American Pageant Chapter 25 APUSH Review
Summary
TLDRThis video explores the significant themes of immigration and urbanization in America between 1865 and 1920. It highlights the surge in city populations due to economic opportunities, with 40% of Americans living in cities by 1900, increasing to over 50% by 1920. The discussion covers mass immigration from Europe and Asia, internal migration from rural areas, and the Great Migration of African Americans to northern cities. Technological advancements like the skyscraper and electric streetcars facilitated urban growth, while also leading to urban poverty, poor living conditions, and the rise of political machines. The video also touches on the changing roles of women, ethnic segregation, and the responses to these challenges through movements like the Social Gospel and the establishment of institutions like the NAACP.
Takeaways
- 🏙️ The period from 1865 to 1900 saw a significant increase in urbanization in America, with 40% of Americans living in cities by 1900 and over 50% by 1920.
- 🌐 Economic opportunities in industrial jobs were the main drivers for both international and internal migrations to urban areas.
- 🏗️ Technological advancements like the Bessemer process, electric street cars, and the first subways facilitated urban growth and allowed people to live and work in cities more efficiently.
- 👩💼 The industrial revolution created new job opportunities for women, leading to increased independence and a shift in gender roles.
- 📈 The rapid urbanization led to challenges such as urban poverty, a widening wealth gap, and poor living conditions, including the rise of tenements and slums.
- 🏛️ The growth of cities resulted in the emergence of political bosses and machine politics, with figures like William Boss Tweed controlling politics in major cities.
- 🌐 The 'new immigrants' from Southern and Eastern Europe faced different perceptions and challenges compared to the 'old immigrants' from Northern and Western Europe.
- 🚫 Responses to changing immigration patterns included nativist movements, economic concerns, and attempts at exclusion through policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act and literacy tests.
- 🤝 Reform movements like the Social Gospel, Salvation Army, and settlement houses aimed to address urban poverty and aid immigrants in adapting to their new society.
- 📚 The late 19th century saw a rise in education and literacy, with compulsory school attendance and tax-supported schools becoming more accessible.
- 💼 African American leaders like Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered contrasting visions for black liberation, with Washington advocating for vocational education and Du Bois for immediate political and social equality.
Q & A
What were the two main topics discussed in the video script?
-The two main topics discussed were immigration and urbanization in America during the period from 1865 to 1900.
What was the percentage of Americans living in cities by 1900 and by 1920?
-By 1900, 40 percent of Americans were living in cities, and by 1920, it had increased to over 50 percent.
What were the factors contributing to the growth of cities during the discussed period?
-The growth of cities was contributed by mass immigration from abroad, internal migration from rural areas to urban areas, economic opportunities in industrial jobs, and advancements in technology such as skyscrapers, electric street cars, and subways.
How did the changing roles for women manifest during this period?
-Women took on new jobs created by the industrial revolution, such as operating typewriters and telephones, which increased their economic opportunities and sense of independence.
What were some of the problems that arose with the increase in urbanization?
-Problems included urban poverty, a rising gap between the rich and the poor, lack of clean water, limited sanitation and trash disposal, and the rise of tenements and slums.
How did political bosses and machine politics influence city life during this period?
-Political bosses and machine politics controlled the politics in major cities, providing basic welfare services to the poor and immigrant communities in exchange for political support and loyalty.
What were the differences between the 'old immigrants' and the 'new immigrants'?
-Old immigrants were mainly from northern and western Europe, often Protestant, literate, skilled, and some were middle class. New immigrants were from southern and eastern Europe, often Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, mostly illiterate, unskilled, and arrived poor.
What were the push factors that led to immigration during the Gilded Age?
-Push factors included job loss due to mechanization in Europe, poverty, political instability, and religious persecution, particularly in southern and eastern Europe.
What were some of the responses to the changing immigration patterns in America?
-Responses included the rise of nativism, racial motivations, economic concerns about job competition and wage suppression, political fears of radical ideas, and religious differences due to the non-Protestant nature of many new immigrants.
How did the Social Gospel movement and settlement house movement aim to address the issues of urbanization and immigration?
-The Social Gospel movement believed Christians had a responsibility to help those in need, focusing on moral improvement and Americanization. The settlement house movement provided social services directly in poor and immigrant communities, with a focus on adaptation and secular-based assistance.
What were the contrasting visions of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois for African-American advancement?
