American Pageant Chapter 4-5 APUSH Review (APUSH Period 2)
Summary
TLDRThis video from Jos Productions dives into the complexities of English colonial society, highlighting regional differences across the New England, middle, Chesapeake, and Lower South colonies. It discusses the influence of settlers' motives and environmental factors on societal development. Key topics include the rise of a homogeneous society in New England, the plantation economies and social hierarchies in the South, the transition to African slavery, and the cultural blend that emerged. The script also touches on the impact of the Great Awakening on religious diversity and the development of democratic institutions, setting the stage for resistance to British authority.
Takeaways
- 🏰 Colonial society in British North America was diverse, with regional differences influenced by settlers' motives, environmental factors, and geographic variations.
- 📚 The New England colonies were primarily settled for religious reasons, leading to a homogeneous society with a focus on family, education, and town meetings.
- 🌡️ The Chesapeake and Lower South colonies had harsher conditions, with a male-dominated society and a focus on cash crops like tobacco and rice, leading to a plantation economy and the rise of the southern gentry.
- 🌱 The New England colonies had a mixed economy with agriculture, trade, and shipbuilding, while the southern colonies were more agriculturally focused due to their climate and soil.
- 🌍 The triangular trade route was pivotal in the transatlantic slave trade, with the Middle Passage being a horrific journey for enslaved Africans.
- 🔗 Slavery in colonial America was race-based, leading to the development of a unique African American culture that blended African and American traditions.
- 🗳️ The Salem witch trials of 1692 reflected social tensions and the changing nature of the New England colonies from religious motives to profit-driven commercialism.
- 📉 The Great Awakening was a religious revival that led to greater religious diversity, the establishment of new universities, and calls for the separation of church and state.
- 🛑 The mercantile system aimed to make England self-sufficient, but it also led to resentment among colonists due to restrictions on colonial manufacturing and higher prices for British goods.
- 🏛️ The development of democratic institutions in the colonies, such as town hall meetings and elected representative assemblies, laid the groundwork for self-governance and resistance to British rule.
- 🌐 The ethnic diversity of the colonies included not only English settlers but also a growing African population due to slavery and an influx of Scots-Irish and other immigrants.
Q & A
What were the main differences between the New England and Chesapeake colonies?
-The New England colonies were largely settled for religious reasons, with Puritans establishing a more stable, homogeneous society focused on family, religion, and education. The Chesapeake colonies, on the other hand, were primarily male-dominated, with settlers seeking wealth through agriculture, especially tobacco farming, leading to a more hierarchical society with a greater gap between the rich and poor.
Why did the New England colonies have longer life expectancy compared to the Chesapeake colonies?
-The New England colonies had longer life expectancy due to their cooler climate, which reduced the spread of diseases that were more prevalent in the warmer, more humid Chesapeake region. Additionally, the more stable and family-oriented society in New England contributed to better overall health and longevity.
How did the economy of the New England colonies differ from that of the southern colonies?
-The New England colonies had a mixed economy that included agriculture, trade, and shipbuilding, but lacked large-scale farming due to long winters and a short growing season. In contrast, the southern colonies relied heavily on plantation agriculture, with cash crops like tobacco, rice, and sugarcane driving their economies, supported by a large slave labor force.
What factors contributed to the transition from indentured servitude to slavery in the southern colonies?
-Several factors led to the transition from indentured servitude to slavery: the abundance of land, a shortage of indentured servants, the difficulty in enslaving the native population, and the increasing European demand for colonial goods. These factors made African slavery more appealing and economically viable for southern planters.
What was the significance of the Great Awakening in the colonies?
-The Great Awakening was a religious revival that spread throughout the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It led to greater religious independence, the formation of new religious denominations, and strengthened calls for the separation of church and state. It also marked the first mass movement shared across the colonies, fostering a sense of shared identity and challenging established authority.
What were the key characteristics of the triangular trade route, and what was the Middle Passage?
-The triangular trade route was a three-part system involving the movement of slaves and goods between Africa, the Caribbean, and the American colonies. The Middle Passage refers to the horrific and dehumanizing journey slaves endured from West Africa to the New World, where they were transported under brutal conditions to maximize profit.
