American Pageant Chapter 1 APUSH Review (Period 1)

Summary

This video script explores Native American life before European contact and during early colonization. It highlights the diversity of their cultures, economies, and religious beliefs, such as animism. The arrival of Europeans, driven by gold, glory, and God, led to the Columbian Exchange, which dramatically changed demographics and societies on both sides of the Atlantic. The script discusses the Spanish colonization, the encomienda system, and the Pueblo Revolt, emphasizing the Native American struggle for autonomy and the debates among Europeans on colonization and the treatment of indigenous peoples.

Takeaways

• 🌏 Native Americans arrived in the Americas over 10,000 years before Columbus, via the Bering Strait, and developed diverse cultures and societies.
• 🌱 Many Native American religions were connected to nature, following animism, which is a stark contrast to the European beliefs they would later encounter.
• 🏘️ The Southwest Native Americans, like the Pueblo Indians, relied on irrigation for agriculture in arid lands, while the Great Basin and Plains tribes were more nomadic, moving in search of buffalo.
• 🌾 Maize cultivation, originating from present-day Mexico, facilitated population growth in the American Southwest and was a significant part of Native American life.
• 🛶 The Atlantic coast and Northeast Native American cultures, such as the Iroquois Confederation, had a mix of agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies and interacted with European settlers.
• 💰 The European colonization of the Americas was driven by the '3 G's': gold, glory, and God, reflecting the pursuit of wealth, power, and religious conversion.
• 🚢 The arrival of Columbus in 1492 marked a significant turning point, initiating the Columbian Exchange, which involved the transatlantic transfer of people, diseases, food, and ideas.
• 🐎 The introduction of horses from Europe to the Americas had profound effects on Native American mobility and interactions with new tribes.
• 😷 Diseases like smallpox, brought by Europeans, led to massive population declines among Native Americans due to their lack of immunity.
• 🌽 Maize from the Americas was introduced to Europe, contributing to a significant population increase there.
• 🏰 Spain and Portugal were the first to colonize the Western Hemisphere, dividing it with the Treaty of Tordesillas and introducing systems like encomienda, which was a form of native slave labor.
• 🤝 Unlike the English, the Spanish, French, and Dutch sought more complex relationships with indigenous people, including trade and intermarriage.
• 📚 The debates among the Spanish about the treatment of Native Americans, such as those between Sepulveda and de la Casas, highlighted the moral and ethical issues of colonization.
• 🏞️ The Pueblo Revolt led by Pope showed the resistance of Native Americans to colonization and their efforts to maintain their political and cultural autonomy.

Q & A

What is the significance of the Bering Strait in the context of Native American history?

The Bering Strait is significant as it is the route through which people migrated to the Americas over ten thousand years before Columbus's arrival, eventually becoming known as Native Americans.

How did Native American societies interact with each other and their environment?

Native American societies interacted through trade with nearby tribes and developed a diverse range of social, political, and economic structures based on their interactions with the environment.

What is animism, and how was it central to many Native American religions?

Animism is the belief that non-human entities such as plants and animals possess a spiritual essence. It was central to many Native American religions, connecting them deeply with nature.

How did the cultivation of maize impact the population growth in the American Southwest?

The cultivation of maize, which spread from present-day Mexico, allowed for large population growth in the American Southwest due to the agricultural stability it provided in arid lands.

What economic activities and lifestyle were typical of the Lakota Sioux in the Great Plains region?

The Lakota Sioux in the Great Plains region led a nomadic lifestyle due to the lack of natural resources, often moving around in search of buffalo for sustenance.

What were the '3 G's' that motivated European countries to explore and colonize the Americas?

The '3 G's' were gold, glory, and God. Gold represented the search for wealth and new trade routes, glory was about increasing power and status, and God referred to the desire to convert the native populations to Christianity.

What was the Columbian Exchange, and what were some of its significant outcomes?

The Columbian Exchange was the transatlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, and ideas between the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe. It led to significant demographic and social changes, including the introduction of horses which changed mobility for Native Americans, and diseases like smallpox which caused massive population declines.

How did the Spanish Empire's encomienda system impact Native Americans?

The encomienda system was a form of native slave labor where Spanish colonists received land with native people. It was profitable but harsh, leading to significant exploitation and resistance among Native Americans.

What was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, and what were its consequences?

The Pueblo Revolt, led by a Native American leader named Pope, was a revolt against Spanish colonization. It resulted in the death of hundreds of Spanish colonists, the destruction of Catholic churches, and a temporary expulsion of the Spanish from the region.

What were the debates among the Spanish about the treatment of indigenous people and their level of civilization?

Debates among the Spanish included Sepulveda, who justified colonization and the subjugation of Native Americans, and de la Casas, who criticized the Spanish treatment of indigenous people and condemned the actions taken in the name of colonization.

