American Anti-Intellectualism

Summary

This video delves into the resurgence of anti-intellectualism in American culture, exploring its roots in historical and religious beliefs that have shaped societal structures. It examines the impact of this mindset on politics, economics, and social issues, highlighting how it's used by powerful entities to manipulate public opinion and maintain control. The script challenges viewers to recognize and counteract anti-intellectualism in their own lives, promoting critical thinking and open dialogue.

Takeaways

• 😷 The script discusses the emergence of disagreements over social issues, particularly the use of masks during the pandemic, as a catalyst for highlighting anti-intellectualism.
• 📚 Anti-intellectualism is defined as the denigration of science-based facts and the pursuit of knowledge, a concept explored in Richard Hofstetter's 1963 book.
• 🤔 Epistemology, the study of knowledge and truth, has been debated for centuries, but recent events have brought these discussions to the forefront of society.
• 🇺🇸 Anti-intellectualism in American culture is linked to historical events like the McCarthy era and the Protestant evangelical beliefs of early European colonists.
• 🧐 Daniel Rigney expanded on Hofstetter's theory by identifying three types of anti-intellectualism: unreflective instrumentalism, religious anti-rationalism, and populist anti-elitism.
• 🛠️ Unreflective instrumentalism is the belief that knowledge is only valuable if it has practical applications, often dismissing intellectual pursuits as impractical.
• ⛪️ Religious anti-rationalism involves rejecting reason and logic in favor of decisions based on gut feelings, morals, or religious beliefs, such as the modern creationist movement.
• 🌍 Populist anti-elitism is the rejection of elite institutions and individuals, often seen in the belittlement of experts and the promotion of 'common sense' over expert knowledge.
• 🧠 Hofstetter distinguishes between intelligence, which applies ideas practically, and intellect, which challenges and evolves ideas, suggesting that anti-intellectualism stifles intellectual growth.
• 🏛️ The script points out that anti-intellectualism has been used by powerful entities like politicians and corporations to maintain control and manipulate public opinion.
• 🌳 The corporate exploitation of anti-intellectualism is exemplified by the tobacco industry and, more recently, by those denying climate change for profit.
• 🛑 To combat anti-intellectualism, one should recognize it in oneself, be critical of information sources, understand logical fallacies, and engage in challenging conversations.

Q & A

What is anti-intellectualism?

Anti-intellectualism can be described as the systematic denigration of science-based facts and the pursuit of theory and knowledge.

When was the book 'Anti-Intellectualism in American Life' by Richard Hofstetter published?

Richard Hofstetter's book 'Anti-Intellectualism in American Life' was published in 1963.

How does Daniel Rigney's theory expand on Hofstetter's views on anti-intellectualism?

Daniel Rigney expanded Hofstetter's theory by distinguishing three ways in which anti-intellectualism appears: unreflective instrumentalism, religious anti-rationalism, and populist anti-elitism.

What is unreflective instrumentalism in the context of anti-intellectualism?

Unreflective instrumentalism is a belief that the pursuit of theory and knowledge is unnecessary unless it can be wielded for practical means.

Can you provide an example of religious anti-rationalism as discussed in the script?

Religious anti-rationalism is characterized by someone who rejects reason, logic, and facts in favor of reactive decision-making based on gut feelings, morals, or religious absolutes. An example is the modern creationist movement which denies evidence of evolution.

What is populist anti-elitism and how does it manifest?

Populist anti-elitism is the rejection of elite institutions and those categorized within the social or intellectual elite. It can manifest as belittling college professors or discrediting scientists and researchers without reason.

How does anti-intellectualism serve as a weapon for those in power?

Anti-intellectualism is used as a weapon to keep an iron grip on the ideas and systems that protect groups or individuals with power and privilege.

What role did the founding fathers play in shaping American culture's view on intellectuals?

The founding fathers, influenced by Puritan and Protestant evangelical beliefs, embraced the masculine ideal of the rugged self-made man, which did not require education, contrasting with the perceived effeminate and powerless intellectuals.

How has anti-intellectualism been used in modern politics in the United States?

Politicians have used anti-intellectualism as a psychological tool to charm certain demographics into voting for a candidate or policy, creating a division in the minds of the population.

What is the role of corporations in perpetuating anti-intellectualism?

