What is Brutalist Architecture? | ARCHITECTURE 101
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトは、戦後ヨーロッパで勃興したブルータル建築の歴史と特徴について掘り下げています。1950年代から1970年代にかけて人気を博したこのスタイルは、その生粡コンクリートの使用と社会主義理想的追求で特徴づけられています。しかし、その壮大さと機能性に反して、多くの人々に嫌悪感を呼び起こし、後にはその人気は衰退しました。最近では、その独創性と彫刻的な美しさに注目し、再評価が進んでいます。ブルータル建築は、建築物の美しさと倫理性の間で揺れるアーキテクチャのジャンルを象徴しています。
Takeaways
- 🏢 ブリュータリスト建築は、主にコンクリートでできた大きな建物で、世界中で政府施設、住宅複合体、学校キャンパスに見られます。
- 📈 ブリュータリスト建築は、第二次世界大戦後のヨーロッパで発生し、1960年代と1970年代に人気を博しましたが、その後数十年はほとんど無視されました。
- 🏗 ブリュータリスト建築の名前は、フランス語の'béton brut'(生コンクリート)から来たと言われていますが、実際にはスウェーデンの建築家ハンス・アドが'ネオブリュータリズム'という言葉を初めて使いました。
- 🇬🇧 イギリスの建築家たちは、社会主義的ユートピアを築くための手段として建築を使い、ブリュータリスト建築を発展させました。
- 🏫 ハンスタントン学校は、ブリュータリスト建築の特徴を示しており、生の素材を誇示しています。
- 📰 建築批評家アルバート・バンハムは、ブリュータリスト建築を定義しようとしましたが、その定義は厳密には明確ではありませんでした。
- 🌐 ブリュータリスト建築はイギリスを離れて、ヨーロッパやアメリカに広がり、社会住宅や大学キャンパスに影響を与えました。
- 🏛 ボストン市政庁は、モニュメント性と歴史的な建築の再解釈を求める審査員によって選ばれた、最も重要なブリュータリスト建築の一つです。
- 📉 しかし、ブリュータリスト建築は維持コストが高く、管理不足のために人々に不快感を与えることがありました。
- 🔄 1970年代後半には、ポストモダン主义への転向と共にブリュータリスト建築の人気は減少しましたが、近年ではそのスタイルの再評価が進んでいます。
- 🎨 ブリュータリスト建築は、建築物を単なる箱以上のものとして考え、彫刻的な美しさを追求する現代の建築に影響を与えました。
Q & A
ブルータリズム建築はどのような建築スタイルですか?
-ブルータリズム建築は、コンクリートを主体とした無骨で力強いデザインの建築スタイルです。第二次世界大戦後のヨーロッパで生まれ、1960年代から1970年代にかけて人気を博しました。政府の建物、住宅複合施設、学校のキャンパスなどで見られます。
ブルータリズムという名前の由来は何ですか?
-一般的には、ル・コルビュジエの「ベトン・ブルート」(フランス語で「生コンクリート」)がブルータリズムの由来とされていますが、実際には1940年代のスウェーデンの建築家ハンス・アスプルンドが「ネオブルータリズム」という用語を最初に使いました。
ブルータリズムが最初に登場した場所はどこですか?
-ブルータリズムはヨーロッパで登場しましたが、特に1940年代のスウェーデンと1950年代のイギリスで広がりました。イギリスでは、アリソンとピーター・スミッソンが新ブルータリズム運動のリーダーとして知られています。
ブルータリズムが特に強く関連する材料は何ですか?
-ブルータリズム建築はコンクリートと強く関連しています。コンクリートは、粗くて無加工の状態で使用され、建築の正直さと機能性を表現するために選ばれました。また、コンクリートは安価であったため、多くのブルータリズム建築に採用されました。
ブルータリズム建築はどのような社会的理想を反映していましたか?
-ブルータリズムは、社会主義的なユートピアを実現しようとする建築運動でした。建物の透明性と機能性を強調し、社会全体に平等をもたらすことを目指していました。
ブルータリズムが批判された理由は何ですか?
-ブルータリズムは、その無骨で威圧的なデザインや、住民が快適に感じられないという理由で批判されました。また、コンクリートは時間が経つにつれて劣化するため、メンテナンスコストが高くなることも問題とされました。
ブルータリズムがアメリカに導入された際、どのように受け入れられましたか?
-アメリカでは、ブルータリズムは主に経済的理由から公共住宅プロジェクトに採用されました。多くの建物は、ル・コルビュジエのラディアント・シティの概念に基づいて設計されましたが、時間が経つにつれて住民からの支持は失われました。
ポストモダニズムが登場した背景には、どのような要因がありましたか?
