War & Expansion: Crash Course US History #17

Summary

This Crash Course U.S. history episode explores the expansionist movement of Manifest Destiny, which led to the acquisition of Texas and California. It discusses the economic motivations, the Mexican-American War, and the political maneuvering that resulted in the U.S. extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The video also touches on the challenges faced by the Mexican and Native American populations post-annexation, and the tensions that arose from the expansion, foreshadowing the Civil War.

Takeaways

• 😀 The script discusses the U.S. acquisition of Texas and California, two of its largest states, through various historical events and policies.
• 🌏 The concept of 'Manifest Destiny' is highlighted, which was used to justify the U.S.'s expansion from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, often disregarding the rights of existing inhabitants.
• 📜 Economic factors played a significant role in westward expansion, with Thomas Jefferson's 'empire of liberty' idea being a key influence.
• 🏰 The script mentions the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto as pivotal moments leading to Texas's independence from Mexico and subsequent annexation by the U.S.
• 🤔 The issue of slavery is touched upon, with its impact on the political decisions of the time, including the balance of power in the Senate.
• 🏛️ The Oregon Trail and its significance in westward migration is referenced, along with the hardships faced by those who traveled it, such as disease.
• 🌉 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is discussed as the agreement that ended the Mexican-American War and resulted in Mexico ceding territories to the U.S., including California.
• 🏔️ The acquisition of California is detailed, including the discovery of gold which led to a massive influx of people and the state's eventual admission to the Union as a free state.
• 🏛️ The Compromise of 1850 is outlined, which attempted to address the tensions between the North and South regarding slavery and statehood.
• 📜 The script also touches on the treatment of Mexican Americans and Native Americans post-acquisition, highlighting the discrimination and injustice they faced.
• 📚 The episode concludes with a reflection on the U.S.'s failure to live up to its own ideals during this period of expansion and the long-term consequences of these actions.

Q & A

What does the term 'Manifest Destiny' refer to in the context of U.S. history?

Manifest Destiny refers to the widely held belief in the 19th century that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean, often disregarding the rights of the indigenous people and other inhabitants.

Why did Mexico initially allow Americans to bring slaves into Texas?

Although slavery was abolished in Mexico, they initially allowed Americans to bring slaves into Texas to encourage economic development and settlement in the region.

What event marked the beginning of the revolt for independence in Texas?

The revolt for independence in Texas began when Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana decided to assert control over the territory with an army, in response to demands for greater autonomy and the right to use slave labor from the American settlers and some Tejano elites.

What was the significance of the battle of San Jacinto?

The battle of San Jacinto was significant because it led to the defeat of Santa Ana and forced Mexico to recognize Texas's independence, paving the way for Texas to become the Lone Star Republic and eventually join the United States.

Why was Texas initially not accepted into the United States as a state?

Texas was initially not accepted into the United States because its admission as a slave state would disrupt the balance in the Senate, and politicians at the time chose to ignore the issue.

What was the role of the Oregon Trail in the westward expansion of the United States?

The Oregon Trail was a significant route for westward expansion, with nearly 300,000 people making the journey by 1860. It has been immortalized in the classic educational video game 'Oregon Trail,' which reflects the hardships and challenges faced by settlers, including disease and the struggle for survival.

Why did President Polk send troops into the disputed border region with Mexico?

President Polk sent troops under Zachary Taylor into the disputed border region to assert U.S. claims on the territory, which ultimately led to a conflict with Mexico and the Mexican-American War.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War, with Mexico ceding California and other territories to the United States, and the U.S. paying Mexico $15 million and agreeing not to return Texas.

How did the discovery of gold in California impact the population and its eventual statehood?

The discovery of gold in California in 1848 led to a massive influx of settlers, increasing the non-Indian population from 15,000 to 200,000 by 1852 and to 360,000 on the eve of the Civil War, which facilitated California's eventual admission to the Union as a free state.

What were the main components of the Compromise of 1850?

