. It distinguishes between general and specific ethics, covering areas like family, profession, and environment. It delves into the philosophical branches of axiology, discussing the nature of values and their categorization. The script also examines norms, their formation, and their role in ensuring a proper and peaceful life as per Maslow's hierarchy of needs. It references various theories, including Hans Kelsen's legal theory, to explain the structure and purpose of laws and norms. The connection between norms and Pancasila, Indonesia's foundational principles, is highlighted, emphasizing their importance in maintaining social harmony.

Takeaways

• 📚 Etika, according to Suseno, is a science that discusses how and why we follow moral teachings or should adopt responsible attitudes towards various moral teachings.
• 🔍 Etika is divided into two forms: general ethics, which contains principles applicable to every human action, and specific ethics, which includes individual ethics and social ethics.
• 🏠 Individual ethics pertains to a person's duties towards themselves, while social ethics relates to a person's duties towards others in society.
• 🌟 Ethics encompasses various aspects such as family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, and sexual ethics.
• 🌱 Ethics is fundamentally based on human dignity and morality, always relating to the values of Susila and Asusila, as well as good and bad values.
• 📈 Values are abstract nouns indicating goodness or worth, and they are the qualities and characteristics of an object that are evaluated.
• 🏛️ Values can be categorized into different levels and types, such as Max Keller's four levels of values or Walter C. Everett's eight groups of values.
• 🌐 The connection between values and Pancasila, Indonesia's state philosophy, is that Pancasila values are a combination of various value levels, including spiritual, social, and religious values.
• 📖 Norma, according to Soerjono Soekanto, aims to ensure that humans can live decently by fulfilling basic needs as described by Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
• 📜 Norms are formed through imitation or education and are meant to guide behavior for a proper and peaceful life, ensuring the fulfillment of basic needs.
• 🏛️ Norms have various forms, including belief norms, moral norms, etiquette norms, and legal norms, each serving different purposes in society.

Q & A

What does the term 'ethics' encompass according to Suseno?

Ethics, as described by Suseno, is a science that discusses how and why we follow certain moral teachings or should adopt a responsible attitude when dealing with various moral teachings.

How is ethics categorized into two forms?

Ethics is categorized into two forms: general ethics, which contains principles applicable to every human action, and specific ethics, which is further divided into individual ethics and social ethics.

What are the two subcategories of specific ethics?

Specific ethics is divided into individual ethics, which are the duties of a person towards themselves, and social ethics, which are the duties of a person towards others in society.

What are the different areas that ethics cover?

Ethics covers various areas including family ethics, professional ethics, environmental ethics, educational ethics, sexual ethics, and political ethics.

What are the fundamental requirements of political ethics?

Political ethics have several fundamental requirements, one of which is based on the dignity and worth of human beings, and another on moral values and humanity.

What is the relationship between ethics and values?

Ethics is always related to the values of Susila and non-Susila, as well as good and bad values, with the specific purpose of forming individuals who are Susila or wise.

What does the term 'values' signify in the field of philosophy?

In philosophy, values are abstract nouns that signify goodness or worth, and verbs that mean a certain spirit in evaluating or making assessments.

How does Max Keller categorize values into different levels?

Max Keller categorizes values into four levels: a) values of pleasure, b) values of life, c) values of the spirit, and d) values of spirituality.

What are the different types of norms according to Soerjono Soekanto?

Soerjono Soekanto identifies different types of norms, including norm of belief, norm of good manners, norm of ethics, and norm of law, each serving specific purposes such as purity of personal life, formation of personal goodness, decency in interpersonal life, and peace in interpersonal life.

What is the role of norms in society according to Soerjono Soekanto?

Norms, according to Soerjono Soekanto, are guidelines or principles for behavior to ensure a decent life, which can be achieved by fulfilling basic needs and behaving according to certain patterns.

How does Howard define norms?

Howard defines norms as specific rules of conduct that are more broadly understood as concrete rules that have sanctions based on the ideas of 'ought' and 'ought not.'

What are the four types of norms based on their effectiveness in society?

The four types of norms based on their effectiveness in society are: a) custom or usage, b) habit or convention, c) mores, and d) custom or law.

How does the concept of morality relate to the Indonesian perspective on good and bad?

Morality in Indonesia is related to the concept of good and bad, with terms like 'akhlak' in Arabic or 'kesusilaan' in Indonesian, which contain meanings of inner order or spiritual guidance for behavior.

What is the significance of Pancasila in terms of Indonesian morality?

Pancasila is significant in Indonesian morality as it regulates ethics, good manners, and noble character based on Pancasila values, and is referred to as Pancasila morality.