Pengenalan Konsep Demokrasi | Prof. Dr. Bambang Cipto, M.A.

Summary

The video features Bambang Cipto, a lecturer on democracy studies, discussing various models of democracy. He explains the origins of democracy from ancient Greece, highlighting different types such as protective democracy, people's democracy, liberal democracy, and parliamentary democracy. The discussion includes the fusion of power in parliamentary systems, the separation of powers in presidential systems, and the consensus model of democracy. Examples from countries like the UK, Germany, and Switzerland illustrate these concepts. The lecture concludes with insights into how these democratic models impact political stability and economic performance.

Takeaways

• 📚 Democracy is a political system applied in both developed and developing countries, with its own set of advantages and disadvantages.
• 🏛️ Democracy originates from the Greek words 'demos' (people) and 'kratos' (power), and it is often associated with Athenian democracy, where only a select group of people, excluding slaves and foreigners, had political participation rights.
• 🛡️ Protective democracy is a form of democracy that serves as a means for citizens to protect themselves from government overreach.
• ⚖️ People's democracy emphasizes egalitarianism and class struggle, aiming to eliminate class distinctions.
• 🗳️ Liberal democracy is based on the principles of equal rights for citizens and competitive elections.
• 🤝 Responsive democracy focuses on a government that is responsive to the needs and interests of its citizens.
• 💼 Parliamentary democracy involves concentrated executive power within the political leadership, often leading to an asymmetry in power between the executive and legislative branches.
• 🏛️ Presidential democracy features a clear separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches, with each branch having its own legitimacy.
• 🤝 Consensus democracy is based on power-sharing among political elites, aiming for stability and representation through a multi-party system and federal structure.
• 💡 The Swiss model of consensus democracy is noted for its stability, economic success, and innovative approach, with power being shared among various political parties and linguistic communities.

Q & A

What is the origin of the word 'democracy'?

The word 'democracy' originates from the Greek language, combining 'demos' (meaning people) and 'kratos' (meaning power or rule).

What are the key characteristics of Athenian democracy?

Athenian democracy, also known as classical democracy, was characterized by direct participation in law-making by a limited group of citizens, which included only male citizens over 20 years old. The majority of the population, such as slaves and immigrants, were excluded from political participation.

How does protective democracy function?

Protective democracy is a system where democracy serves as a means for citizens to protect themselves from government overreach, emphasizing the safeguarding of individual rights.

What distinguishes people's democracy from other forms?

People's democracy focuses on egalitarianism and class struggle, aiming to eliminate social inequalities by empowering the working class.

What is the main principle of liberal democracy?

Liberal democracy is based on the principle of equal rights for all citizens and emphasizes free and fair elections, where competition for political power is open to all.

How does parliamentary democracy operate?

In parliamentary democracy, executive power is concentrated in the parliament, with the executive branch typically drawn from and accountable to the legislative body. The parliament has the power to dissolve the government and call for new elections.

What is the concept of 'fusion of power' in parliamentary democracy?

The 'fusion of power' refers to the lack of a clear separation between the executive and legislative branches, where the executive is typically part of the parliament and can influence or dominate legislative processes.

How does presidential democracy differ from parliamentary democracy?

In presidential democracy, there is a clear separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches. The president and the legislature are independently elected, and the president cannot dissolve the legislature. Conversely, the legislature can impeach the president.

What are the main features of consensus democracy?

Consensus democracy emphasizes power-sharing among political elites, often in a multi-party system. It includes mechanisms like proportional representation and coalition governments to ensure that all significant groups are represented in the decision-making process.

What is the 'Magic Formula' in Swiss consensus democracy?

The 'Magic Formula' is an agreement in Swiss politics that distributes cabinet positions among the major political parties proportionally, ensuring a balanced and stable government.

Outlines

00:00

📝 Introduction to Democracy

This paragraph introduces the topic of democracy, presented by Bambang Cipto, a lecturer in democratic studies. It highlights democracy as a political system applied in both developed and developing countries. The paragraph outlines the basic concept of democracy, tracing its roots to ancient Greece, where it was practiced as a form of direct governance by citizens. However, it also notes the limitations of this early democracy, as it excluded a large portion of the population, including women, slaves, and immigrants, from political participation.