-Booker T. Washington advocated for vocational education and economic independence as a means to achieve civil rights, while W.E.B. Du Bois demanded immediate political and social equality and advocated for African Americans to become intellectuals to lead the community towards greater civil rights.
Outlines
🏙️ Urbanization and Immigration in America (1865-1920)
This paragraph discusses the significant growth of cities in America between 1865 and 1920, highlighting the economic opportunities in industrial jobs that attracted people to urban areas. It mentions the increase in urban population from 40% in 1900 to over 50% by 1920. The paragraph outlines two types of migration contributing to this growth: mass immigration from abroad, mainly from Europe and Asia, and internal migration from rural areas. It also points out the role of new technology, such as the first skyscraper in Chicago in 1885 and the development of steel due to the Bessemer process, electric street cars, and the first subway in Boston, which facilitated urban expansion. The paragraph further addresses the changing roles of women, the rise of urban poverty, the gap between the rich and the poor, and the emergence of tenements and slums. It also touches on ethnic and racial segregation in cities, the rise of political bosses and machine politics, and the challenges faced by the growing urban populations, such as poor sanitation and disease.
🌐 Immigration Patterns and Generalizations
This paragraph delves into the differences between 'old' and 'new' immigrants to America, focusing on the period of urbanization and industrial growth. 'Old' immigrants were predominantly from Northern and Western Europe, often Protestant, literate, and skilled, while 'new' immigrants mainly came from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Italy, Russia, Poland, and Greece. These new immigrants were largely Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, and were perceived as less likely to assimilate due to their different religious and cultural backgrounds. The paragraph also discusses the push factors that led to immigration, such as the loss of farm jobs in Europe due to mechanization, political instability, and religious persecution, particularly against Jews in Eastern Europe. It mentions the rise of nativism and discrimination against these new immigrants, including the Chinese Exclusion Act and the eventual implementation of literacy tests and quota acts to restrict immigration from certain regions.
📚 Responses to Urbanization and Immigration Challenges
The paragraph discusses various reform movements and individuals who responded to the challenges posed by urbanization and immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It introduces the Social Gospel movement, led by figures like Walter Rauschenbusch, which aimed to address urban poverty through Christian responsibility. The Salvation Army and the YMCA/YWCA are also mentioned for their efforts in providing poverty relief and promoting Christian values. The Settlement House movement, with Jane Addams and Hull House as key examples, is highlighted for its unique approach of living among the poor and immigrants to provide social services and help with integration. The paragraph also contrasts the views of Booker T. Washington, who advocated for vocational education and self-help for African Americans, with W.E.B. Du Bois, who demanded immediate political and social equality and the education of African-American intellectuals to lead the community towards greater civil rights.
📈 Education and African-American Experiences in the Gilded Age
This final paragraph addresses the advancements in education during the late 19th century, noting the increased accessibility of tax-supported schools and the decline in illiteracy rates. It also explores the unique experiences and approaches of African Americans during this period, focusing on the contrasting philosophies of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington, an ex-slave and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, believed in vocational education and gradual improvement of African-American status, while Du Bois, a Harvard-educated intellectual, co-founded the NAACP and advocated for immediate equality and the education of a black intellectual class to lead the fight against racism. The paragraph concludes by encouraging viewers to engage with the content, ask questions, and share the video.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Urbanization
💡Immigration
💡Industrial Jobs
💡Political Bosses and Machine Politics
💡Tenements and Slums
💡Ethnic Segregation
💡Nativism
💡Social Gospel Movement
💡Settlement House Movement
💡Booker T. Washington
💡W.E.B. Du Bois
Highlights
The period from 1865 to 1900 saw a massive increase in urbanization in America.
By 1900, 40% of Americans lived in cities, and by 1920, this figure exceeded 50% for the first time.
Economic opportunities in industrial jobs were the main drivers of urbanization.
Mass immigration from Europe and Asia, as well as internal migration from rural areas to cities, contributed to urban growth.
African Americans migrated north to cities like Chicago and New York during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
New technologies, such as skyscrapers and electric streetcars, enabled urban expansion.
The Bessemer process made steel more affordable, contributing to the construction of skyscrapers.
The first subway system was introduced in Boston, facilitating urban transportation.
Women found new job opportunities and increased independence due to industrial revolution technologies.
Urbanization led to challenges such as urban poverty, a widening wealth gap, and poor living conditions.
The rise of tenements and slums resulted in the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis.