How did the Salem witch trials reflect the tensions within the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
-The Salem witch trials in 1692 reflected growing tensions in the Massachusetts Bay Colony as the colony shifted from religious motives to a profit-driven economy. The trials highlighted conflicts between the wealthy, commercial class and the poorer farming class, exacerbating the colony's internal divisions.
What role did the Stono Uprising play in the history of slavery in the southern colonies?
-The Stono Uprising in 1739 was one of the few major slave rebellions in the southern colonies. Although it was ultimately defeated, the uprising led to stricter slave codes that further restricted the freedoms and movements of slaves, reflecting the fear of rebellion among the white population and the entrenchment of the slave system.
What impact did the Glorious Revolution in England have on the American colonies?
-The Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England led to the overthrow of James II and the ascension of William and Mary to the throne. In the American colonies, this event inspired resistance against the Dominion of New England and efforts to limit the power of the monarchy, contributing to the development of colonial self-governance.
How did the concept of mercantilism influence colonial trade and relations with England?
-Mercantilism was the economic theory that colonies existed to enrich the mother country, leading to various trade laws like the Navigation Acts that regulated colonial commerce. While mercantilism benefited some aspects of the colonial economy, such as shipbuilding, it also restricted economic diversification and caused resentment among colonists, contributing to tensions with England.
Outlines
🏰 Colonial Society Overview
This section provides an introduction to the English colonial society, discussing aspects such as politics, religion, slavery, and the impact of regional differences among the British colonies. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the reasons for colonization, the environmental and geographic variations of the regions, and the development of each colony. The New England colonies, characterized by Puritan religious motives and a closed, homogeneous society, are contrasted with the Chesapeake and southern colonies, which were male-dominated and had a harsher climate with diseases like malaria. The section also touches on the economic differences, with the New England colonies having a mixed economy and the southern colonies focusing on cash crop plantations, leading to a rise in slavery.
🌱 Agricultural and Slavery Dynamics
This paragraph delves into the agricultural and slavery dynamics of the southern colonies, highlighting the importance of cash crops like tobacco, rice, and sugarcane. It discusses the transition from indentured servitude to slavery, influenced by factors such as land abundance, labor shortage, and European demand for colonial goods. The paragraph also explains the triangular trade route and the horrendous conditions of the Middle Passage that slaves experienced. It further explores the development of a unique African American culture, blending African and American traditions, and the various forms of resistance to slavery, such as work slowdowns and running away.
⛪️ Religious Struggles and the Great Awakening
This section discusses the religious struggles within the colonies, including the fading religious passion in New England and the introduction of the halfway covenant to increase church membership. It also covers the lack of religious freedom in some colonies and the existence of religious tolerance in others, setting the stage for the Great Awakening. The Great Awakening, a religious revival in the 1730s and 1740s, is described as a movement that led to the formation of new universities and churches, and it played a significant role in shaping the colonial society's view on authority and religion.
🏛️ Colonial Politics and Mercantilism
The final paragraph covers the development of democratic institutions in the colonies, such as the Mayflower Compact, town hall meetings, and elected representative assemblies. It also discusses the impact of mercantilism on colonial trade, with laws like the Navigation Acts and the Molasses Act aiming to make England self-sufficient at the expense of the colonies. The resentment towards these laws and distant governance is highlighted, leading to resistance and events like the Glorious Revolution. The paragraph concludes with the evolution of colonial politics, including the Zenger case, which advanced the freedom of the press and the right to criticize elected officials.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Colonial Society
💡Puritans
💡Chesapeake
💡Slavery
💡Triangular Trade
💡Mercantilism
💡Great Awakening
💡Salem Witch Trials
💡Halfway Covenant
💡Zenger Case
💡Ethnic Diversity
Highlights
The video breaks down English colonial society, covering aspects such as politics, religion, and slavery.
Regional differences between the British colonies are emphasized, including the New England, middle colonies, Chesapeake, and Lower South.
Factors influencing regional development, such as climate and natural resources, are discussed.
New England colonies were primarily settled for Puritan religious motives, leading to a homogeneous society.
The importance of religion, family life, and education in New England colonies is highlighted.
Town hall meetings and direct democracy were unique characteristics of New England society.
The Chesapeake and southern colonies had a male-dominated society and a harsher life due to diseases and climate.
The rise of the southern gentry and a wider gap between the wealthy and poor is discussed.