Corporations exploit a poorly informed and distracted population for profit, using anti-intellectual tactics to discredit science, scientists, and logic, as seen in the denial of climate change and the promotion of disinformation by certain industries.

How can one combat anti-intellectualism in their own life?

To combat anti-intellectualism, one should be critical of information sources, identify logical fallacies, practice compassion and understanding towards others' perspectives, and be willing to have challenging conversations.

Outlines

00:00

😷 The Rise of Anti-Intellectualism Amidst Pandemic Discourse

This paragraph introduces the video's theme, exploring the resurgence of anti-intellectualism in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the social divisions caused by differing opinions on issues like mask-wearing and the 'Black Lives Matter' movement. The script delves into the historical roots of anti-intellectualism, referencing Richard Hofstetter's work, and outlines the video's aim to examine the consequences of this mindset in American culture. The paragraph also introduces the concept of epistemology and its relevance to current debates.

05:01

🏛️ Historical Foundations of American Anti-Intellectualism

The second paragraph delves into the historical underpinnings of anti-intellectualism in America, tracing it back to the Puritan beliefs of early European colonists. It highlights how these beliefs shaped the American ethos, with a particular focus on the self-made man ideal, which contrasted with the perceived effeminacy and powerlessness of intellectuals. The paragraph also discusses the impact of religious enthusiasm on anti-intellectualism and how it manifested in various societal shifts, including the efficiency movement and the culture wars of the 1960s.

10:02

🌪️ The Spread and Manipulation of Anti-Intellectualism by Power Structures

This paragraph examines how anti-intellectualism is exploited by those in power, such as politicians and corporations, to maintain control over society. It discusses the tactics used by these entities to charm certain demographics and create divisions among the population. The script also addresses the Trump administration's response to the coronavirus pandemic as a modern example of politically driven anti-intellectualism, and how corporations use anti-intellectual narratives to protect their interests, such as in the case of climate change denial.

15:02

🛡️ Combating Anti-Intellectualism: Strategies for Critical Thinking

The final paragraph offers strategies for individuals to counter anti-intellectualism in their own lives. It emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, identifying logical fallacies, and recognizing willful ignorance in arguments. The script suggests that understanding and acknowledging one's own limitations and being open to challenging conversations are key to overcoming anti-intellectual tendencies. It concludes by encouraging viewers to stay open-minded when encountering anti-intellectualism and to explore further by watching related videos.

Keywords

💡Anti-intellectualism

Anti-intellectualism is the systematic denigration of science-based facts and the pursuit of theory and knowledge. It is a central theme of the video, illustrating how this bias has been a historical and cultural force in American society, shaping attitudes and behaviors in various domains such as politics, religion, and business. The script discusses its manifestations, such as unreflective instrumentalism, religious anti-rationalism, and populist anti-elitism, and how it has been used as a tool by politicians and corporations to manipulate public opinion and maintain power.

💡Epistemology

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, truth, and its limits. It is mentioned in the script as a subject that has been debated since ancient times, and which has become particularly relevant in the context of the video's discussion on the disagreements and uncertainties that have arisen during the pandemic. The script suggests that the current era has brought new challenges to epistemological discussions, as people grapple with the tension between expert knowledge and lay beliefs.

💡Social Dilemma

A social dilemma, as discussed in the script, is a situation where the reward structure favors individuals who act selfishly over those who act in ways that benefit the larger social collective. This concept is used to describe the behavior of corporations that prioritize profit over public safety, such as in the case of climate change denial, despite the overwhelming scientific evidence supporting the need for action.

💡Logical Fallacies

Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that undermine the validity of arguments. The script identifies these as common tools in anti-intellectual arguments, used to distract or delegitimize discussions on relevant grounds. Examples given include 'what aboutism,' which deflects from the main issue by raising a different problem, and 'willful ignorance,' where individuals avoid acknowledging evidence that contradicts their beliefs.

💡Willful Ignorance

Willful ignorance refers to the deliberate avoidance of acknowledging evidence that would undermine or invalidate one's perspective. In the script, it is presented as a form of anti-intellectualism where individuals choose to ignore information that challenges their beliefs, often based on values, intuition, emotions, or anecdotal evidence, rather than engaging with the evidence in a rational manner.