Neighborhoods were segregated by both class and race/ethnicity, leading to ethnic enclaves.
Political bosses and machine politics controlled major cities, with Tammany Hall in New York as a notable example.
Political machines provided welfare services to the poor and immigrant communities, which the government did not.
Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe faced different perceptions and challenges compared to 'old immigrants'.
Nativism and discrimination against new immigrants led to policies like the Chinese Exclusion Act and literacy tests.
Reform movements like the Social Gospel aimed to address urban poverty and improve conditions for the poor.
The Settlement House movement, with Jane Adams as a key figure, provided social services and helped immigrants adapt to society.
Critics of the industrial era, like Henry George and Edward Bellamy, challenged wealth inequalities and proposed reforms.
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered contrasting visions for African American advancement and civil rights.
Transcripts
how's in hagen 8 push today we're going
to be taking a look at two topics
immigration and urbanization
america move to the city if you're
reading any a push book and you're
studying the periods 1865
to 1900 we got you covered
and and really a key idea of this time
period is the growth of cities
there's a huge increase in urbanization
and you could see that on
the map by 1900 40 percent of americans
are living in cities
and by 1920 it will be over 50 percent
for the first time
and it's really economic opportunities
in industrial jobs
that are bringing people to the cities
and there's a couple of things going on
here one you have a mass
immigration from abroad people are
coming mainly from europe but also from
asia
you also have internal migration people
are
leaving rural areas and heading to urban
areas and you also have
certain groups especially african
americans from the 1890s all the way up
to world war one
which are heading north into cities such
as chicago
and new york and there's a couple of
things going on so you have both
international and internal migrations as
i just mentioned
and new technology is allowing this
growth to take place
and really you see in 1885 the first
skyscraper
it's 10 stories high in chicago and
remember
steel is cheaper now because of the
bessemer process
and steel is becoming more affordable
you have the electric street cars which
is allowing people to move
across large distances in the city so
you don't have to
live in the city center in boston you
have the first subway
and with these changes people moving to
urban areas
you have changing roles for instance for
women
they're taking on new jobs some of that
new technology of the industrial
revolution
typewriters telephones are creating new
economic opportunities
which is also increasing a sense of
independence
for some women now with these changes
come certain problems not everyone lived
in the wealthy mansions that you see
in that image and the challenges that
arise are many
there is a huge growth of urban poverty
there's a rising gap between the rich
and the poor many many people live like
you see in that image to the right in
very
poor conditions in fact this huge
population
increase in cities such as new york and
chicago
causes problems there's a lack of clean
water there's
limited sanitation and trash disposal so
you have poor sanitations
in the cities you have the rise of
tenements and
slums in fact the famous dumbbell
tenement was used as a way to pack more
people into
smaller and smaller areas but in these
tenements in these dumbbell tenements
you have the spread of disease like
cholera
and typhoid and tuberculosis and
neighborhoods are not only segregated by
class wealthy areas and poorer areas
but by also race and ethnicity
so you have ethnic segregation you could
see that on the map
of new york in 1910 immigrant groups are
staying
in certain neighborhoods so that they
can maintain their own language and
culture
but also because of discrimination
keeping them
out of certain neighborhoods and for
instance you're going to see this
in little italy in new york in the lower
east side it's going to largely be a
jewish neighborhood in new york
polish neighborhoods of chicago famous
pilsen
and in the south side of chicago you
have a
largely african-american community even
though there's no
jim crow laws in the north there still
is unofficial
uh discrimination in the north and
african americans find themselves stuck
in certain neighborhoods
at this time now key to this
kind of city life is the rise of
political bosses
and machine politics and these are very
tightly organized
groups and political machines control
the politics in the major cities and the
most famous example
is william boss tweed of tammany hall in
new york
and the process of these political
machines was really simple
the political bosses controlled the rank
and file
of the party and rewarded supporters
with jobs
if you vote for the political boss
for the political machine if you are
loyal politically
they're going to hook you up with
positions within the government
in fact what you see happening is one of
the reasons why these political machines
are so effective
is because they provide basic welfare
type services
which were not offered by the government
at the time to the poor
and immigrant communities now this comes
at great expense in fact you have
large-scale greed
graf corruption and fraud was extremely
common and we saw previously
that thomas nas exposes that greed
especially with regard to tammany hall
with his political cartoons
now a key component of this time period
is not only urbanization but immigration
and it's important you keep in mind that
there is a different type of immigrant
and people made
