Modification of root, stem and leaf | Macmillan Education India
Summary
TLDRThis educational script delves into the fascinating world of plant modifications, detailing how roots and shoots adapt for various functions beyond their primary roles. It explains how roots can be modified for storage, support, respiration, and absorption, while stems may store food or provide additional support through structures like tendrils and stolons. The script also highlights unique leaf adaptations for food storage, support, and protection, including the specialized functions of carnivorous plants. The engaging narrative is designed to spark curiosity about the diverse ways plants evolve to thrive in their environments.
Takeaways
- ๐ฑ The part of the plant that grows above the soil after germination is called the shoot system, which includes branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- ๐ฟ The root system grows underground and has two primary functions: fixation and absorption of nutrients and water from the soil.
- ๐ Roots can be modified to perform additional functions such as storage, additional support, respiration, and additional absorption.
- ๐ฅ Examples of modified roots include tuberous roots for food storage, prop roots for support, stilt roots for mechanical support, and pneumatophores for respiration in marshy conditions.
- ๐ณ The shoot system's stem is primarily responsible for transporting fluids and nutrients and providing support to the plant.
- ๐ต Modified stems can store food, like in the case of the cactus, which has a thick green stem that holds water for survival in arid conditions.
- ๐ฟ Stems can also be modified into tendrils that coil around supports to help the plant climb, as seen in passionflower and pumpkin plants.
- ๐ท The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis, but they can also be modified to serve other purposes such as food storage, support, and defense.
- ๐ฟ Modified leaves can become tendrils for support, spines for defense against herbivores, or large flat structures to help plants float on water, like in water lilies.
- ๐ต Cacti have modified leaves into spines to reduce water loss, adapting to desert environments.
- ๐ฎ Carnivorous plants like the Venus flytrap and pitcher plant have modified leaves to trap and digest insects for nutrition.
Q & A
What are the two primary functions of roots in a plant?
-The two primary functions of roots are fixation, which anchors the plant to the ground, and absorption, which allows the roots to take in nutrients and water from the soil necessary for plant growth.
What are the four main additional functions that roots can be modified to perform?
-Roots can be modified to perform four main additional functions: storage of food, additional support, respiration, and additional absorption.
What is the term for the swollen roots of some plants that store excess food?
-The swollen roots that store excess food are called tuberous roots.
How do aerial roots in banyan trees provide additional support to the plant?
-Aerial roots in banyan trees hang vertically from the branches and act like pillars when they reach the ground, providing additional support to the tree.
What is the function of stilt roots in the Indian crew pine or pandanus plant?
-Stilt roots in the Indian crew pine or pandanus plant develop obliquely downwards and act like stilts, providing mechanical support to the plant.
What is the purpose of pneumatophores in certain trees growing in marshy places?
-Pneumatophores are modified roots that grow upward to help trees in marshy places respire, as they cannot get enough oxygen from the soil.
What is the role of the feeder roots in the money plant?
-Feeder roots in the money plant are long and slender, helping the plant absorb additional nutrients and water from the soil, which contributes to its rapid growth.
What are the primary functions of a stem in a plant?
-The primary functions of a stem are the transportation of fluids and nutrients to different parts of the plant and providing support.
How are stems modified to store food in some plants?
-In some plants, stems are modified to store food underground, such as in tubers, bulbs, and rhizomes, which can be roughly spherical, conical, or grow horizontally under the soil, respectively.
What is the function of tendrils in plants like the passionflower and pumpkin?
-Tendrils in plants like the passionflower and pumpkin are modified stems that coil around a support to help the plant climb, providing additional structural support.
How are leaves modified in carnivorous plants to trap and digest small animals?
-In carnivorous plants like the Venus flytrap and the pitcher plant, leaves are modified to form traps that capture and digest small animals, providing the plant with additional nutrients.
Outlines
๐ฑ Root and Shoot System Modifications
This paragraph discusses the post-germination growth of plants, focusing on the root and shoot systems. It explains that roots are primarily for fixation and absorption, but can also be modified for storage, additional support, respiration, and absorption. Examples include tuberous roots in vegetables, prop roots in banyan trees, stilt roots in pandanus, and pneumatophores in mangroves. The shoot system, primarily for transportation and support, can also be modified, with examples like the cactus stem that stores water to survive in arid conditions. The paragraph also touches on the modified functions of leaves for storage, support, and protection.
๐ฟ Leaf and Stem Modifications for Survival
The second paragraph delves into the modifications of leaves and stems that aid in a plant's survival. It describes how leaves, mainly for photosynthesis, can be modified for various functions such as food storage, mechanical support, and defense. Examples include tendrils in pea plants for support, water storage in aloe leaves, spines in prickly poppy and cacti for defense, and large flat leaves in water lilies for buoyancy. The paragraph also highlights the unique adaptations in carnivorous plants like the Venus flytrap and pitcher plant, where leaves are modified to trap and digest insects. The summary concludes the module on plant modifications, emphasizing the diversity of adaptations for survival.