05:02

🔍 Different Models of Modern Democracy

This section discusses various models of modern democracy. It begins with protective democracy, which serves as a means for citizens to protect themselves from government overreach. The paragraph then covers other types such as people’s democracy, which emphasizes class struggle and egalitarianism, and liberal democracy, which is based on equal rights and competitive elections. It also mentions parliamentary democracy, where executive power is concentrated and closely linked with the legislative branch, sometimes leading to a dominance of the executive over the parliament.

10:04

🌍 Democracy in Practice: Parliamentary and Presidential Systems

The third paragraph delves into the practical applications of democracy, focusing on the differences between parliamentary and presidential systems. In parliamentary systems, there is a fusion of executive and legislative powers, often leading to the dominance of the executive branch. Conversely, in presidential systems, power is separated, with distinct and balanced roles for the executive and legislative branches. The text explains how these systems function in practice, including the election processes, the role of the parliament, and the checks and balances that exist in these democratic frameworks. It also touches on the consensus model of democracy, highlighting power-sharing arrangements and the use of a federal structure to accommodate diverse communities.

Keywords

💡Democracy

Democracy is a political system where power is vested in the hands of the people, either directly or through elected representatives. The video discusses democracy as a fundamental political system that is applied in various forms across both developed and developing countries. The concept is central to the video's theme, which explores different models and interpretations of democracy.

💡Athens

Athens refers to the ancient Greek city-state known for its early form of democracy, often called 'Athenian democracy.' In the video, Athens is cited as an example of classical democracy, where participation was limited to free male citizens, excluding women, slaves, and foreigners. This historical reference serves to contrast with modern democratic practices.

💡Protective Democracy

Protective democracy is a model of democracy where the system serves as a means for citizens to protect themselves from government overreach. This concept is mentioned in the video as one of the types of modern democracy, emphasizing its role in safeguarding individual rights against potential governmental abuses.

💡Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism is the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. In the context of the video, it is discussed in relation to 'demokrasi rakyat' (people's democracy), which prioritizes equality and often seeks to eliminate class distinctions to ensure fair treatment for all citizens.

💡Liberal Democracy

Liberal democracy is a political system that emphasizes the protection of individual rights and freedoms, often through a system of representative government and competitive elections. The video highlights this as one of the key forms of modern democracy, focusing on equality of opportunity and the rule of law as core principles.

💡Parliamentary Democracy

Parliamentary democracy is a system of government where the executive branch derives its legitimacy from, and is directly accountable to, the legislature (parliament); the executive and legislative branches are thus interconnected. The video explains that in such systems, the power is concentrated within the parliament, and the executive (often the Prime Minister) can be dismissed by the parliament.

💡Fusion of Power

Fusion of power refers to the blending of executive and legislative powers, as opposed to the separation of powers. In the video, this concept is discussed in the context of parliamentary democracy, where the executive (government) is often a part of the legislature, leading to a situation where the two branches are closely linked.

💡Presidential Democracy

Presidential democracy is a form of government where the executive branch exists separately from the legislature, with the president acting as both the head of state and government. The video contrasts this system with parliamentary democracy, highlighting how power is separated between the branches of government and how this affects the balance of power.

💡Consensus Democracy

Consensus democracy is a model that emphasizes the sharing of power among multiple political parties and groups, aiming for broad agreement on key issues. The video describes this system as one where political elites agree to share power, ensuring representation of various groups in governance, which is exemplified by Switzerland's political structure.

💡Federalism

Federalism is a system of government where power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). The video discusses federalism in the context of both presidential and consensus democracies, illustrating how different regions within a country may have their own governments and laws while still being part of a larger national government.

Highlights

Introduction to democracy as a political system, applied in both developed and developing countries.

The origin of the term 'democracy' from Greek, combining 'demos' (people) and 'kratos' (power).

