Categories of mental disorders | Behavior | MCAT | Khan Academy
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers an insightful overview of mental disorders, emphasizing their classification and characteristics. It distinguishes mental disorders from symptoms caused by substances or medical conditions and highlights the importance of distress or disability as a key diagnostic factor. The script outlines the DSM-5's top-level categories, including neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, sleep-wake, and anxiety disorders, among others. It also addresses the significance of cultural context and the evolution in understanding disorders like gender dysphoria, which is now recognized as a condition only when associated with distress or disability.
Takeaways
- 🧠 There are numerous mental disorders, many with overlapping features, and they are typically not attributed to medication, substance use, or other medical conditions unless specified.
- 🌐 The mental abnormalities must cause distress or disability to be considered a mental disorder, distinguishing it from mere eccentricity or unusual behavior.
- 📚 Two primary systems categorize mental disorders: the ICD-10 by the World Health Organization and the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association.
- 👶 Neurodevelopmental disorders affect the development of the nervous system, including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD.
- 👵 Neurocognitive disorders involve the loss of cognitive functions after development, such as delirium and dementia, often due to Alzheimer's or stroke.
- 😴 Sleep-wake disorders relate to sleep abnormalities, including insomnia and sleep-related breathing disorders, as well as abnormal behaviors during sleep.
- 😟 Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive worry or fear, with specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder being common examples.
- 😞 Depressive disorders involve persistent negative mood and can include symptoms like hopelessness and loss of interest, with a high risk of suicide.
- 😈 Bipolar and related disorders feature mood swings, including manic episodes with abnormally positive mood, rapid speech, and impaired judgment.
- 🌀 Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, involve psychosis with symptoms like delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
- 🔒 Personality disorders are characterized by long-term patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms and cause distress or disability.
Q & A
What are the general considerations for diagnosing mental disorders?
-Mental abnormalities must not be due to the use of medications, substances, or another medical condition, and they should cause distress or disability. Additionally, the features often overlap with cultural norms, so the abnormalities must be outside what is considered normal for a person's culture.
What are the two main systems used to categorize mental disorders mentioned in the script?
-The two main systems used to categorize mental disorders are the ICD-10 from the World Health Organization and the DSM-5 from the American Psychiatric Association.
What is the difference between neurodevelopmental disorders and neurocognitive disorders?
-Neurodevelopmental disorders involve abnormalities in the development of the nervous system that cause mental dysfunction, while neurocognitive disorders involve the loss of cognitive and other brain functions after the nervous system has developed.
What are some examples of neurodevelopmental disorders mentioned in the script?
-Examples of neurodevelopmental disorders include intellectual disability (previously called mental retardation), autism spectrum disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.
What is delirium and how does it differ from major neurocognitive disorder?
-Delirium is a reversible episode of cognitive and other higher brain function abnormalities, often caused by drugs, blood abnormalities, or infections. Major neurocognitive disorder, also known as dementia, involves an irreversible and often progressive loss of cognitive functions, potentially caused by Alzheimer's disease or stroke.
What are sleep-wake disorders and what are some examples?
-Sleep-wake disorders involve distress or disability from abnormalities related to sleep. Examples include insomnia, breathing-related sleep disorders, and abnormal behaviors during sleep such as sleepwalking.
How are anxiety disorders defined in the script?
-Anxiety disorders are defined as distress or disability from abnormal amounts of worry or fear. They can be specific to certain stimuli (phobias) or not specific to certain stimuli (generalized anxiety disorder).
What is the difference between mood and affect as described in the script?
-Mood refers to a long-term emotional state that may be positive or negative, while affect describes how a person's emotional state appears to others. Mood is more persistent and may or may not be related to specific events, whereas affect is the subjective experience a person has of their emotions.
What are the characteristics of bipolar and related disorders?
-Bipolar and related disorders involve distress or disability from abnormal mood, similar to depressive disorders, but with the difference being periods of abnormally positive mood called 'mania.' During mania, individuals may sleep little, talk fast, and make bad decisions due to impaired judgment.
What is the main feature of psychotic disorders as described in the script?
-The main feature of psychotic disorders is psychosis, which involves delusions or hallucinations. Delusions are fixed false beliefs not explainable by a person's cultural background, and hallucinations involve sensory perceptions without real stimuli.
How does the script define personality disorders?
-Personality disorders involve distress or disability related to personality features that are outside generally accepted societal norms. Personality disorders are traditionally grouped into clusters based on characteristics such as odd or eccentric behavior (Cluster A), intense emotional and relationship problems (Cluster B), and anxious, avoidant, or obsessive tendencies (Cluster C).