What is mercantilism, and how did it influence European colonization of the Americas?

Mercantilism is an economic theory stating that colonies exist to enrich the mother country by providing access to cheap raw materials and wealth like gold and silver. It was a driving force behind European colonization efforts.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Native American Life and Early Colonization

This paragraph introduces the topic of Native American life before European contact and during the early colonization period. It highlights the significant time frame of over ten thousand years before Columbus's arrival, emphasizing the diverse cultures, social, political, and economic structures of Native Americans. The paragraph discusses the spread of maize cultivation from Mexico to the American Southwest, which facilitated population growth, and the nomadic lifestyle of the Lakota Sioux in the Great Basin and Great Plains due to scarce resources. It also touches on the Atlantic coast and Northeast Native American cultures, including the Iroquois Confederation's interactions with European settlers. The video script sets the stage for understanding the cultural and religious diversity of Native Americans, their animistic beliefs, and the impending changes brought by European colonization.

05:00

🏰 Spanish and Portuguese Colonization Efforts

This paragraph delves into the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, starting with the Treaty of Tordesillas that divided the Western Hemisphere between the two nations. It discusses the establishment of St. Augustine in Florida in 1565 as the first permanent European settlement in North America and the introduction of the encomienda system, which was a form of native slave labor used in mining and agriculture. The paragraph also addresses the Spanish efforts to convert indigenous people to Catholicism and the emergence of racially mixed populations, such as mestizos and mulatos. It mentions the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, led by Pope, which was a significant resistance against Spanish colonization, leading to the temporary expulsion of the Spanish and a later re-accommodation of some native cultural practices. The paragraph concludes with debates among the Spanish themselves regarding the treatment of indigenous people and the justification of colonization, contrasting the views of Sepulveda and de la Casas.

10:02

📢 Conclusion and Call to Action

The final paragraph serves as a conclusion to the video script, summarizing the key points discussed and providing a call to action for the viewers. It briefly mentions the arrival of other European powers and sets the stage for the next video, which will focus on Protestant England's challenge to Spanish colonization in North America. The paragraph also touches on the broader European colonization efforts driven by mercantilism, an economic theory emphasizing the enrichment of the mother country through colonial exploitation. The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to like, share, and subscribe to the channel, and to engage with the content by asking questions or leaving comments.

Keywords

💡Native Americans

Native Americans refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas who lived in the continent prior to the arrival of Europeans. They developed diverse cultures, social structures, and economies. In the video, Native Americans are highlighted for their trade practices, agricultural techniques, and religious beliefs, particularly animism, which connected them deeply to nature and the environment.

💡Animism

Animism is a religious belief system that attributes spiritual essence to non-human entities such as plants and animals. It was prevalent among many Native American cultures, as mentioned in the script, and it signifies a profound connection to the natural world, contrasting with the religious beliefs of the European colonizers.

💡Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, and ideas between the Americas, Africa, and Europe following the voyages of Christopher Columbus. The video script discusses the exchange's impact on demographics, societies, and the environment, such as the introduction of horses and diseases like smallpox that drastically affected Native American populations.

💡Encomienda System

The encomienda system was a colonial Spanish economic and social system that granted Spanish colonists land along with the right to use the labor of indigenous people. The script describes it as a form of native slave labor, which was used for mining, agriculture, and other resource extraction activities, highlighting the harsh conditions and exploitation under this system.

💡Pueblo Revolt

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 was a significant rebellion by the Pueblo Indians against the Spanish colonizers. The script mentions this event as an example of Native American resistance to colonization, leading to the death of Spanish colonists and the destruction of Catholic churches, demonstrating the struggle for political and cultural autonomy.

💡Mestizos and Mulatos

Mestizos and Mulatos are terms used to describe individuals of mixed racial heritage. Mestizos refer to those with mixed Indian and European heritage, while Mulatos refer to those with mixed white and black ancestry. The script uses these terms to illustrate the emergence of racially mixed populations in the Spanish colonies, reflecting the complex demographic changes resulting from colonization.

💡Mercantilism

Mercantilism is an economic theory and practice that posits that colonies exist to enrich the mother country. The script explains that this ideology drove European countries to colonize the New World, seeking access to cheap raw materials and precious metals, and to establish trade routes, which is central to understanding the motivations behind colonization.

💡Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Spain and Portugal, mediated by Pope Alexander VI, that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two countries. The script mentions this treaty to illustrate how Spain and Portugal initially claimed and divided the Western Hemisphere, setting the stage for their colonization efforts.