certain generalizations about these
so-called new immigrants
the old immigrants were from largely
northern and western european countries
england ireland and germany we saw
through much of the early 19th century
these new immigrants are coming from
southern and eastern europe
and we're talking places like italy
russia poland and greece
and there's a perception that these new
immigrants were different
and in some ways they were the old
immigrants tended to be protestant
however remember with the irish there
were a number of catholics who came over
but with these new immigrants you have
the majority
are not protestant in fact you get a
huge number of catholics
greek orthodox and jews coming over
another thing
was the old immigrants tended to be
literate and skilled
they could read and write in their own
language and many in fact if they were
from england or ireland
spoke english whereas these new
immigrants were largely
illiterate and unskilled there was this
perception that the old immigrants were
quick to assimilate whereas these new
immigrants
were reluctant to assimilate they were
very clannish was the perception
and they stuck to themselves the old
immigrants came from countries where
there was a tradition of democracy or
democratic principles
where there was once again this
perception in in some ways a reality
that these new immigrants were coming
from areas
with a history of radical ideas like
communism anarchism or socialism
and the old immigrants especially the
germans and the british
tended to come over and they were not
completely poor many of them were
middle class whereas these new
immigrants arrived
largely poor and what you see
is the reasons these people are coming
these so-called new immigrants
are the same reasons why all immigrants
come and you could be breaking it down
into
two categories pool factors america's
ideals
you have political freedom you have
religious freedom at least in principle
or the ideal of it
um there's story is from previous
generations you're hearing
about this you know mythic place america
and key really though in this time
period is
the jobs created by the industrial
revolution there was
economic opportunity and that's why you
have this
unprecedented large number of immigrants
coming over
during this period of the gilded age now
there are also
pool factors and this is key when you're
talking about why are so many
southern and eastern european immigrants
coming well for one in europe
farm jobs were being lost to
mechanization which means there's a lack
of
land and so if you lost your land you're
going to look for a new start
because poverty and extremely difficult
lives
was the norm in much of southern and
eastern europe
there's also political instability in
many of these places especially russia
there's a lack of political freedom and
religious persecution in fact
you have something called pogroms taking
place violence against jews in russia
and in other parts of eastern europe
so you have this huge influx of people
from a different region of europe and as
a result
you get a response to the changing
immigration patterns one thing to keep
in mind is many of the immigrants who
came over
were processed starting in 1892 through
ellis island an
immigrant processing station in new york
harbor
and just like the old immigrants
remember especially the irish and the
germans we had the no
nothing party you have a rise of
nativism
except unlike with the irish and the
germans this one is going to be
much more intense and there's a couple
of reasons one is racial
uh motivations these new immigrants were
seen as
racially inferior they're not
anglo-saxon
there's economic reasons there's this
feeling that they took
jobs immigrants took jobs and lowered
wages in fact
many labor unions oftentimes oppose
these immigrants coming in and will not
allow immigrants to join the union
there's political reasons for nativism
there's this belief there's this
perception that they're coming
over with these very radical ideas and
there's religious they're not protestant
which although we are technically
a country with freedom of religion many
people at this time
are viewing america as a protestant
nation
and as a result you are going to have
attempts
at exclusion in fact you're going to see
policies of discrimination being pursued
we've already seen this with the chinese
exclusion act chinese immigrants were
not under the category of
new immigrants that is southern and
eastern european immigrants
but you are going to see groups like the
american protective association
which was an anti-catholic group made up
of american protestants and they really
wanted to keep
catholic immigrants from southern and
eastern europe
out of america you also have throughout
the decades
literacy tests being proposed they are
vetoed by various presidents
but in 1917 they are
passed and this was intended to keep the
undesirable the uneducated immigrants
once again largely from southern and
eastern europe
out of america and an important period
of time that we're going to learn about
in another video
is in the 1920s you're going to see the
passage
of quota acts which will severely
restrict
immigrants from southern and eastern
europe
another thing you should keep in mind is
the various attempts
undertaken to deal with the problems
posed by urbanization
and immigration and really one of those
is the social gospel movement
and key to that movement is this guy
walter that guy
and the basic principle of the social
gospel movement was that christians had
a responsibility
to deal with urban poverty and as
christians
you must work to help those in need
there's also the salvation army which
comes over from england in 1879 and
their basic idea is providing
poverty relief while spreading christian
values
you also see that with the young man's