Discussion on Athenian democracy, highlighting its limitations such as exclusion of slaves and foreigners from political participation.

Explanation of protective democracy, which serves as a means for citizens to protect themselves from government oppression.

Description of popular democracy, emphasizing egalitarianism and the elimination of class conflicts.

Overview of liberal democracy, focusing on the principle of equal rights and competitive elections.

Discussion of responsive democracy, where the government is attentive to the interests of its citizens.

Introduction to parliamentary democracy, where executive power is concentrated and linked closely with legislative authority.

Explanation of the fusion of power in parliamentary democracies, with blurred lines between executive and legislative powers.

Overview of presidential democracy, where there is a clear separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.

Description of bicameralism in presidential democracies, with symmetrical power between two legislative chambers.

Introduction to consensus democracy, emphasizing power-sharing among political elites.

Discussion on the principle of executive-legislative separation in consensus democracies, similar to presidential systems.

Explanation of the Swiss model of consensus democracy, including the 'Magic Formula' for power-sharing among political parties.

Conclusion summarizing the different models of democracy discussed: parliamentary, presidential, and consensus.

Transcripts

Hai assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh

Hai saya Bambang Cipto pengajar mata

kuliah kajian demokrasi

Hai adek adek kita akan belajar tentang

demokrasi sebagai sebuah sistem politik

yang benar diterapkan diberbagai negara

maju maupun juga negara berkembang

sistem ini memiliki berbagai kelebihan

dan kekurangan rekaman itu bisa akan

belajar apa terjadi demikian karena ini

hal ini akan berpengaruh pada masa depan

kehidupan politik

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Hai Hal pertama yang kita bicarakan

adalah tentang konsep dasar demokrasi

demokrasi secara umum berasal dari

bahasa Yunani yaitu terdiri dari dua

kaca demos Natal rakyat dan Kratos atau

komplain tahan ML sering juga demokrasi

itu disebut sebagai demokrasi Athena

Hai Nadia Bekasi kuno ini

Hai sayap disana waktu itu terlibat

langsung dalam pembuatan hukum

Hai jumlah rakyat di antena wi-fi sangat

terbatas karena Mayoritas penduduk

adalah budak dan pendatang Jadi mereka

tidak punya hak untuk ikut berperan

masih dalam politik

tak hanya laki-laki yang berusia 20 yang

berhak berpartisipasi

Hai Oleh karena itu demokrasi Hadena

sering juga disebut sebagai demokrasi

klasik yang hanya mengutamakan

partisipasi politik

knalpot Mio

Aku tidak akan bicara mengenai

jenis-jenis demokrasi modern ada empat

demokrasi modern yang dikenal walaupun

tidak seluruhnya dikenal orang yang

pertama adalah demokrasi protective Ini

adalah sebuah demokrasi sebagai sarana

bagi warga negara untuk berlindung dari

Rohan pemerintah

Kyuhyun yang kedua demokrasi rakyat ini

sebuah demokrasi yang mengutamakan

egalitarianisme yang dibangun dengan

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menghapus

Hi Ho

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Rp

Hai berikutnya adalah demokrasi liberal

ini adalah demokrasi yang diterapkan

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Hai porno yang terakhir adalah sistem

