FINANZAS PUBLICAS

MINUTOS PARA APRENDER☻

27 Aug 202205:22

Summary

TLDRThe video script delves into public finance, focusing on the state's economic activities, including revenue acquisition, expenditure, and public debt management. It emphasizes the importance of a sustainable public budget and distinguishes between absolute and relative public needs, individual and collective needs, and essential and non-essential public services. The script also explains the role of regulatory bodies in overseeing public services and the classification of public resources, highlighting the non-profit motive of these services aimed at social welfare and equity. It concludes with an overview of public expenditure, distinguishing between current, capital, and transfer expenditures.

Takeaways

🏛️ Public Finances: The script discusses public finances, focusing on the economic activities of the state, including income generation and expenditure management, as well as public debt management.
💼 Objective of Public Finances: One of the main objectives of public finances is to maintain a sustainable public budget over time, avoiding long-term public debt that may necessitate tax increases or benefit cuts for citizens.
🏗️ Public Needs: Public needs are categorized into absolute (internal order, security, justice) and relative (infrastructure, health, education) needs, which are essential for collective life and are addressed by state action.
👥 Individual and Collective Needs: Needs are further divided into individual, directly affecting a person, and collective, impacting entire communities or groups, such as education, national defense, and justice administration.
🛑 Essential and Non-essential Services: Public services are divided into essential and non-essential, with essential services being those vital for the quality of life and usually provided directly to households.
💧 Basic Public Services: Basic services are considered essential for life quality, such as water supply, while administrative services relate to public institution management, like driver's license acquisition.
🚨 Auxiliary Services: Auxiliary services are provided in emergency situations when a citizen's integrity or life is at risk, such as police services.
🛃 Regulatory Bodies: The script mentions regulatory bodies in Peru, such as the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services and the Regulator of Public Transport Infrastructure, which oversee public services.
💼 Public Resources: Public resources refer to all income perceptions received by the state to finance public expenditures, classified into original and derived resources.
💼 Original and Derived Resources: Original resources are obtained without state coercion and are patrimonial, while derived resources come from individuals' assets, such as tributes.
🏦 Public Expenditure: Public expenditure is the total monetary amount spent by the public sector for its activities, classified into current expenditure (operational costs like official salaries), capital expenditure (acquisition of assets), and transfer expenditure (subsidies to enterprises and families).
📈 Investment Expenditure: Unlike capital expenditure, investment expenditure aims to create, increase, or improve existing public capital, which is funded by taxes paid by citizens for public needs.

Q & A

What do public finances primarily deal with?
-Public finances primarily deal with the economic activities of the state, including how the state obtains its income, makes expenditures, and manages public debt.
What is the main objective of public finances?
-The main objective of public finances is to have a sustainable public budget over time, avoiding the generation of public debt that could force long-term tax increases or benefit cuts for citizens.
What are the needs that public finances aim to satisfy?
-Public finances aim to satisfy collective needs through the action of the state, which can be divided into absolute needs like internal order or justice administration, and relative needs such as road construction, transportation, health, and education.
How are public needs classified?
-Public needs are classified into absolute or relative needs, individual or collective needs, and essential or non-essential services.
What is the difference between basic and auxiliary public services?
-Basic public services are essential for the quality of life and usually reach households directly, such as potable water. Auxiliary services are those provided in emergency situations when the integrity or life of a citizen is at risk, like police services.
Which entities regulate public services in Peru?
-In Peru, entities such as the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services, the Regulator of Public Transport Infrastructure, the Telecommunications Regulator, and the Organism for the Supervision of Investment in Energy and Mining regulate public services.
What are public resources and how are they classified?
-Public resources are all the income perceptions that the state perceives from any nature to finance public expenditures. They are classified into original and derived, with original resources being those obtained without exercising coercive power and derived resources coming from the property of individuals in favor of the state.
How do modern states receive income from their citizens?
-Modern states receive income from their citizens through taxes, fees, and special contributions.
What are the types of public expenditures?
-Public expenditures are classified into current expenditures, capital expenditures, and transfer expenditures. Current expenditures are for basic state operations like official salaries, capital expenditures are for acquiring assets, and transfer expenditures are monetary amounts destined for companies and families, such as subsidies.
What is the purpose of investment expenditures compared to capital expenditures?
-While capital expenditures are for acquiring assets, investment expenditures aim to create, increase, or improve existing public capital, such as paying for infrastructure projects.
Why do states levy taxes, fees, and contributions?
-States levy taxes, fees, and contributions to cover public needs that must be satisfied and as a duty of citizens to contribute to public expenditures.

Outlines

00:00

🏛️ Public Finances and State Economic Activity

This paragraph delves into the realm of public finances, focusing on the state's economic activities. It covers how the state obtains its revenue and manages its expenditures, including public debt. The goal is to maintain a sustainable public budget over time without creating long-term public debt that would necessitate tax increases or benefit cuts for citizens. The paragraph also touches on public needs, distinguishing between absolute and relative needs, individual and collective needs, and essential and non-essential services. Public services are characterized by their subsidized pricing to ensure accessibility and are not profit-oriented, aiming to improve social welfare and equity. The paragraph also mentions regulatory bodies in Peru, such as the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services and the Supervisory Agency for Investment in Energy and Mining, which oversee the provision of public services.