christian association the
ymca and the ywca also promoting
christian values and you see this very
often these reform movements
are focusing on moral improvement of the
poor
or immigrants americanization
in these attempts to help those in need
unique is the settlement house movement
because they are
unique in the sense that they live
amongst the poor and in immigrant
communities and jane adams is the key
figure in this movement in the us
when she establishes whole house in
chicago in 1889
and this provides various social
services in the community
and it helps immigrants adapt to the new
society
they have language classes english
classes that people could participate in
childhood education and other services
directly in the community and they are
secular based whereas many of the others
were christian in their reform approach
another key idea to keep in mind is that
there were individuals
who challenged and supported the social
order
of the gilded age and if you recall from
the colonial period there was this
belief in the protestant
work ethic where if you work hard you
were being a good christian
and that was the path to godliness and
you see during the industrial revolution
the popularity of people like horatio
alger
who wrote dime novels such as ragged
dick and struggling
upward and it's the story of rags to
riches
honesty hard work leads to success
people coming from the bottom now we
hear
and this idea of the american dream if
you want to call it that
was reinforced by experiences
of people such as andrew carnegie who
comes over from scotland
as an immigrant and becomes one of the
most wealthy men in the world
now the reality is there were many many
more examples of people not
going from rags to riches and what you
see during this time period
are a growing number of critics of the
industrial
pro-business climate of the gilded age
remember we had those people
who talked about the gospel of wealth
that justified
their success at the top and social
darwinism
others but you get these whole groups
of thinkers such as henry george who
wrote progress and poverty
and what he does is he critically
examine the inequalities in wealth
caused by industrialization and laissez
faire capitalism
and you have others such as edward
bellamy who wrote a
utopian uh novel called looking backward
about a utopian socialist society that
has
fixed the social and economic injustices
of the time
by adopting socialist principles and
what you see over and over again is
people
struggling to make sense of this new
world of wealth and poverty
and everything in between eventually
you're going to get effort to reform
these problems will eventually
lead to a movement known as the
progressive movement
in the 1890s we're going to cover that
in another video
but key to the progressive movement is
during this period you have a rise
of the press newspaper printing becomes
much more affordable
there's a huge increase in education
remember a throwback here for a moment
horace mann in massachusetts during the
age of reform in the 1830s
1840s but you have increasingly in the
nate late 19th century
compulsory attendance in school high
school all the way down to kindergarten
tax supported schools were becoming more
accessible
not just in northern cities and
illiteracy rates
were dropping more and more finally
african americans are going to have
their own unique experiences
and approaches to this era they find
themselves in
and one of the key figures you should
know about is booker t
washington he's from the south he's a
ex-slave
he writes an autobiography called up
from slavery
and what he talks about is the need for
african americans
to acquire vocational skills
job skills in order to gain self-respect
and economic security
he's going to create a institute called
the tuskegee institute which is going to
help
african-americans achieve these goals of
vocational
education and he does not advocate for
directly challenging white supremacy
and some people are going to accuse him
of being an accommodationist
because of his gradual approach this
so-called accepting racism and just
focusing on self-help but for booker t
washington
economic independence would be the
ticket to black political
and civil rights and so therefore that
was key to his vision
on the opposite end was w.e.b du bois
and he is from the north from
massachusetts
he is the first african american to
receive a phd from harvard so a smart
dude
and he helps create the national
association for the advancement
of colored people in 1909 the naacp
and he is different from booker t and
that he demanded
immediate political and social equality
for black people
that african-americans should become
intellectuals and resist
prejudice and racism wherever they could
and he rejects
booker t's gradualism and he is going to
be a critic of booker t
and they're both going to offer very
unique visions
for african-american liberation and for
w.e.b du bois he really advocated in his
book
the souls of black folk the talented
tenth in the black community should
become the intellectuals
to lead african americans towards
greater civil rights
finally we're done if the video helped
you at all do me a solid
click like on the video if you have any
questions post a comment
tell your friends to subscribe because i
know you already have
and keep on working on getting that five
and eight push get that college credit
peace
浏览更多相关视频
IMMIGRATION and MIGRATION in the Gilded Age [APUSH Review Unit 6 Topic 8] Period 6: 1865-1898
What is internal migration? | Migrants on the margins
The Industrial Revolution (18-19th Century)
Americans FLEE Cities For Small Town USA
Continuity and change in the Gilded Age | Period 6: 1865-1898 | AP US History | Khan Academy
Yawp Indus I
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)