demokrasi yang intinya adalah

pemerintahan yang responsif terhadap

kepentingan warga negaranya

the lounge

ah ah Maaf tapi ketika adalah mengenai

model demokrasi parlementer

Hai demokrasi parlementer ini intinya

adalah adanya kekuasaan eksekutif yang

terkonsentrasi di kekuasaan politik

dalam videografi terpusat pada para

eksekutif

Hai tenis itu ada yang juga sebagai

fungsi kekuasaan

Hai berikutnya adalah parlemen pada

sistem demokrasi parlementer bersifat

ikamra asimetris jadi ada dua kamar yang

mirip satu sama lain kemudian

Hai juga memiliki sistem dua partai

serta sistem pemilu yang bersifat

pluralitas

kmudian negara kesatuan dan adanya

konstitusi yang tak tertulis

nge-review musik pasahan Citra televisi

mengatakan bahwa Kabinet itu tergantung

pada parlemen tapi nanti di dalam

kenyataan kabinet didominasi oleh

parlemen

halo halo calon penyebabnya kabinet

mendominasi parlemen dan dapat

membubarkan parlemen serta mengadakan

pemilihan apa seperti yang ada di

Inggris di Jerman dan rezeki

Hai musik puasa ini membuat Perdana

Menteri dapat membubarkan parlemen dan

melaksanakan Pemilu awal sehingga sering

disebut sebagai demokrasi otoriter dan

parlemen Inggris sering disebut juga

sebagai rapper stempel Man karena hanya

berfungsi sebagai apa memberikan

pengesahan menebal

Hai ada satu hal yang perlu kita

bicarakan mengenai fungsi kekuasaannya

dari uji kuasaan intinya adalah bahwa

antara eksekutif

Hai dengan parlemen itu seolah-olah

tidak ada batasnya jadi dihilangkan jadi

di parlemen doa-doa pakai mayoritas dan

gambarnya besar lalu ada apartemennya

yang kecil nah antara eksekutif dengan

permen itu tidak ada batas ya karena

seperti itu kan pisang bahkan parlemen

sehingga seolah-olah antara skutik

dengan parameter pada lorong-lorong

besarnya dimana eksekutif jam masakan

kehendaknya pada parlemen setelah

makanya disebut sebagai the Fusion of

power atau fusi kepuasan

Kai ada beberapa model demokrasi yang

pertama adalah demokrasi presidensil nah

ini model yang lain dimana demokrasi

pensil ini memiliki Apa agak mirip juga

dengan adanya kekuasaan eksekutif tapi

disitu ada sifat yang namanya pemisahan

kekuasaan di sini tidak ada ke Fusion of

power tidak ada fungsi kekuasaan yang

ada adalah pemisahan kekuasaan jadi

antara eksekutif dan legislatif itu

merupakan dua kekuasaan yang terpisah

Hai tetapi parlemennya bersifat simetris

mirip satu sama lain kemudian sistem

pemilu nya pluralitas mirip dengan pada

sistem parlementer negaranya merupakan

negara federal ada sistem dua partai dan

punya konstitusi tertulis yang ini beda

dengan sistem parlementer tidak ada

konstitusi yang berperan dalam pemisahan

kekuasaan ini baik presiden maupun

kongres itu dipilih masing-masing ya

mereka masing-masing punya legitimasi

yang kuat oleh karena disebut sebagai

produsen di dalam udah demokrasi

presidensial presiden tidak dapat

membubarkan tidak dapat membubarkan

kongres atau parlemen tetapi kongres

justru dapat melakukan invite semen

terhadap presiden

Indonesia masih jarang dilakukan tapi

prinsipnya kongres bisa menjatuhkan

Presiden itu terbalik dengan parlementer

dimana Perdana Menteri membubarkan

parlemen lebih kuat berani dibanding

presiden kalau tidak bisa dicabut oleh

kongres selanjutnya Zainab dan house ini

memiliki sama-sama memiliki kekuasaan

yang seimbang sebagai bikameral simetrik

ya sama-sama pemilihannya disebut

kualitas atau single member distrik jadi

pemenang pemilihan di distrik itu

mendapatkan seluruh konten tiap Tidak

cuma ada satu suara ada satu kursi 1

seat siapapun yang paling besar suaranya

dialah yang memenangkan sehingga disebut

sebagai Winner take all atau pemenang

pilihan menga

itu suhu ruang hak dari tes tusuk

Hai berikutnya adalah demokrasi