💡Instrumentalism

Instrumentalism, in the context of the script, is the belief that the pursuit of theory and knowledge is unnecessary unless it can be used for practical means. It is one of the forms of anti-intellectualism identified by sociologist Daniel Rigney, and the script uses it to illustrate how some individuals dismiss intellectual pursuits as a waste of time in favor of immediate, practical gains.

💡Anti-Rationalism

Anti-rationalism is characterized by the rejection of reason, logic, and facts in favor of decisions based on gut feelings, morals, or religious absolutes. The script cites the modern creationist movement, which denies evidence of evolution, as an example of religious anti-rationalism, showing how this form of anti-intellectualism can lead to the dismissal of scientific evidence.

💡Populist Anti-Elitism

Populist anti-elitism is the rejection of elite institutions and individuals categorized within the social or intellectual elite. The script discusses this as a form of anti-intellectualism where individuals belittle the expertise of professionals such as college professors or discredit the work of scientists and researchers without substantial reason, often as a means to assert the superiority of 'common sense' over expert knowledge.

💡Intellectualism

Intellectualism, as contrasted with anti-intellectualism in the script, is the pursuit of developing, challenging, and evolving ideas. It is associated with the use of reason and critical thinking to understand and interpret the world, as opposed to relying solely on traditional wisdom or unexamined beliefs. The script suggests that intellectualism is essential for progress and the advancement of knowledge.

💡Confirmation Bias

Confirmation bias is a psychological phenomenon where individuals tend to favor information that confirms their preexisting beliefs or values. The script discusses how this bias can lead to an anti-intellectual mindset, as people may selectively seek out and interpret information in a way that reinforces their views, rather than critically evaluating all available evidence.

Highlights

The pandemic has sparked disagreements over social issues, including the contentious topic of mask-wearing.

Epistemology, the study of knowledge and truth, has been debated since ancient times but has become particularly relevant in the modern era.

Anti-intellectualism is the denigration of science-based facts and the pursuit of knowledge, a concept first explored by Richard Hofstetter in 1963.

Anti-intellectualism manifests differently and can be seen in business, politics, religion, and education.

Daniel Rigney expanded on Hofstetter's theory by identifying three types of anti-intellectualism: unreflective instrumentalism, religious anti-rationalism, and populist anti-elitism.

Unreflective instrumentalism is the belief that knowledge pursuit is unnecessary unless it serves practical means.

Religious anti-rationalism is characterized by the rejection of reason and facts in favor of gut feelings, morals, or religious absolutes.

Populist anti-elitism involves the rejection of elite institutions and individuals categorized within the social or intellectual elite.

Anti-intellectualism is used to maintain power and privilege by controlling ideas and systems, often through misinformation.

Politicians and corporations exploit anti-intellectualism to manipulate public opinion and maintain control.

The historical roots of anti-intellectualism in America can be traced back to Puritan and Protestant evangelical beliefs.

The founding fathers were influenced by these beliefs, promoting the ideal of the self-made man over the educated intellectual.

The establishment of prestigious universities like Harvard and Yale intensified distrust in intellect among the working class.

Religious enthusiasm in the 1800s led to a shift away from institutional authority and weakened the role of the intellectual minister.

The efficiency movement in the early 1900s highlighted the divide between expert intellectuals and common labor, contributing to the culture war of the 1960s.

Anti-intellectualism can be a symptom of ineffective information processing strategies, such as confirmation bias and social pressure.

To counter anti-intellectualism, one should identify logical fallacies, understand the emotions behind reasoning, and be open to challenging conversations.