-1970年代にブルータリズムの人気が衰退し、古典的な建築理念への回帰が見られるようになりました。この動きがポストモダニズムの台頭をもたらし、ブルータリズムに代わる新たな建築スタイルが模索されました。
ブルータリズムは近年どのように再評価されていますか?
-ブルータリズムは、特にそのユニークで彫刻的な美学の観点から再評価されています。多くのブルータリズム建築がユネスコの世界遺産に指定され、今では愛される建物として保存されることもあります。
ブルータリズム建築の成功と失敗の要因は何ですか?
-ブルータリズムは、その野心的な設計とユートピアを目指す姿勢で一時的に成功しましたが、人々が快適に感じられない空間を作り出したため、その社会的理想は長続きしませんでした。成功と失敗が交差する中、今日でもその建築スタイルは論争の的となっています。
Outlines
🏢 ブリュータリスト建築の誕生と特徴
ブリュータリスト建築は、第二次世界大戦後のヨーロッパで生まれ、1960年代から70年代にかけて人気を博したスタイルである。このスタイルの特徴は、主にコンクリートを用いた生粡の建築様式である。このスタイルは世界中で政府施設、住宅complexes、学校キャンパスなどに見られる。ブリュータリスト建築は、人々に強い感情を引き起こし、愛される一方で嫌われる一方もある。この段落では、ブリュータリスト建築の歴史と由来について解説している。特に、フランス建築家ル・コルビュジェが「beton brute」を用いたことと、スウェーデンの建築家ハンス・アスクーが「neo-brutalism」を初称したことが、このスタイルの基礎を形成したとされる。また、英国の建築家であるアリソン夫妇がこのスタイルを英国に持ち込み、社会主義的理想的空間を創出しようと試みた。
🗿 コンクリートの選定とブリュータリスト建築の社会性
この段落では、ブリュータリスト建築がコンクリートを選んだ理由と、その社会性について説明している。コンクリートは建築家に興味深い形状を作り、生の外観を与えることができた。また、伝統的な材料よりも安価だったことも理由である。ブリュータリスト建築は、建築を通じて社会変革を目指していた。建築物が提供する生活空間や人々が建物を移動する様子が、真の社会主義的ユートピアを示すはずだった。初期のブリュータリスト建築は、その新鮮さから住民に人気だったが、随分後にはその評判が変わっていく。また、アメリカや南アメリカに進出し、異なる文化の中でも同じように受け止められた。
🏛 アメリカのブリュータリスト建築とその評価
アメリカにおけるブリュータリスト建築の進出と、その評価について説明している。特に、ルーク・ハウが設計したサルインスティトゥートや、マセル・ブレイヤーが設計したウィットニー美術館がそのスタイルを代表している。これらの建築は、その独特なデザインとコンセプトによって評価が分かれる。一方で、ボストンシティホールのようには、当初は批判的だったが、後にはその価値が再評価される例もある。この段落では、ブリュータリスト建築がどのように公共空間や社会構造に影響を与え、またどのように受け止められたかについて詳細に触れている。
📚 ブリュータリスト建築の再評価と建築の意義
最後の段落では、ブリュータリスト建築が現在の時代でどのように再評価され、その意義について考察している。ブリュータリスト建築は、ただの美学的なものではなく、倫理的にも重要なスタイルだった。しかし、その理想主義は人々に歓迎される場所を作ることを犠牲にしてしまった。現在では、そのスタイルの独創性や彫刻的な性質が再び評価されており、一度は人々に嫌われた建物も、今では愛される場所となっている。この段落では、建築の理想を追い求めるべきである一方で、人々に快適な場所を作ることの重要性を再確認する。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ブルータリスト建築
💡コンクリート
💡ルネ・スポル
💡ハンス・アスプロン
💡アリソンとピーター・スミスン
💡社会主義的ユートピア
💡ジャン・アラン・ヴァン・デル・ロビュール
💡エルンスト・グルドフィンガー
💡ポストモダン主義
💡再評価
Highlights
Brutalist architecture is characterized by its raw, dominating, and bold use of concrete, often found in government buildings, housing complexes, and schools.
The style emerged in Europe after World War II and became popular in the 1960s and 70s before being largely neglected.
The name 'Brutalism' is often mistakenly thought to derive from the French phrase 'béton brut' (raw concrete), but it actually originated from Swedish architect Hans Asplund's term 'Neo-Brutalism' in 1949.
Brutalism was embraced by British architects like Alison and Peter Smithson, who used it to promote socialist ideals, believing that raw materials symbolized honesty and transparency.