konsensus integrasi modem operasi yang

memang dasarnya konsensus ya Hah Di

dalam demokrasi konstitusi ini ada

ekskutif Power sharing ini yang

merupakan ciri khas utama itu ada dimana

para elit politik berbagi perasaan Jadi

mereka sepakat untuk membagi kekuasaan

bioskop itu menjadi sedemikian rupa

sehingga masing-masing elit dari partai

yang ada di parlemen mendapatkan

Siapakah didalam klub itu nah pada

sistem konsensus ini juga ada prinsip

cpation power atau kekuasaan dimana

kekuasaan Scoopy terpisah dari kekuasaan

legislatif parlemen juga seperti di

Amerika bersifat bikameral simetris

I am namun sistem partainya multipartai

ada banyak apartheid pada sistem

reconciles mirip berlawanan dengan

presidensial dimana hanya ada dua partai

sistem multipartai dikonsumsi mirip

dengan sistem ha multipartai pada sistem

Inggris yang penting listriknya ya cuma

ada dua yang utama yang harusnya ada

selain sistem William didemokan

Indonesia bersifat proporsional = pada

sistem parlementer kemudian bentuk

negaranya adalah ada yang namanya

federalisme non-bacterial jadi ada satu

wilayah dimana disitu di Swiss to ada

wilayah yang hanya menggunakan bahasa

Perancis yang satu hanya menggunakan

bahasa Jerman bukan wilayah-wilayah yang

hanya menggunakan bahasa hal

Hai apa Perancis saja satu hanya dengan

asal Jerman saja film porus habis wes

ini namanya adalah eksekutif

nasionalisme sebagai Federal cancel

dengan rumusan 2221 nah ini konsensus

nya ya dance contest ada empat partai

yang tiga pakai besar yang satu partai

kecil masing-masing paket punya jatah

dua menteri2 mencapai kejayaan kecil

jawabannya cuma satu ini sudah

kesepakatan sejak dulu ya demokrasi

disuatu baguskan sampai sekarang mereka

punya rumusannya formula namanya Magic

formula yang itu sudah jelas dari partai

dapat dua partai tidak berdua menteri

partai-partai kecil sehingga Dianggap

terwakili

Hai kemudian Amerika Serikat konsensus

ya sepakat presiden dipilih oleh

parlemen tiap tahun dari tujuh anggota

V2 Tangsel tadi jadi presiden itu hampir

semua anggota gede konsep punya

kesempatan jadi presiden sekali ya

karena hanya setahun ini membuat Swiss

stabil dinamis karena tidak ada

perebutan presiden tiap lima tahun tapi

mereka hanya pemilihan saja Kemudian

mereka yang menjabat proses ke-41 tahun

ya Jadi ini merupakan cara memerintah

yang ternyata hasilnya luar biasa yang

dengan sistem konsensus ini sweety salah

satu negara yang paling bagus ekonominya

ya paling stabil hari menarik sekali

karena menghasilkan hal-hal yang luar

biasa ekonomi maupun kemudian

dan pemisahan kekuasaan dalam model

demokrasi continuous anggota baterai

ponsel yang dipilih secara individu oleh

parlemen dan semua anggota kabinet itu

setelah dipilih oleh parlemen dia tidak

bisa dijaga oleh parlemen dan juga tidak

boleh tidak bisa begitu saja tapi juga

tidak boleh Dilarang tidak bisa menjadi

stabil bagus untuk ekonomi yang paling

bagus di dunia yang paling kompetitif

paling inovatif hidupnya makmur

berguncang-guncang ya jarang terjadi

Hai konflik di sini engkau banyak

membangun kemudian pendapat federalisme

budaya dalam model demokrasi yaitu ada

dua dewan budaya di parlemen untuk

komunitas yang berbahasa perancis maupun

berbahasa Jerman

porno Hah temen aku ya demokrasi hari

ini setara ringkas bahan gue Anjir diri

dari konsep Pinisi menurut asal-usul

katanya demokrasi kuno atau apna

kemudian demokrasi demokrasi rakyat dan

demokrasi liberal sedangkan Berdasarkan

model demokrasi terdiri dari demokrasi

parlementer demokrasi Amerika dan

demokrasi konsensus semoga awal pilihan

ini juga memberi bekal bagi adhd

selanjutnya terima kasih atas

perhatiannya dengan membaca

alhamdulillah Amin Assalamualaikum

warahmatullah

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