Transcripts

since the beginning of the pandemic i've

heard countless conversations about many

different social issues that impact

every one of us some more trivial than

others but one topic has emerged that

has caused many disagreements among

people who in the past may have never

disagreed with one another before do you

harass your clients

when when they're at your restaurant to

put on mass sir do you harass them all

lives matter my life matters would they

want me to drop dead wearing a goddamn

mask

epistemology the study of knowledge

truth and its limits has been a debated

subject since ancient times but in

present day it's almost as if we've

never had to have these conversations

until now

this is a problem because suddenly

overnight we've become acutely aware of

the uncertainty that we face and despite

this reality no one seems to be able to

agree on anything

in this video we're going to take a look

at the consequences of

anti-intellectualism in american culture

and why this type of thinking occurs

hello everyone i'm in human form if you

enjoy videos about social psychology and

want to help support a smaller youtube

channel be sure to hit subscribe and

like this video now let's get started

anti-intellectualism can be described as

the systematic denigration of

science-based facts and the pursuit of

theory and knowledge

the foundation of this bias was first

explored in american historian richard

hofstetter's seminal book

anti-intellectualism in american life

published in 1963

the 1950s witch-hunts against

intellectuals and artists during the

mccarthy era left a strong impression on

hofstetter's thinking his and other

studies into anti-intellectualism

provide insight into how the concept has

intertwined itself with american culture

the concept is difficult to define in a

concrete manner because it manifests

itself in different ways depending on

the circumstances a handful of which are

explored in this video

one of the more common ways this appears

in our lives is when someone dismisses

intellectual interests as a waste of

time while claiming that conventional

wisdom is a superior method of thought

it can be seen everywhere in business

politics religion

education and deceptively within the way

we think

despite the fact that it's often

associated with america's current

ideological right and religious

followers progressives and liberals have

also wielded anti-intellectualism to

protect their own political power as

well we'll take a deeper look into these

modern examples a little later in this

video

in 1991 sociologist daniel rigney

expanded richard hofstadter's theory by

distinguishing the three ways in which

anti-intellectualism appears i'm going

to try and explain these with examples

that apply to the 2020s to provide a

clearer image of what this looks like

the first type is unreflective

instrumentalism meaning a belief that

the pursuit of theory and knowledge is

unnecessary unless it can be wielded for

practical means this is kind of like

when you ask your friend who's obsessive

about hustling and grinding on uber if

he or she has thought about studying

economics and they respond with nah bro

that's bookworm

i'm here to make money

followed by religious anti-rationalism

which is characterized as someone who

rejects reason logic and facts in favor

of reactive decision-making based on gut

feelings morals or religious absolutes

the modern creationist movement which

denies evidence of evolution would be an

example of this type and finally

populist anti-elitism which is the

rejection of elite institutions as well

as those categorized within the social

or intellectual elite for instance

someone who belittles college professors

or discredits scientists and researchers

without any reason to

hofstetter describes intelligence as

utilizing ideas in a practical way while

intellect is about developing

challenging and evolving the ideas

themselves

because of this anti-intellectual

thought is used as a weapon to keep an

iron grip on the ideas and systems that

protect groups or individuals with power

and privilege this can appear in the

form of misinformation which gives the

illusion that it's providing alternative

information that is being kept from the

viewer when in reality by perpetuating

incorrect information it benefits the

people in power the conservative youtube

channel prageru falls under this

description but when i hear somebody

somberly in tone science says or follow

the science i get very nervous these

anti-intellectual tactics are more

frequently observed within dominant

ideologies in the us but they can appear

in any group identity or ideology and to

limit this complicated concept to one

demographic would be an

oversimplification as we will see

hofstadter points out that although its

form may change from one circumstance to

another

anti-intellectualism is fundamentally

american when european colonists first

arrived onto the shores of north america

they brought with them puritan and

protestant evangelical beliefs which

have been a force in shaping american

culture to this day the founding fathers

were greatly influenced by these beliefs

and exerted this influence onto their

ideals of freedom in what they called

the new world

benjamin franklin and george washington

embraced the masculine ideal of the

rugged self-made man that could come to

america with nothing and through hard

work and some backbone could become a

wealthy industrialist no education was

necessary for this ideal man for he was

self-made by contrast to educated

intellectuals which were considered as

effeminate and powerless

intellectuals were considered to lack

faith

vigor and moral virtue all of which to

the anti-intellectual was considered an

essential part of religion and business

ownership

even thomas jefferson was mocked for his

intellect by federalist leaders claiming

that he was unfit for presidential and

military duties upon election

the english puritans that colonized new

england had a deep scholarly tradition