Outlines
🧠 Overview of Mental Disorders
The video begins with an introduction to the vast array of mental disorders, noting their potential for overlapping features. It emphasizes that these disorders are not attributed to medication, substance use, or other medical conditions, and that they must cause significant distress or disability to be classified as such. The speaker clarifies that eccentricity does not equate to mental illness. The video then outlines the two primary classification systems: the ICD-10 by the WHO and the DSM-5 by the American Psychiatric Association, with a focus on the latter due to the speaker's familiarity. The DSM-5 is highlighted for its 20 top-level categories, starting with neurodevelopmental disorders, which include conditions like intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD. The video uses illustrations to aid in explaining these disorders.
👵 Neurocognitive and Sleep-Wake Disorders
The second paragraph delves into neurocognitive disorders, which are characterized by the loss of cognitive functions post-development, contrasting them with neurodevelopmental disorders where the nervous system's abnormality occurs during development. The speaker discusses 'delirium' and 'major neurocognitive disorder' or 'dementia,' explaining their causes and symptoms. The paragraph then transitions to sleep-wake disorders, which involve issues related to sleep, such as insomnia and sleepwalking, using a visual of a sleeping person to represent these conditions.
😟 Anxiety, Depression, and Bipolar Disorders
This section addresses anxiety disorders, which encompass abnormal fear or worry, with specific phobias and generalized anxiety disorder being highlighted. The discussion then moves to depressive disorders, which are marked by a persistent negative mood, and the speaker uses a frowny face to symbolize this. The paragraph further explains the difference between mood and emotions, and how depressive disorders can lead to hopelessness and a loss of interest in activities, with a high risk of suicide. Bipolar disorders are also introduced, where periods of mania, characterized by abnormally positive mood, are contrasted with depressive episodes, using a happy face to illustrate mania.
🤯 Psychotic, Trauma, and Substance-Related Disorders
The video continues with a discussion on psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, which involve symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. The speaker uses an illustration of a person hearing voices to represent psychosis. Trauma-and-stressor-related disorders are then explored, with PTSD being a key example, often resulting from traumatic events like wars or assaults. The paragraph also covers substance-related and addictive disorders, which can include a wide range of substances and behaviors like gambling, affecting mental functions and leading to distress or disability.
👤 Personality and Behavioral Disorders
Personality disorders are next, characterized by long-term mental and behavioral features that deviate from societal norms and cause distress. The speaker outlines three clusters: Cluster A with odd or eccentric behaviors, Cluster B with intense emotional and relationship issues, and Cluster C with anxious or obsessive traits. The paragraph then moves to disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, which involve socially unacceptable behaviors, represented by a person shouting in an inappropriate setting. Obsessive-compulsive disorders are also discussed, where obsessions lead to compulsive behaviors, using the example of excessive hand-washing due to a fear of dirtiness.
🤒 Somatic Symptom, Feeding, and Elimination Disorders
Somatic symptom and related disorders are covered, where physical symptoms like pain occur without a medical cause, being of psychological origin. The video then discusses feeding and eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, characterized by insufficient food intake, and bulimia nervosa, involving binge eating and purging. Elimination disorders, which involve inappropriate urination or defecation, are also mentioned, using an illustration of a person experiencing a urinary accident.
😲 Dissociative, Sexual, and Gender Dysphoria Disorders
Dissociative disorders are explored, involving abnormalities in identity or memory, with some individuals experiencing multiple personalities or memory loss. The speaker uses an illustration of a person questioning their identity. Sexual dysfunctions are also discussed, causing distress due to abnormalities in sexual activity. Gender dysphoria is highlighted as a condition where an individual's gender identity conflicts with societal identification, using an illustration of a person identified as male by society but feeling female. The speaker emphasizes that only when this causes distress or disability is it considered a disorder.
🔞 Paraphilic and Other Disorders
The final paragraph addresses paraphilic disorders, where individuals experience sexual arousal to unusual stimuli, causing distress or disability. The speaker notes that this is not a disorder unless it leads to harm or distress. The video concludes with a brief mention of 'other disorders,' a category for conditions that do not fit into the established categories but still cause significant distress or disability. The speaker reiterates the complexity and breadth of mental disorders and acknowledges the limitations of the video's overview.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Mental Disorders
💡Neurodevelopmental Disorders
💡Neurocognitive Disorders
💡Sleep-Wake Disorders
💡Anxiety Disorders
💡Depressive Disorders
💡Bipolar Disorders
💡Psychotic Disorders
💡Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
💡Personality Disorders
💡Feeding and Eating Disorders
Highlights
Mental disorders can have overlapping features and are not attributed to medication, substances, or medical conditions.