Reyner Banham, an architecture critic, attempted to define Brutalism, linking it to Le Corbusier’s béton brut, and emphasizing its social and aesthetic ambitions.
Despite its academic and architectural praise, Brutalism often faced public disdain due to its imposing and authoritarian appearance.
Concrete was favored by Brutalist architects for its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and ability to create dramatic and sculptural forms.
Brutalist buildings often faced maintenance challenges, leading to their deterioration and reinforcing negative public perceptions.
Brutalism had a significant impact on social housing in both Europe and America, though the reception was mixed, with residents often feeling disconnected from these environments.
Notable examples of Brutalist architecture include Boston City Hall, Yale’s Art and Architecture Building, and the Geisel Library at UC San Diego.
Brutalism’s initial appeal was tied to its novelty and promise of a utopian society, but this promise was often unmet, leading to its decline.
Despite its fall from favor, Brutalism is experiencing a resurgence in interest, with many buildings now being appreciated for their unique aesthetics and architectural innovation.
Brutalism’s legacy includes influencing modern architectural designs, particularly in the use of concrete and the creation of abstract, sculptural forms.
The style highlights the tension between architectural ambition and the need to create welcoming, human-centered environments.
Brutalism's complex history demonstrates the challenges of balancing social ideals with practical, livable spaces.
Transcripts
[Music]
you know them when you see them big bold
hulking buildings made mostly of
concrete they're raw and dominating some
might even call them
brutal this style of architecture is
found all over the world in government
buildings housing complexes and on
school
campuses it's a style that over the past
60 years has been both vilified and
beloved there have been equal calls to
rid our cities of them as they are to
preserve them I'm talking about
brutalist architecture a style that
emerged in Europe following World War II
reaching its height of popularity in the
1960s and70s before being largely
neglected in the subsequent decades but
what is it about brutalism that causes
such intense reactions does it deserve
all the hate it gets and where does the
term brutalism even come from hey
everyone my name's Steve I'm an
architecture writer and join me as we
take a deep dive into brutalist
architecture here on architecture 101
but before we get started be sure to
like And subscribe so you never miss out
on all things architecture if you've
ever looked up the history of brutalism
you'll find many sources saying that the
name brutalism was a rough translation
from the lar kabier concept beton brute
which is French for raw concrete The
Story Goes that kaboer was tasked with
designing the UN DEH habit cion in
France or the mad house as the locals
called it which was a massive housing
block that would feature space for 1,600
residents and offer amenities like a
grocery store and rooftop garden
originally the tower was supposed to be
designed with a smooth concrete exterior
a thing that kaboer had experimented
with in the past however there was a
misunderstanding among the 80
contractors working on site and the
building's concrete was anything but
smooth there were marks left on the
concrete from the wooden formwork
supposedly kaboer in his frustration
called it a massacre of concrete and
declared quote leave it brute the
building opened in 1952 and
revolutionized residential architecture
both in design and in
materials and he even began to embrace
the rough concrete look in his
subsequent buildings all over the world
he loved the honesty and the
functionality of raw concrete and he
eventually coined the term bom brute and
there you go well brutalism is born
right not exactly it's a great story and
while kab's beton brute did influence
later brutalism it's not a translation
of the French phrase for that we've got
to travel to 1940s Stockholm Sweden the
architect Hans Ood was the first to coin
the term Neo brutalism in 1949 the term
was coined to distinguish Swedish
modernism from the larger modernist
movements elsewhere in the world it's
soon became a term spoken in Stockholm's
architecture circles and according to
historian Anthony vidler the term caught
the attention of visiting British
Architects they took the phrase back
with them to England where it was
applied by avangard Architects looking
to use architecture as a vehicle for
creating a socialist Utopia for Britain
they were still trying to pick up the
pieces from years of devastating War
entire cities needed rebuilding and
hundreds of thousands of people were
displaced to combat this Britain
expanded their social housing program
offering commissions to large numbers of
ambitious politically-minded architects
who were ready to take their academic
ideas and apply them in the real
world the most prominent new voices were
Allison and Peter Smithson their designs
for the unbuilt golden Lane estate and
the hunstanton school in 1952 cemented
themselves as the leaders of Britain's
New brutalist
Movement if you look at the Hunts stand
school today it might not look brutalist
in fact it might look more like the
works of Ludwig M vandero but if we look
closer we can see what makes it
brutalist remember that the prevailing
modernist thought at the time was that
architecture should embody the
Perfection and precision of the Machine
Age materials were to be refined and
pure everything needed to be perfect the
huntstand school does not adhere to this
thinking instead rough raw material
were the better choice because they were
honest both modernists and brutalists
saw ornamentation as a crime and for