💡Iroquois Confederation

The Iroquois Confederation, also known as the Haudenosaunee, was a powerful and influential group of Native American tribes in the northeastern part of North America. The script refers to the Iroquois Confederation to highlight the complex political structures and relationships that existed among Native American tribes and their interactions with European colonizers.

💡Lakota Sioux

The Lakota Sioux are a Native American tribe that traditionally lived in the Great Plains region. The script describes their nomadic lifestyle, which was characterized by moving around in search of buffalo, reflecting the adaptation of Native American societies to their diverse environments and the lack of natural resources in their region.

💡European Colonization

European Colonization refers to the process by which European powers established control over territories in the Americas. The script discusses the motivations behind this colonization, including the '3 G's': gold, glory, and God, and the profound demographic and social changes it brought about on both sides of the Atlantic.

Highlights

Native American life before Columbus involved a variety of social, political, and economic structures influenced by trade and environment.

Animism, the belief in spiritual essence in all things, was a common thread in many Native American religions.

Native American cultures were diverse, with complex societies adapting to their environments.

Pueblo Indians in the Southwest relied on irrigation for agriculture in arid lands.

Lakota Sioux tribes in the Great Basin and Plains led a nomadic lifestyle due to scarce resources.

Atlantic coast and Northeast Native American cultures, like the Eric white tribe, had a mix of agriculture and hunter-gatherer societies.

European colonization was driven by the '3 G's': gold, glory, and God.

Columbus's arrival in 1492 marked a significant turning point, initiating the Columbian Exchange.

The Columbian Exchange led to the transatlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, and ideas.

Horses from Europe dramatically changed life for Native Americans, especially on the Great Plains.

Diseases like smallpox caused massive population declines among Native Americans due to lack of immunity.

Maize from the Americas fueled a population increase in parts of Europe.

Spain and Portugal were the first to colonize the Western Hemisphere, dividing it with the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The encomienda system in Spanish colonies was a form of native slave labor for resource exploitation.

Spanish colonization aimed to convert native people to Catholicism, leading to racially mixed populations.

Native American resistance, such as the Pueblo Revolt in 1680, demonstrated their struggle for autonomy.

Debate among the Spanish about the treatment and 'civilization' of Native Americans highlighted internal conflicts.

Other European powers, like England, had different approaches to colonization, focusing less on complex relationships with indigenous people.

Mercantilism, the economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country, drove European colonization efforts.