Mindmap
Keywords
๐กGermination
๐กShoot System
๐กRoot System
๐กModification
๐กTuberous Roots
๐กProp Roots
๐กStilt Roots
๐กPneumatophores
๐กFeeder Roots
๐กTendrils
๐กCarnivorous Plants
Highlights
After germination, the part of the seed that grows above the soil is known as the shoot system, while the part below the soil is the root system.
The shoot system is composed of branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
Roots have two primary functions: fixation and absorption, anchoring the plant and taking up nutrients and water.
Roots can be modified to serve additional functions such as storage, support, respiration, and additional absorption.
Tuberous roots, like those in carrots, store excess food for the plant to use during shortages.
Banyan trees have aerial roots that provide additional support, acting as pillars.
Stilt roots in the Indian crew pine or pandanus plant provide mechanical support by growing obliquely downwards.
Orchid roots serve as additional support and some aerial roots are photosynthetic.
Pneumatophores are modified roots that help trees in marshy areas to respire by growing upward.
The money plant has long, slender feeder roots that aid in the absorption of additional nutrients and water.
The primary functions of a stem are the transportation of fluids and nutrients and providing support to the plant.
Stems can be modified to store food underground and are classified into tubers, bulbs, and rhizomes.
Cacti have stems that store a lot of water, adapting to dry desert conditions.
Tendrils are modified stems that coil around supports to help climbing plants.
Leaves are primarily for photosynthesis but can also be modified for food storage, support, and defense.
Pea plant leaflets are modified into tendrils that twine around objects for support.
Prickly poppy leaves are modified into spines for defense against grazing animals.
Cacti have spines that are modified leaves, reducing water loss in desert environments.
Water lilies have large, flat leaves that help them float on water.
Carnivorous plants like the Venus flytrap have modified leaves to trap and digest small animals.
Transcripts
[Music]
do you remember what happens to seeds
after germination the part that grows
above the soil is called the chute
system and the part that grows
underground is the root system
the chute system consists of branches
leaves flowers and fruits
at the end of this module you will be
able to explain how roots are modified
for storage of food support and
respiration explain how stems are
modified for storage of food and
additional support explain how Leafs are
modified for storage of food support and
protection
Roots have two primary functions
fixation and absorption routes fix the
plant to the ground and act as an anchor
roots absorb nutrients and water
necessary for plant growth from the soil
sometimes to adapt to their surroundings
roots are modified to perform additional
functions
roots may be modified to perform four
main additional functions they are
storage additional support
respiration additional absorption
these familiar vegetables grow under
soil but did you know that they are
modified duck fruits the tap roots here
are swollen due to accumulation of food
plants store the excess food and utilize
it when there is a shortage the swollen
roots are called tuberous roots banyan
tree has aerial roots hanging vertically
from its branches and when they reach
the ground they act like pillars giving
that additional support the hugely
branch tree needs these aerial roots are
called prop roots Indians crew pine or
pandanus plant has stilt roots the plant
develops roots that crew obliquely
downwards these roots act like stilts
providing mechanical support to the
plant roots of orchids have amazing
function their clinging roots provide
additional support some orchids have
aerial roots but a photosynthetic to the
conical spikes that you see protruding
out around these trees are the modified
roots these roots are found in marshy
places where they cannot get enough
oxygen from the soil so these roots grow
upward and help the tree to respire
these roots are called pneumatophores or
breathing roots money plant has long
slender feeder roots that help in
absorbing additional nutrients and water
from the soil observe the feeder roots
of money plant on a tree bark
feeder routes make money plant a
monstrously growing plant in tropical
countries
we now move on to the shoot system let's
begin with the stem
the primary functions of a stem are
transportation of fluid and nutrients to
different parts of the plant and
providing support sometimes the stems
are modified for performing additional
functions stems of some plants grow
underground and store food underground
stems can be classified into tubers
bulbs and rhizomes tubers are stems that
are roughly spherical in shape and may
have buds or eyes on them that can
develop into new plants bulbs are
conical stems that are fleshy and
consist of fibrous roots rhizomes grow
horizontally under the soil and have
scaly leaves which are often brown in
color can you guess where the stem of
this cactus plant is yes the green part
which can be easily mistaken for a leaf
is actually a stem it has nodes and
spines the thick green stem stores a lot
of water these stems are modified to
prepare food this modification helps the
plant to survive in dry desert
conditions some plants like
passionflower pumpkin the
have weak stems that need support to
help the plant coil around a support the
stems are modified into very tendrils
tendrils coil around the support to help
the plant climb when a tendril comes in
contact with an object it turns and
wraps around the object clinging to it
for support
we all know that the primary function of
the leaves is photosynthesis leaves of
some plants are modified to perform
specialized secondary functions such as
storage of food mechanical support
defense against grazing animals and
pre-caching let us see some examples for
each of these
in a pea plant the leaflets are modified
into a very leaf tendril these tendrils
twine around other objects to support
the plant
alaa leaves are modified to store water
in prickly poppy beliefs are modified
into spines for defense against grazing
cacti have spines that are actually
leaves modified to help in reducing the
loss of water in desert plants water
lilies have flat and large leaves to
help them float on water the most unique
modification is seen in carnivorous
plants like the Venus flytrap and the
pitcher plant here beliefs are modified
to trap and digest small animals
we have come to the end of this module
on plant modification
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