brutalists refined materials were no
different than traditional
ornamentation so the school features raw
brick exposed steel beams concrete
floors and the building's utilities on
full
display the Smithson and other
brutalists thought that this Embrace of
raw materials would lead to a better
Society one that was for Trans
transparency and Truth while many of
smithson's buildings were built of brick
and steel much of the early brutalists
saw concrete as the best material to
express honesty concrete was chosen not
only because it offered Architects the
ability to create interesting forms and
give that raw appearance it was also
incredibly cheaper than traditional
materials soon concrete would serve as
the go-to material for brutalist
Architects intent on redefining
architecture a y goal for a style but
such ambition soon captured the
attention of the architecture critic
rner banam in 1955 banam wrote his semal
article the new brutalism in it he aimed
to Define just what brutalism was he
concluded that quote new brutalism
eludes precise description while
remaining a living force in contemporary
British architecture essentially saying
that there was no set definition but
rather a dedication to creating a Utopia
with raw materials this was partly the
reason that banam makes the link between
British brutalists and Cabo's beton
brute he saw the similarities between
British Architects and kaboer and tried
to bring the two independent Styles
together though kabier would reject the
label that his buildings were brutalist
nevertheless banam saw that by linking
kab's ideas with the British movement
brutalism gained greater legitimacy it
also helped that brute sounded a lot
like brutal
anyway banam was also obsessed with
buildings as objects or images this
meant that it was okay if not preferable
for a building to not even look like a
building that they were independent from
their surroundings an idea that would be
played with as the style matur Beyond
Aesthetics banam stressed that it could
not simply be an aesthetic movement but
a social one as well brutalist
architecture needed to enact social
change the way people lived within
buildings and moved through them them
should demonstrate what a true socialist
Utopia looks like everyone would be
equal and have access to the same
amenities within a brutalist building
everything was perfect it's important to
note that in the early years of
brutalism in Britain the style was liked
by residents because of its newness
people clamored to live in these new
brutalist
buildings among these popular buildings
were those designed by the architect nno
goldfin his balron and trell Towers were
landmarks of the movement as they
embodied the Socialist ideals that the
Smithson and banam advocated for but not
everyone was a fan though the writer of
the James Bond series famously detested
The Works of Goldfinger ultimately
naming Bond's arch nemesis after the
architect by the end of the 1950s
brutalism expanded Beyond Britain and
elsewhere in Europe mainly to Eastern
Europe where Soviet controlled countries
used the ideas of brutalism as a format
for their social housing how however
unlike the British housing projects
these did not attract the same
positivity from its residents when
brutalism made it to America it also
found its way into affordable housing
mainly for economic reasons these
projects were different from the
Smithson and were based on kab's radiant
city concept they were often tall
identical cruciform towers that were
spaced apart with large Lawns and Parks
between they were disconnected from the
rest of the city and were often placed
on the site of historically poor four
yet vibrant
communities as with the British social
housing these were originally met with
praise but as we'll discuss later that
praise was
shortlived beyond social housing
brutalism made its way onto college
campuses in the wake of the college
building boom of the 1950s and 60s among
the most notable is here at Yale the art
and architecture building designed by
Paul Rudolph from
1963 given the building's small sight
Rudolph accentuated the verticality of
the building with these strong Towers
between which were windows inside 30
different levels were Incorporated
across the seven-story building while it
was heralded for its unique use of space
it was later criticized for its
sometimes cramped interior and was
eventually expanded in the 2000s
nevertheless it brought a sense of drama
and presence and helped college campuses
Embrace new architecture
Styles another important work of
brutalism on a college campus
is the Geo Library a decade later by
William Pereira at UC San Diego this
building perfectly captures what banam
was saying when he talked about
architecture as an image this gravity
defying building with its concrete
fingers gently holding up the library
was placed on a large Plaza that allowed
the building to stand triumphantly while
the entrance was kept hidden underneath
the plaza nearby on a cliff overlooking
the Pacific Ocean in La Hoya California
stands the Sal
Institute for many it is one of the most
beautiful brutalist buildings designed
by Luke H in 1965 it broke away from
early brutalists by incorporating the
building's context within the design KH
was no stranger to brutalism he designed
several important brutalist buildings
including the Kimble Art Museum and the
national Parliament building in
Bangladesh the Suk institutes two
identical buildings flanked each other
on either side of a large Plaza the
building's windows are angled towards
the ocean in the distance all the
Laboratories and offices were open to
the outside linked by a network of
exterior walkways and
stairs the rough concrete was contrasted
by the weathered wood that framed the
windows it was a place that felt Grand
and still intimate crossing the country
we see another figure of American