Cash crop plantation economies, such as tobacco, rice, and sugarcane, shaped the southern colonies' economy.
The transition from indentured servants to slavery is explained, with reasons including land abundance and European demand.
The triangular trade route and the horrors of the Middle Passage for African slaves are described.
Slave culture in colonial America is portrayed as a blend of African and American traditions.
The Salem witch trials of 1692 reflect growing tensions over the colony's changing nature.
The Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s was a religious revival that spread throughout the colonies.
The impact of the Great Awakening included the formation of new universities and calls for separation of church and state.
Mercantilism and its effects on colonial trade and economy are explained, including resentment over British laws.
The development of democratic institutions in the colonies and the evolution of colonial political life are discussed.
The Zenger case in 1733 advanced the freedom of the press and the right to criticize elected officials.
Ethnic diversity in the colonies is highlighted, with people from various backgrounds settling in the thirteen colonies.
Transcripts
welcome back to Jos productions today
we're going to break down English
colonial society what was life like in
the colonies politics religion slavery
all that stuff we're going to cover in
this video
key point to keep in mind regional
differences existed between the British
colonies remember we have the New
England region the middle colonies the
Chesapeake and the Lower South and there
were reasons for these differences who
came to these colonies why they came and
really important you understand the
environmental and geographic variations
of these different regions such as
climate Natural Resources and how this
influenced their development and as you
can see on the map right there some of
the different variations between these
regions and real quick review make sure
you know the differences in similarities
between the Chesapeake versus the New
England colonies they love asking about
this topic so quick review of the New
England region remember there were
largely Puritan religious motives for
colonization and although these
individuals whether it be the Pilgrims
or the Puritans
are coming over for religious motives
keep in mind they are not tolerant of
other religions they're going to develop
a closed-end homogeneous society
settlements are settled around towns the
life expectancy is longer than the
Chesapeake it's also longer than what it
was in England it's a much more stable
society compared to the Chesapeake
region there is going to be the
importance of religion in the colonies
obviously family life is going to be key
to the colonies and education in fact
they're going to require schools to be
built and as you can see on that town
map schools churches you got it all
right there town hall meetings are going
to be a unique characteristic of the New
England society all adult male church
members could participate in this direct
democracy large number of immigrants are
going to come to the New England
colonies and they're also going to have
a very high birthrate because you're
going to have more of an equal
distribution of men and women there's
not going to be big farming no cash
crops because of the long winters and
short growing season so this area is
going to have a mixed economy you're
going to have some agriculture
trade shipbuilding and like I said
Boston's going to play a key role in the
economic health of this region like we
mentioned make sure you can compare the
New England colonies especially to the
Chesapeake which is Virginia and
Maryland but the southern colonies
shared some characteristics with one
another they are largely especially in
the beginning a male-dominated society
remember the first people to come to
Jamestown were men looking to get
wealthy this region has a much warmer
climate longer growing season life was
harsh you have all sorts of diseases
like malaria hot and humid and you have
a lower birth rate because there's less
women in this region whereas the New
England colonies are a tight knit
society the southern colonies the
southern plantation colonies are going
to have a defined hierarchy of wealth
and status you're going to get the rise
of the southern gentry so much wider gap
between the wealthy and the poor in the
Chesapeake and the southern colonies in
fact a big reason for that is the rise
of the cash crop plantation economies
you know the southern planters are going
to be the top dogs in the colony they're
going to dominate not only the economics
but also the politics of the region so
in the Chesapeake you get the importance
of tobacco remember in South Carolina
you get rice and even down in the
British West Indies you have sugarcane
there are fewer cities that develop in
the south obviously because of the
agricultural nature of the economy but
it's important to keep in mind the labor
system slavery existed everywhere in the
13 British colonies but you're going to
have this transition from indentured
servants to slavery
especially after Bacon's Rebellion and
there's a lot of different reasons for
this transition to slavery make sure you
know them one there's an abundance of
land - there's a shortage of indentured
servants that are coming over to the new
world 3
there's no way to enslave the native
population they would just run away or
attack or die of disease and 4 there's
European demand for colonial Goods so
the transition gets made to African
slavery in fact in South Carolina the
majority of the population is going to
be made up of African slaves and
throughout the South slavery is going to