05:01

💼 The Role of Taxes in Public Finances

The second paragraph emphasizes the importance of taxes in public finances. It states that taxes are paid to meet public needs and contribute to public expenditures. The paragraph reiterates the concept of public finances, highlighting the role of the state in satisfying public needs through taxation. This summary suggests a focus on the responsibility of citizens to contribute to the state's financial health through their tax payments, underlining the reciprocal relationship between public finances and the services provided to the community.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Public Finances

Public Finances refer to the economic activities of the state, including how the state obtains its income and makes expenditures. It is central to the video's theme as it sets the stage for discussing the management of state resources and the impact on public services and debt. The script mentions public finances in the context of a sustainable budget that does not lead to long-term public debt.

💡Public Debt

Public Debt is the money owed by the state, which is a significant aspect of public finances. The video emphasizes the importance of managing public debt to avoid long-term negative consequences such as increased taxes or reduced benefits for citizens. The script discusses the need to avoid generating unsustainable public debt.

💡Public Needs

Public Needs are the essential services and requirements that the state must provide for collective well-being. They are divided into absolute and relative needs within the script, with examples including internal order, security, justice, transportation, health, and education. These needs are vital for understanding the allocation of public resources.

💡Public Services

Public Services are activities undertaken by the state to satisfy public needs. They are characterized by subsidized pricing to ensure accessibility and are not profit-driven. The script mentions basic, administrative, and auxiliary public services, illustrating the state's role in improving social welfare and equity.

💡Sustainable Budget

A Sustainable Budget is a financial plan that ensures the state's long-term financial health by avoiding excessive debt. The video uses this concept to highlight the importance of fiscal responsibility in public finances, ensuring that future generations are not burdened by today's spending.

💡Taxes

Taxes are compulsory financial charges imposed by the state on individuals and businesses to fund public spending. The script discusses taxes as a primary source of income for the state, emphasizing their role in financing public services and contributing to the public budget.

💡Public Expenditure

Public Expenditure represents the total monetary amount spent by the public sector to carry out its activities. The script differentiates between current expenditure, capital expenditure, and transfer expenditure, providing insight into how the state allocates its resources.

💡Regulatory Bodies

Regulatory Bodies are government agencies responsible for overseeing specific sectors to ensure quality and compliance with regulations. The script mentions several Peruvian regulatory bodies, such as the National Superintendence of Sanitation Services and the Regulator of Public Transport Infrastructure, indicating their role in public service management.

💡Public Resources

Public Resources encompass all income received by the state to finance public spending. The script distinguishes between original and derived resources, explaining how the state collects income from various sources, including taxes and fees.

💡Income

Income, in the context of public finances, refers to the funds that the state receives, either as an individual or through coercive powers. The script discusses income as a critical component of public finances, highlighting its importance for funding public needs and services.

💡Fiscal Responsibility

Fiscal Responsibility is the obligation of the state to manage its finances prudently, ensuring the sustainability of public finances. The video script underscores the importance of fiscal responsibility in avoiding excessive debt and maintaining a balanced budget.

Highlights

Public finance focuses on the economic activities of the state, including income acquisition and expenditure.

Aims for a sustainable public budget over time to avoid long-term public debt that may necessitate tax increases or benefit cuts for citizens.

Public needs are divided into absolute and relative, with absolute needs including internal order, security, and justice administration.

Relative public needs encompass infrastructure like roads, transportation, health, and education.

Public needs are also categorized as individual or collective, with collective needs affecting the entire community or group.

Essential and non-essential public services are distinguished, with essential services directly subsidised to be accessible to the population.

The state's operation of public services is not for profit but to improve social welfare and equity among citizens.

Public services are classified into basic, administrative, and auxiliary categories, with basic services being essential for life quality.

Administrative services relate to public institution management, such as driver's license acquisition.

Auxiliary services provide emergency assistance when a citizen's integrity or life is at risk, like police services.

Regulatory entities for public services in Peru include the National Superintendency of Sanitation Services and the Regulator of Public Transport Infrastructure.

Public resources refer to all income perceptions received by the state to finance public expenditures, classified as original and derived.

Original resources are obtained without the state's coercive power, while derived resources come from individuals' property in favor of the state.

Modern states receive income from citizens through taxes, fees, and special contributions.

Public expenditures are the total monetary amount spent by the public sector for its activities, classified into current and capital expenditures.

Current expenditures cover basic state operations, such as official salaries, while capital expenditures are for acquiring assets like trains.

Transfer expenditures involve monetary allocations to enterprises and families, such as subsidies.

Investment expenditures aim to create, increase, or improve existing public capital, unlike capital expenditures.

Tributes are paid for public needs that the state must satisfy, and it is a duty to contribute to public expenditures.