Mental abnormalities must cause distress or disability to be considered a disorder.
The DSM-5 and ICD-10 are the two main systems used to categorize mental disorders.
Neurodevelopmental disorders involve abnormalities in the development of the nervous system.
Intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and ADHD are categorized under neurodevelopmental disorders.
Neurocognitive disorders are related to the loss of cognitive functions after development.
Delirium and dementia are examples of neurocognitive disorders.
Sleep-wake disorders involve abnormalities related to sleep, such as insomnia and sleepwalking.
Anxiety disorders are characterized by abnormal amounts of worry or fear, including phobias and generalized anxiety disorder.
Depressive disorders involve negative mood and related symptoms like hopelessness and loss of enjoyment.
Bipolar disorders are distinguished by periods of abnormally positive mood, or mania.
Psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, involve psychosis characterized by delusions and hallucinations.
Trauma-and-stressor-related disorders occur after traumatic or stressful events, with PTSD being a key example.
Substance-related and addictive disorders are caused by the abnormal use of substances that affect mental functions.
Personality disorders involve personality features outside societal norms that cause distress or disability.
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders are characterized by unacceptably disruptive or impulsive behaviors.
Obsessive-compulsive disorders involve distress or disability from obsessions or compulsions.
Somatic symptom and related disorders are characterized by psychological symptoms mimicking physical illness.
Feeding and eating disorders involve mental or behavioral abnormalities related to food, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Elimination disorders are related to inappropriate urination or defecation.
Dissociative disorders involve abnormalities of identity or memory, sometimes presenting as multiple personalities.
Sexual dysfunctions are related to abnormalities in sexual activity or performance.
Gender dysphoria is recognized as a disorder only when it causes distress or disability, not merely due to gender identity.
Paraphilic disorders involve distress or disability related to atypical sexual arousal, causing harm or distress.
The 'other disorders' category is for mental disorders that don't fit into the established categories.
Transcripts
- [Voiceover] In this video I want to talk briefly
about the different types of mental disorders.
There is an enormous number of mental disorders,
many of which may have overlapping features.
For most categories of mental disorders
there is usually a stipulation
that the mental abnormalities are not due
to the use of medications, substances,
or another medical condition,
in which case the mental abnormalities
are considered to be symptoms
of that underlying cause
rather than a mental disorder in and of itself.
Also, because features of mental disorders
often overlap with mental and behavioral aspects
of some people considered to be within the bounds
of what is normal for a person's culture,
another general consideration
is that the mental abnormalities
cause distress or disability.
Distress or disability.
Distress or disability.
This is a key point
because that means that a person
that's just unusual or eccentric
does not have a mental illness,
so that a person that's a little weird
is not mentally ill.
So to give a very superficial overview
of the types of mental disorders
I'll go through some of the top level categories,
and recall that there are two main systems
in use currently to categorize the mental disorders.
There is the ICD-10
from the World Health Organiazation,
and then there's the DSM-5
from the American Psychiatric Association.
I'll go through the categories of the DSM-5
just because I'm a little bit more familiar
with that system,
but there would be a lot of similarities
between the two systems.
The DSM-5 has 20 top level categories.
I'll start with the neurodevelopmental disorders.
These disorders involve distress or disability
from an abnormality in development
of the nervous system
that causes mental dysfunction.
Let me just draw a little baby here.
Let me just draw this little guy,
and we'll put some diapers on him
to represent a developing nervous system,
and particularly a developing brain.
There's all sorts of things
that can happen to the brain during its development
that can lead to abnormal, mental function.
Some of the disorders in this category
of neurodevelopmental disorders include
intellectual disability
which was previously called mental retardation.
The autism spectrum disorders are in this category,
and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders
are in this category.
Like all the other categories of mental disorders
there is also a group within
the neurodevelopmental disorders
called "other neurodevelopmental disorders"
for any that don't fit all the criteria
of one of the specific disorders in this category,
but when this category is the best fit for the disorder,
so I won't mention that again,
but just keep in mind that every one
of these big categories has
an other category at the end of it.
The next big category is called
the "neurocognitive disorders" which involve
distress or disability from the loss
of cognitive and often other functions of the brain
after the nervous system has developed.
Let me just draw a little old person
walking along, walking with a cane,
and the distinction here between these
neurocognitive disorders,
and the neurodevelopmental disorders
is that with the neurocognitive disorder
the nervous system developed,
and then lost functions as opposed
to the neurodevelopmental disorders
where usually the function
was never gained in the first place
because the abnormality of the nervous system
happens during development.