a tradition that led to the founding of

ivy league schools like harvard and yale

who were still considered prestigious

universities to this day

but the establishment of universities

intensified suspicions and distrust in

intellect as working-class individuals

and intellectuals were driven further

apart

the sentiment among some was that

scholars hid behind books and ivory

towers and didn't produce anything

useful for society

at a certain point in the 1800s there

was a dramatic shift towards religious

enthusiasm which divided certain

religious groups

religious faith became more

individualistic and no longer bound to

institutional authority and with this

the puritan ideal of the minister as an

intellectual and educational leader was

steadily weakened

anti-education and anti-elite rhetoric

was emerging in many institutionalized

evangelical settings across the country

dwight moody an american evangelist

during this time was famously quoted

saying i do not read any book unless it

will help me understand the bible

this was the first major success of

anti-intellectualism in the united

states and would proliferate religious

anti-rationalism in various religious

groups over the course of the next 200

years

mobility of the population education and

the development of radical ideas made it

increasingly difficult for religious

fundamentalists to remain separate from

secular academic thought in the 20th

century

provided that secular intellectualism

remained associated with elites

fundamentalists could either look the

other way or take advantage of it by

making it the target of a militant

sermon

but the gap separating religiosity and

academic belief was closing and many

individuals were seeing religion as less

desirable

the efficiency movement in the early

1900s sparked changes in the government

and the economy to cut down on

inefficiency and waste

this would be done by appointing experts

who could identify problems and wasteful

standards in various domains and solve

them

although the practice was necessary and

beneficial to all it reinforced

differences between expert intellectual

types and the common labor

by the 1960s this divide between

intellectual thinking and conventional

wisdom had evolved into a culture war

that would appear in many forms with

anti-intellectuals opposing new

developments in society the civil rights

movement women's liberation and anti-war

sentiment were all rejected and

trivialized by anti-intellectual types

who criticized the ideas as being

antithetical to american patriotism a

narrow-minded and intolerant belief that

remains widely held today as you will

see in our next section

an anti-intellectual mindset can occur

as a symptom of otherwise ineffective

strategies people use to process

information when a person is presented

complex information at a high volume

their thinking will fall back on rules

of thumb called heuristics to make

decisions for example people tend to pay

close attention to information that is

familiar to them and unopposed to what

they already know psychologists call

this phenomenon confirmation bias it is

shockingly difficult to overcome

social pressure and the desire to get

along with members of a group can also

impact their decision making

social pressure in combination with fear

is an especially potent factor in

distorting a person's ability to process

information and make the right decisions

when someone who understands these

biases takes advantage of them we can

see how anti-intellectual thought can

spread at an incredible rate in this

section we will look at how power takes

advantage of anti-intellectual belief

if we ignore that science and sort of

put our head in the sand and think it's

all about vegetation management we're

not going to succeed together protecting

californians okay it'll start getting

cooler

you just watch i wish science agreed

with you

hey well i don't think science knows

actually

america has had a long relationship with

anti-intellectualism ingrained deep

within its core beliefs and principles

these old systems of belief are what has

shaped the societal structures we live

in today the politicians massive

corporations and religious institutions

that dominate so many aspects of our

lives benefit from this the most

anti-intellectualism is the weapon of

choice when they seek to tighten their

grip around the neck of society

politicians have realized that

anti-intellectualism

is very successful in charming certain

demographics into voting for a candidate

or policy this manipulative

psychological tactic was popularized by

dwight eisenhower during his

presidential campaign when he described

intellectuals as quote men who take more

words than necessary to tell more than

they know he was quick to criticize

intellectuals as failed businessmen

despite the fact that he himself had

previously served as president of

columbia university and his father was a

college educated engineer this was all a

careful performance to persuade the

common person by reinforcing the

perceived threat of a supposed

intellectual class

creating a division in the minds of the

population no different than the

propaganda tactics used by totalitarian

governments in soviet russia and germany

in the 20th century

certainly this was not the first time a

politician voiced anti-intellectual

sentiments but from then on is how

american right-wing politicians would

communicate with their conservative

followers every republican candidate's

campaign from nixon to trump would

follow the narrative of the strong

leader who is characterized by

conventional wisdom that need not rely

on experts or stuffy academics

george w bush often posed as a rugged

cowboy for photo ops to come across as

some sort of hyper real political john

wayne figure ready to lasso up some oil

from the middle east he didn't need no

scientists telling him what to do but

more recently the consequences of

politically driven anti-intellectual

thought can be seen with the trump

administration's response to the