brutalism Marcel Bryer he designed the
original Whitney Museum in 1966 the
building resembles an inverted zigurat
likee structure with floors Cal ing out
to maximize the building's small sight
the building also has only a few Windows
which fails to give the building a sense
of scale and makes it feel ominous in
the rather quiet neighborhood it resides
in it was no wonder that the building
was controversial the famed architecture
critic ad Luiz huxel famously wrote that
it was quote the most disliked building
in New York but also argued that it was
quote harsh and handsome brism also
found a home in South America lenina
bardi brought her own flare to the style
with her Museum of Art in San Paulo
which was completed in
1968 it was one of the first buildings
in Brazil built of reinforced concrete
and appears to defy gravity as its large
Gallery space looms above the ground
resting effortlessly on four concrete
columns of course a conversation of
brutalism is not complete without
discussing this place the Boston City
Hall designed by Colman mckinnel and
knows it was the winning submission out
of 256 different schemes it was chosen
because it was the only design in the
competition that featured the
monumentality that the jury wanted they
wanted a building that would appear to
stand the test of time like a modern
reinterpretation of past Grand
architecture symbolism was used
throughout the building the columns are
seen as abstractions of traditional
columns while the red brick in the plaza
and on the bottom floor symbolizes the
historical use of brick in the
city the offices of the mayor and
Council chamber protrude from the
inverted zigurat facade as so the
building was placing government
officials on stage above are
administrative offices which are shown
symbolically with a standard pattern of
Windows to add to the symbolism The
Architects wanted to create a varying
degree of textures within the building
it uses a mixture of cast in place
pre-cast concrete and brick throughout
the cast in place concrete was like
other brutalist buildings and contrasted
nicely from the smoothness of the
pre-cast sections the brick added some
much needed color to the spaces when it
opened it received mixed reviews the
critics loved it ad Lis huxel said that
the building was a symbol of quote
Excellence another critic said that the
building quote carries an authority that
results from the clarity articulation
and intensity of imagination with which
it has been
formed the average person was not so
thrilled by it they saw it as imposing
authoritarian the average person
understandably did not get the symbolism
and this is the issue surrounding
brutalism there was a disconnect between
the academics who loved it and saw it as
a step toward Utopia and the public that
widely hated it seeing it as hostile and
dystopic and they often lacked context
so they felt disconnected from the rest
of the city in the case of large housing
projects they lacked a unique identity
they just weren't places where people
could feel comfortable another issue
with brutalism was the cost to maintain
it concrete deteriorates after a while
and the lack of Maintenance with these
buildings causes them to look even more
hostile to people like the Jed gaho
building in Washington DC which has
suffered from years of neglect as the
government tries to determine just what
to do with it all of this was why the
popularity of the style began to fade in
the late
1970s during this time a turn to
classical ideas on architecture would
lead to
postmodernism and yet all these years
later brutalism is seeing a Resurgence
there are books articles and Instagram
pages that are dedicated to highlighting
the inventiveness and sculptural nature
of the style even places like Boston
City Hall Once under threat of
demolition 20 years ago has garnered a
loyal group of
supporters the buildings designed by
Goldfinger have become highly coveted
places to live and many of kaboo as bom
brute buildings have become UNESCO world
heritage sites but this love of
brutalism is more about the interesting
and unique Aesthetics of the style
rather than its impact on our cities if
we look at brutalism solely on
Aesthetics it's amazing that a material
like concrete can defy gravity the way
that it does in these buildings however
brutalism was about ethics too and in
that form it failed people for a short
time at least saw brutal is M as the
architecture of Utopia but rather
quickly it failed in its promise and so
brutalism remains in this gray area
within the timeline of architecture for
every reason why we don't like it there
seems to be another reason as to why
it's great it could be argue that we
might not have the high abstract and
sculptural buildings we see today if not
for brutalism breaking the mold and
allowing Architects to think of
architecture as more than simply boxes
what can be taken away from brutalism
and its history is the knowledge that
it's good to have lofty Ambitions for
our
architecture but the Quest for an ideal
should not come at the expense of
creating a welcoming place for people
architecture is about giving people a
place that enlivens them not challenges
them that being said even for people who
hate brutalism it's hard not to be in
awe of these places as there rare
moments when the rest of the world seems
to slip away and you're completely
enveloped in a true architectural
[Music]
experience thank you for watching what
do you think about brutalism let me know
in the comments below and if you want to
learn more about brutalist architecture
visit arbyd design.com and be sure to
subscribe so you never miss an episode
of all things
architecture anyway thanks again for
watching my name's Steve and I'll see
you next time for another edition of
architecture
101
yeah
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