There are a couple of big categories of disorders
within the neurocognitive disorders.
One is called "delirium,"
and delirium is the name for
a reversible episode of abnormalities
of cognitive and other higher brain functions
from many potential causes
such as certain drugs,
abnormalities of certain components of the blood,
or certain types of infections.
Major neurocognitive disorder
which is also called "dementia,"
and its milder versions usually involve
irreversible and often progressive loss
of cognitive and other higher brain functions
from many potential causes
such as Alzheimer's disease, or stroke.
The sleep-wake disorders
involve distress or disability
from abnormalities related to sleep.
So let me just draw this person over here
who's got their eyes closed and they're very sleepy.
We'll just say they are sleeping,
so here they're snoring away,
and this will represent our sleep-wake disorders.
Disorders in this category include insomnia,
and breathing related sleep disorders
that involve insufficient amounts
of uninterrupted sleep,
and there are other disorders in this category
that cause abnormal sleepiness when awake.
Additional disorders in this category
involve abnormal behaviors during sleep
such as sleep walking.
The anxiety disorders involve distress,
or disability from abnormal amounts of worry or fear.
So for these let me just draw
a little kind of worried person over here,
just looking very worried about this whole situation.
Some of the anxiety disorders are specific
to certain stimuli which are known as phobias,
like a lot of people have
a phobia of spiders or snakes.
While other disorders in this category
are not specific to certain stimuli
including a common one called
"generalized anxiety disorder."
Panic disorder is in this category
which involves panic attacks
which are episodes of intense anxiety
that may cause people to be afraid
to leave their homes.
The depressive disorders involve distress,
or disability from abnormally negative mood.
Let me put a frowny face right here
to represent abnormally negative mood.
The term "mood" is used in several ways.
One way the term mood is used
is to refer to a long-term emotional state
which may be positive or negative.
In this way the word "mood" is related to emotions,
but emotions are thought of as usually
brief experiences often related to specific stimuli
like getting something you want,
whereas mood is more persistent,
and may or may not be related to specific events
in a person's life.
The second way the term mood is used
is as the subjective experience
a person has of their emotions,
and another term "affect" is often used
to describe how a person's emotional state
appears to others,
so that mood may refer to what
a person is saying they feel
like they may say they feel sad,
while affect may refer to the person crying.
In addition to negative mood
the depressive disorders often involve
related symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness,
or loss of enjoyment in activities.
These disorders carry a particularly
high risk of suicide which is a major cause of death
in people with many types of mental illness.
Bipolar and related disorders involve
distress or disability from abnormal mood
similar to the depressive disorders,
but the difference is that these disorders
may have periods of abnormally positive mood
which are called "mania."
So let me draw, in addition to this frowny face here,
let me draw a very happy face,
and maybe a too happy face,
kind of a way too happy face for mania.
During periods of mania people will often
sleep little, talk fast,
and may make bad decisions from impaired judgment
about the risks of activities,
or their own abilities,
and this can lead to all sorts
of social or legal problems
with this category of disorders.
Schizophrenia spectrum,
and the other psychotic disorders
is the next category which involves distress,
or disability from what is called "psychosis."
So for that let me draw this person up here,
and we'll say "up in their brain
"they are hearing voices,"
which is a common symptom
of some psychotic disorders.
Psychosis involves certain features
such as delusions or hallucinations.
Delusions are fixed false beliefs
not explainable by a person's cultural background
such as having special powers,
or the idea that one's thoughts are controlled
by somebody else.
Hallucinations involve sensory perceptions
without real stimuli such as hearing voices
that are not there.
With psychosis disorganized thinking may occur
as well as what are called negative symptoms
which may involve decreased emotional expression,
motivation, or social behavior.
Schizophrenia may have any of these features,
and the other disorders in this category
usually have some of them.
The trauma-and-stressor-related disorders
involve distress or disability
that may occur after mentally traumatic,
or stressful events leading to mood,
emotional, behavioral, and other abnormalities.
Post-traumatic stress disorder
is the prototype disorder in this category
which has had many previous names
because it has been common after wars
throughout history.
Let me just draw a soldier here
carrying his gun to represent somebody
who may have post-traumatic stress disorder.
I'll give him a helmet, too,
but this can occur after many different types
of stressors in addition to war or combat.
These disorders are common after all kinds
of traumatic experiences such as rape, assault,
and natural disasters.
Substance-related and addictive disorders
involve distress or disability
from the abnormal use of substances
that affect mental functions.