coronavirus pandemic the administration

repeatedly undermined government

scientists suggestions in dealing with

the pandemic leading to a new wave of

anti-elitism in america

democratic presidents are also guilty of

using anti-intellectualism as a

political tool for their benefit

president lyndon b johnson also engaged

in anti-intellectual posturing of this

sort he would make mention of his

working-class upbringing in rural

central texas and in the same breath

claimed that intellectuals are quote

more interested in the superficial than

they are with the things that have

really built america this manner in

which politicians speak seems completely

normal to us repeatedly using

patronizing language such as folks or

regular people referring to rural

populations has a real effect on that

demographic self-image and perceived

sense of control over their own

communities they then believe that their

only hope is to be subservient to the

politicians that supposedly represent

them

this occurrence which started as a valid

criticism of wealthy elites has become a

powerful political tool used to

politicize fundamentally non-partisan

issues

but many of you may consider our next

example as far more nefarious than the

divisive behavior of politicians when it

comes to using anti-intellectualism to

unethically protect their own interests

and profit there is no better example

than the corporate sector of america the

american mode of capitalism has always

been predicated on exploitation

corporations continue to exploit a

population of consumers that have fallen

victim to being poorly informed and

distracted the most destructive example

of this is the ongoing denial and

reluctance of corporations and

government officials backed by those

corporations to make any significant

changes in economic policy in order to

mitigate the effects of climate change

despite the reality that those changes

would benefit the economy this is

accomplished by the use of

anti-rationalist narratives that

minimize the seriousness of climate

change or by rejecting its existence in

entirety ignoring the overwhelming

amount of scientific evidence supporting

the matter sponsored by the largest

privately owned coal company in america

the murray energy corporation the rocky

mountain coal mining institute have

peddled disinformation claiming coal is

more affordable than clean energy a

statement that has been proven to be

untrue by multiple independent studies

social psychologists have theorized this

inclination to seek out profit over

public safety as an example of what is

called a social dilemma which can be

defined as a situation that has a reward

structure that favors individuals who

act selfishly rather than in ways that

benefit the larger social collective

these corporate tactics of

anti-intellectualism are not new to

american culture and were employed for

decades by the tobacco industry

corporations will discredit science

scientists and logic in order to

generate wealth for investors and

corporate executives at the expense of

the population and the biophysical

environment's health

we can see that this is how structures

of power use anti-intellectualism to

their benefit but how do you counter

anti-intellectualism in your own life

i'm sure at one point or another you've

been in conversation with a friend or a

family member about some issue that you

just disagreed on completely and you

knew deep in your heart that you

understood the truth because you watched

a contra points or vsauce video on the

topic two months ago but they still

wouldn't agree or get it what do you do

in this situation

well first things first don't take

advice from anyone on youtube seriously

be extremely critical of anything on

here

second thing would be to identify

logical fallacies that regularly appear

in anti-intellectual arguments

fallacies that appear in the faulty

reasoning of anti-intellectualism

are used to distract or delegitimize

arguments on irrelevant grounds here are

a few examples what aboutism is defined

as the technique or practice of

responding to an accusation or difficult

question by making a counter accusation

or raising a different issue this tactic

is regularly used to defend the status

quo and avoid change for example not

changing environmental policy because

other countries are polluting the

environment as well this can be avoided

by acknowledging that both circumstances

are a problem and then try to return to

the original topic of conversation

another way in which

anti-intellectualism comes through is

willful ignorance willful ignorance is

when a person will avoid acknowledgement

of contrary evidence that would

undermine or invalidate their

perspective usually based on values

intuition emotions or anecdotal evidence

this is a much more difficult

circumstance sometimes all that can be

done is to try your best to understand

the emotion behind the reasoning as well

as practicing compassion towards the

person and their perspective since

people don't have universal experiences

or share the same background coming to

an agreement might be difficult

and finally the best way to combat

anti-intellectualism

is to recognize it within yourself

understand and acknowledge the

limitations of your own intelligence and

be willing to have challenging

conversations

anti-intellectualism has become more

prominent due to the many social issues

that have popularized in recent years

the systemic denigration of

science-based facts and the pursuit of

theory and knowledge is nothing new to

american culture and has been

destructive to communities in the past

politicians and powerful corporations

have used anti-intellectualism

as a psychological tool to gain control

over various demographics but it's best

to keep an open mind when encountering

anti-intellectualism in your life

my name is in human form and thanks for

watching this video all the way to this

point since you enjoy interesting topics

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next video