play a
much larger role in the southern economy
so a little bit more explanation about
slavery in colonial America one is the
triangular trade route this is a
three-part trade route forming a
triangle slaves and goods are moving
from Africa to the Caribbean and to the
colonies and you could see some of those
goods that are brought between the
regions also very often goods would be
going to Europe as well slaves brought
over largely from West Africa are going
to experience something horrendous
dehumanizing called the Middle Passage
you could see the conditions that these
individuals were brought over in it was
all about maximizing profit and bringing
large numbers of people to the New World
keep in mind slavery in North America
was race-based it was based upon ideas
and perceptions of superiority and
slaves were considered property slave
culture is going to develop as a blend
of African and American traditions
blending these two kind of cultures
together to create a truly unique
African American culture you'll see this
in African American religion song and so
on it's important to note that there is
a variety of tribes being brought over
from different parts of Africa and
they're not just going to the 13
colonies as you can see on this graphic
right there the vast majority of slaves
are going to be going to the Caribbean
islands and also to Brazil but slavery
in British North America although much
smaller is going to play a huge role in
colonial society there are going to be
some attempts at rebellion the most
famous and one of the few was the Stono
uprising in 1739 South Carolina slaves
along the Stono River tried to get to
Spanish Florida where they were promised
freedom but unfortunately the rebellion
was defeated and it contributed to
stricter laws black code slave codes
that regulated the movement and the
freedoms of slaves in the colonies in
spite of the fact that there were few
rebellions it's important to note that
there was different forms of resistance
resistance to slavery was common and it
took the form of work slowdowns running
away faking illness and other things to
kind of disrupt the slave system aside
from the issue
slavery religion created kind of
problems in the colonies and one of the
big things was the religious passion was
fading in the New England colonies fewer
and fewer people were having a
conversion so less Puritans practicing
means the colony is losing its original
mission to deal with this the halfway
covenant was passed in 1660 to in the
New England colonies and it said
individuals could become partial church
members even if they did not have a
conversion and the idea behind this was
to lessen the Puritan practices they're
going to be less strict in order to
increase church membership and it was
successful at doing so and as we talk
about religion in this issue of
religious practice it's important to
note that religious freedom the
Massachusetts Bay Colony did not allow
freedom of religion but some religious
toleration existed in a few British
colonies for example you saw
Pennsylvania with the Quakers Rhode
Island separation of church and state
with Roger Williams in Maryland with its
Catholic population extended religious
toleration but only to Christians and
religious freedom is going to be a key
cornerstone of the new nation so there
are traditions established during the
colonial period a real wacky event
happens in 1692 in Salem Massachusetts
it's the Salem witch trials during the
trials 19 people are hung and one person
was even pressed to death that's a scene
in one of the museums in Salem gruesome
stuff most of the accused were from the
money-making class and the people who
were accusing them were farmers and
really what you see in Salem is it
reflects a growing tension over the
changing nature of the colony from a
religious kind of motives to a
profit-driven commercialism so you see
the tension between the rich and the
poor in colonial New England speaking of
religion a really important event that
all colonies experienced was the Great
Awakening many people were tired of the
boring sermons that were traditionally
practiced throughout the colonies and
the Great Awakening was a religious
revival in the 1730's 240s that spread
throughout the colonies this is the
spread of religious feeling throughout
the colonies many people convert it to
different religions and some key figures
you should know about one Jonathan
Edwards he sparks the Great Awakening
with his sermons he basically said God
was angry at human sinfulness and his
most famous sermon sinners in the hands
of an angry god some scary stuff another
figure is George Whitefield he
introduced a new energized style of
evangelical preaching George Whitefield
led many revival meetings were sinners
professed being saved and conversions
took place out on the frontier a key
part of the Great Awakening was this
idea that ordinary people with faith and
belief in God could understand the
Gospels without the Church ministers
telling them what to believe this
divided people new lights were
supporters of the Great Awakening old
lights were against this new style of
preaching and the impact of the Great
Awakening was huge you have new
universities forming such as Dartmouth
Princeton Brown some of the Ivy League
universities today they start off as
religious based institutions this leads
to greater religious independence and
diversity you have all sorts of new
churches forming you can see on the map
the different colors with the different
types of churches throughout the
colonies and as a result the
strengthened calls for separation of
church and state if you have lots of
different religions you can't have any
one church supported by the state and