Transcripts

what's up a push people today we're

taking a look at Native American life

pre-contact

and early colonization no matter which a

push book you are using this video is

going to help you out for the AP exam

and keep in mind over ten thousand years

before Columbus quote-unquote discovered

America people came to the Americas via

the Bering Strait and these individuals

we are going to know as Native Americans

Native Americans developed a wide

variety of social political and economic

structures based upon interactions with

each other very often they were involved

with trade with nearby tribes and their

interactions with the environment

although Native American culture was

very diverse many Native American

religions were very often connected to

the relationship with nature and this

idea was known as animism the belief

that non-human things plants and animals

possess a spiritual essence so Native

American religious was going to be very

different than the Europeans that were

going to come over to conquer in fact

the diversity of Native American culture

is an important point to keep in mind as

Native Americans develop different and

complex societies that both transformed

and adapt it to their diverse

environment and as you can see in these

two graphics the different Native

American economic activity as well as

environmental regions some examples to

kind of keep in mind you could see the

Southwest Native American culture seen

in the example of the Pueblo Indians

they lived in arid land it was very dry

and they relied on irrigation to grow

maize or corn and other agricultural

products in fact maize cultivation

spread from present-day Mexico and

headed north and allowed for a large

population growth in the American

Southwest you also have the Great Basin

and Great Plains region circled in the

blue and you could see this in the

lifestyle of the Lakota Sioux Native

American tribes there was a lack of

natural resources in this region which

led to the growth of a nomadic life

Native Americans in this region very

often moved around searching for Buffalo

or the bison and then of course you have

the Atlantic coast and the Northeast

Native American cultures represented

with the Eric white tribe in this region

you see a mix of agricultural and a

hunter-gatherer society there is going

to be the establishment of permanent

villages in many of these areas and you

could see the influence of Native

American tribes such as the Iroquois

Confederation in the relationship with

the French the English and the Dutch in

the years to come so why do these

Europeans come to this suppose a new

world well you could break it down into

the 3 G's gold glory and God many

countries such as Spain and others we're

looking for new sources of wealth new

trade routes to places such as Asia but

you also have glory wanting to increase

the power and the status of not just

individuals but also of countries and of

course God there was a desire amongst

many individuals and countries to

convert the native population to

Christianity and you need to understand

the religious motives of colonization

make sure you know about 1492 and how it

is a big turning point in history with

the arrival of Columbus under the

Spanish flag and other Europeans that

follow this leads to a massive

demographic and social changes on both

sides of the Atlantic both the Western

Hemisphere and Europe and Africa are

never going to be the same again

in fact the arrival of Columbus sets off

something known as the Columbian

Exchange and you could see it in this

graphic right there it is the

transatlantic exchange of not only

people but diseases food trade ideas

between the Western Hemisphere Africa

and Europe some examples to keep in mind

our horses brought over from Europe by

the Spaniards these are going to

dramatically change life for Native

Americans especially on the great plains

it's going to make people more mobile

than ever before it's going to lead to

new contact with new tribes and a whole

host of other consequences diseases such

as smallpox brought over from Europe

are going to lead to a massive

population decline as deadly epidemic

spread the lack of immunity to these

diseases is going to lead to an up to

90% death rate amongst Native American

people in some areas and food is also

going to play a big role here maize or

corn from the Americas is going to be

brought over to Europe for the first

time and this is going to fuel a huge

population increase in parts of Europe

it's important to note the first

countries to colonize the Western

Hemisphere are going to be Spain and

Portugal they are going to divide up the

new world with the help of the Pope with

the treaty of tordesillas Spain and

Portugal agreed to divide up the Western

Hemisphere everything on the west of

that line will be Spain's and everything

to the east will be Portugal's

Spain's the first to colonize what will

become the United States in fact they

establish the colony the first permanent

settlement in North America at st.

Augustine and 1565 what will become

Florida and much of the Spanish Empire

you're going to see the introduction of

the in comiendo system where Spanish

colonists receive land with native

people and basically this is going to be

a form of native slave labor whether it

be in mining looking for resources such

as silver or agriculture and especially

in the Caribbean for sugar the

encomienda system is going to be a very

profitable yet harsh economic system in

the Spanish Empire another part of the

system was the Spanish sought to convert

native people to Catholicism and this

was a huge part of Spanish colonization

and this would be very different than

what the British will do and throughout

the Spanish Empire you are going to see

the emergence of racially mixed

populations of European native and

African descent you're going to get the

rise of mestizos people of mixed Indian

and European heritage and the rise of

mulatos people have mixed white and

black ancestry another important point

to note is attempts to change Native

American beliefs led to resistance and

conflict and on this map you could see

later on the missions that are going to

be established throughout the coast of

California but also in places such as

present

New Mexico Native Americans are going to

resist this colonization and in what is

today New Mexico a Native American

leader by the name of Pope a is going to

lead a revolt known as the Pueblo Revolt

in 1680 this revolt leads to the death

of hundreds of Spanish colonists and the

destruction of Catholic churches in the

area as Native Americans are rejecting

this colonization this colonization was

very often brought on by a belief in

white superiority in order to justify

their subjugation of Native Americans

but under Pope Hays revolt or the Pueblo

Revolt

this forces the Spanish out temporarily

and this revolt really shows that native

peoples strove to maintain their

political and cultural autonomy and when

the Spanish eventually returned to the

region there are force to accommodate

some aspects of native culture they

don't come back to the region until 1692

they are forced to allow Native

Americans to continue some of their

cultural practices debates occurred over

how Native Americans should be treated

and how civilized they were compared to

European standards and these debates

actually occurred amongst the Spanish

themselves you have one day Sepulveda

who wrote just causes for war against

the Indians and in his writing he

justified Spanish colonization of the

Americas he said that this was a good

thing and obviously if you're a Native

American you're not feeling these ideas

another Spaniard in 1552 de la Casas

wrote a short account of the destruction

of the Indies and he criticized the

Spanish treatment of the indigenous

people and condemned some of the things

done in the name of Spanish colonization

although Spain and Portugal are the

first ones to arrive other European

countries are going to arrive and the

one we're really going to get into in

video 2 is Protestant England will soon

challenge Spanish colonization of North

America you can see on the map a variety

of European powers are going to colonize

present-day

North America however unlike the English

colonists the Spanish the French and

Dutch are going to attempt to exploit

new world resources

and for more complex relationships with

indigenous people

so although Spain and Portugal were the

first to form colonies that use Native

American and later on African slave

labor in areas such as agricultural and

mining it's important to note that

France Holland or the Dutch Spain will

trade and intermarry with Native

Americans

whereas England will not be interested

in these much more complex relationships

finally all European countries are going

to be seeking to colonize the new world

because of these ideas known as

mercantilism and mercantilism is an

economic theory that states colonies

exist to enrich the mother country to

send that money over to the mama and so

this could be in the form of access to

cheap raw materials such as sugar or

tobacco and also to provide gold and

silver so whether or not we're talking

about Spanish French or English

colonization it's important to know

mercantilism is driving them to expand

that's going to do it for this video if

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peace