Let me just draw a glass of some kind of alcohol here
to represent the different substances
that can be related to this category,
but there are a lot of substances
that can affect mental functions,
and cause a substance related disorder.
These include alcohol, caffeine, cannabis,
hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives,
hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants,
and tobacco, amongst others.
The mental affects of these substances
may cause mental abnormalities
similar to the other types of mental disorders
including mood abnormalities, anxiety symptoms,
or psychosis.
Other addictions like gambling
are also included in this category
because they share many aspects
of addiction to substances.
The personality disorders involve distress,
or disability related to personality.
Personality involves long-term
mental and behavioral features
that are characteristic of a person.
There is a huge spectrum of personality types
that are generally considered acceptable
by a person's culture.
Personality disorders involve personality features
that are outside generally accepted societal norms,
and which cause distress or disability.
These have traditionally been grouped into clusters.
Cluster A often has odd or eccentric behavior.
Cluster B often involves intense emotional,
and relationship problems.
Let me just draw this very intense person over here
to represent somebody in cluster B,
and cluster C is often anxious,
avoidant or obsessive.
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders
involve distress or disability from behaviors
that are unacceptably disruptive or impulsive
for a person's culture.
Let me just draw this person over here
shouting very loudly in an inappropriate setting.
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
involve distress or disability
from obsessions or compulsions.
Obsessions are thoughts that recur involuntarily,
and which are often unwelcome.
Compulsions are activities that a person feels
they must do and which are often
related to an obsession.
A common example is someone having an obsession
that their hands are dirty,
and then a compulsion to wash their hands
many more times a day than would be normal.
Somatic symptom and related disorders
involve distress or disability from symptoms
similar to those that may occur with illness
unrelated to a mental disorder,
but the symptoms are of psychological origin
with or without also having symptoms
of a general medical condition at the same time.
An example of this could be someone
that has abdominal pain,
so they're saying "ow, my abdomen hurts,"
but there's actually not anything
physically wrong with the abdomen.
The tissues of the abdomen are just fine,
and it's really caused
by psychological factors like stress.
Feeding and eating disorders involve
distress or disability from mental,
or behavioral abnormalities related to food.
Disorders in this category include
anorexia nervosa, where a person takes in
an insufficient amount of food.
So we'll say this person is turning down
a perfectly nice slice of pizza
even though they're actually way below
their healthy body weight,
and another common disorder in this category
is bulimia nervosa which involves
binge eating and purging.
The elimination disorders involve
distress or disability from urination or defecation
at inappropriate times or places.
I'll just draw this person over here
who has had a urinary accident,
and they're trying to cover it up.
The dissociative disorders involve
distress or disability from abnormalities
of identity or memory.
So let me just draw this person over here
asking "who am I?"
Some of the people with these disorders
seem to have multiple personalities,
or may have lost memory for parts of their lives.
The sexual dysfunctions involve distress,
or disability from abnormalities and/or
performance of sexual activity.
So I'll just write R-Rated over here.
Gender dysphoria involves distress or disability
caused by a person identifying themself
as a different gender than that
identified by society,
so as an example let me just draw a person here
who society identifies as being male,
and I'll just represent that with pants,
but they themselves feel that they are female,
and I'll just represent that with a skirt.
This category requires an important
distinction to be made.
If people experience distress or disability
regarding gender identity
the distress and disability constitutes the disorder.
A person identifying with another gender
without distress or disability
does not have a mental disorder.
Previously, there was much stigmatization
surrounding this issue,
and older categorization systems
that did consider identification with another gender
as a mental disorder in and of itself.
The paraphilic disorders involve people
that have distress or disability
related to having sexual arousal to unusual stimuli,
or what would be considered unusual
for that person's culture,
so I'll also just point this over
to the R-Rating over here.
So now similarly to gender dysphoria
people that have sexual arousal to unusual stimuli
do not have a mental disorder
unless it causes distress or disability,
or for this category activities related to it
could cause harm to another,
particularly children or other people
without sufficient decision-making capacity
for proper consent.
The last category is just called "other disorders."
I'm just going to draw
a big question mark here for this one.
The entire purpose of this category
is for any person that appears
to have a mental disorder
causing distress or disability,
but one that doesn't fit well
in any of these other categories of mental disorder.
The vast majority of people with a mental disorder
will fit in one of these
big categories of mental disorders,
but very rarely a person just won't fit,
but does clearly have a mental disorder,
and that's what this other disorders category is for.
So that's all I have time for now,
and, obviously, there's a lot more information
with all the specific disorders
that are contained within these
top level categories of the DSM-5,
but to keep this video to a reasonable length
I'm just going to stop right here.
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)