finally this is the first mass movement
shared amongst all of the colonists this
great awakening spread throughout the
colonies it did not matter your social
status your region and it happened
throughout and so this was a shared
experience and key to this is people are
changing the way they view Authority
common people are making their own
decisions with regard to religion and
later on this resistance to established
Authority will be extended towards the
British so keep in mind all of the
impacts of the
rate awakening we've already mentioned
the idea of mercantilism remember that
were various mercantile laws that were
passed to regulate colonial trade and to
benefit England you have the navigation
acts the molasses Act and the basic
principle behind mercantilism was that
nations such as England should become
self-sufficient and the colonies should
enrich the mother country however the
goals and interests of European leaders
for example in England at times diverge
from those of colonial citizens in other
words many colonists did not like these
laws such as the Navigation Acts luckily
there was this period of solitary
neglect throughout the early 17th
century where the British had relative
indifference to colonial governance they
kind of just let them do their thing
there were some things that made the
colonists smile over the mercantile
policies for example colonial
shipbuilding developed especially in the
New England colonies as a result of
these requirements that Goods must
travel in either British or colonial
ships as a result of England being their
mama the colonists were provided
protection of the British military and
mercantile policies provided Chesapeake
tobacco farmers a monopoly in England
remember certain enumerated Goods could
only be sold to England tobacco was one
of them however there were some reasons
to be mad some bad things about
mercantilism it restricted development
of colonial manufacturing they had to
buy the goods from British manufacturing
so therefore the economy of the colonies
did not diversify very often they had to
buy higher priced manufactured goods
from England and farmers had to accept
lower prices for their enumerated crops
so although they had a guaranteed market
they could not sell them to the highest
buyer and this was no bueno in the minds
of many colonists resentment over laws
and posed from a distant government in
London did lead to times of resistance
recall England attempted to integrate
the colonies into a coherent
hierarchical Imperial structure with the
dominion of New England Sir Edmund and
came over started enforcing the
navigation act trying to bring more
money over to London and eventually that
falls apart in 1688 with the Glorious
Revolution basically under the Glorious
Revolution there is an overthrow of
James ii and William and Mary take the
throne and this is important in the
colonies for a couple of reasons one
over in England they put limits on the
power of the monarchy and the colonists
once the Glorious Revolution takes place
they rebelled against the dominion of
New England colonists successfully
resisted some English policies however
it's important to note that the big
turning point will happen in 1763 at the
end of the Seven Years War check out the
next video and finally colonial politics
there was the gradual development of
democratic institutions in the colonies
and colonial experiences with
self-government and you're going to see
this in various examples we covered in
previous videos such as the Mayflower
Compact the town hall meetings the House
of Burgesses the elected representative
assemblies in places like Pennsylvania
keep in mind many people were still
excluded for example there were property
requirements or religious qualifications
and England ultimately was still in
charge so in the colonies there wasn't
widespread democratization taking place
there was a ruling colonial elite that
was usually made up of the wealthy or
people in the powerful in the church but
the colonies are beginning to develop
different political institutions an
example of colonial political life
evolving during this time could be seen
in the Sanger case in 1733 which
advanced the freedom of the press and
basically what happened that newspaper
that you see right there was printed by
John Peter Zenger and he printed a
newspaper that was critical of the royal
governor in New York and that led some
people to get that face you see right
there as a result of this newspaper he
is charged with libel but the jury ruled
that Zanger was not guilty and what
happens is in the Saenger case you see
that the
it's rule that you could be critical of
elected officials if the statements were
true and although this case does not
allow full freedom of the press it does
establish principles that allow people
to be critical of those in power
something that's going to be very key to
a healthy democracy and the last thing
to keep in mind is there was ethnically
of the colonies as well most of the
people who came over for from England
but you get a growing group of people
coming from other parts of the world
we've already mentioned the large
African population in South Carolina
forcibly brought here because of slavery
we also have the huge amount of people
from England many of them Puritans up in
this region but you also get a growing
scots-irish population in places like
Pennsylvania and as you can see on this
map the people that settled the thirteen
colonies came from all sorts of
different ethnic groups that's going to
do it for this video thank you for
watching if the video helped you out
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night peace
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