The Compromise of 1850 consisted of four main components: 1) California was admitted as a free state, 2) The slave trade, but not slavery itself, was outlawed in Washington D.C., 3) A new fugitive slave law was enacted, and 4) Popular sovereignty was established, allowing local white inhabitants in the remaining territories to decide whether their state would be slave or free.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Westward Expansion and Manifest Destiny

This paragraph delves into the historical context of the United States' westward expansion, focusing on the acquisition of Texas and California. It introduces the concept of Manifest Destiny, a belief in America's right to spread across the continent, and touches on the economic motivations behind this expansion. The paragraph also mentions the political implications of adding new states, particularly the balance between slave and free states, and the impact of the Oregon Trail on westward migration. The narrative is peppered with humor and references to historical figures, such as John O'Sullivan and the 19th-century politicians who delayed addressing the issue of slavery.

05:07

🏰 The Struggle for Texas and Mexican-American Relations

This section of the script recounts the story of Texas' path to statehood, from its initial colonization by the U.S. under Mexican rule to its eventual independence and annexation by the United States. It discusses the role of Moses Austin and his son Stephen in attracting American settlers to Texas, the subsequent tensions with Mexico, and the military conflicts that led to Texas' independence. The paragraph also highlights the political maneuvering in the U.S. regarding the admission of Texas as a slave state and the eventual annexation under President James K. Polk, setting the stage for further territorial expansion.

10:10

🌟 The Acquisition of California and its Aftermath

The narrative continues with the U.S.'s efforts to acquire California from Mexico, detailing the diplomatic and military strategies employed by President Polk. It describes the Mexican-American War, the controversial claims that led to the conflict, and the public opinion surrounding the war, including notable dissenters like Henry David Thoreau. The paragraph also covers the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war and resulted in the U.S. gaining significant territories. It discusses the challenges faced by the newly incorporated lands, particularly the treatment of Mexican and Native American populations, and the rise of anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic sentiments, leading to the formation of the American Party, also known as the 'Know-nothings.'

🏛 The Compromise of 1850 and California's Statehood

This paragraph addresses the political turmoil following the acquisition of California and the efforts to maintain the balance between slave and free states. It outlines the Compromise of 1850, engineered by Henry Clay, which included the admission of California as a free state, the prohibition of the slave trade in Washington D.C., a stringent fugitive slave law, and the principle of popular sovereignty in the remaining territories. The summary highlights the contentious debate over the compromise, the arguments of key figures like John C. Calhoun and William Seward, and the eventual passage of the legislation, which temporarily averted a larger crisis. The paragraph concludes with a reflection on the underlying issues of the U.S. not living up to its own ideals, particularly in relation to the treatment of minorities.

Keywords

💡Manifest Destiny

Manifest Destiny was a widely held belief in the 19th century that the United States was destined by God to expand its territory across the North American continent. In the video, John Green discusses the concept as a driving force behind the U.S.'s westward expansion, particularly in the acquisition of Texas and California, despite the presence of other inhabitants such as Native Americans and Mexicans.

💡Westward Expansion

Westward Expansion refers to the territorial growth of the United States across the North American continent west of the Mississippi River. The video script describes this process, highlighting the push for land acquisition that led to the annexation of Texas and California, and the implications it had for the country's demographics and political landscape.

💡Tejanos

Tejanos are Texans of Mexican descent. In the script, the term is used to describe the Mexican population living in Texas during the period when Mexico encouraged economic development by granting land to settlers like Moses Austin. The presence and subsequent treatment of Tejanos illustrate the complex cultural and political dynamics at play during westward expansion.

💡Alamo

The Alamo refers to the Battle of the Alamo, a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution where Mexican forces led by General Santa Anna defeated American defenders, including the famous Davy Crockett. The script uses the Alamo as a symbol of the conflict and resistance that led to Texas's eventual independence and statehood.

💡Oregon Trail

The Oregon Trail was a popular 19th-century route for settlers heading west to the Pacific coast, and the term is also used for a classic educational video game that simulates the journey. In the script, the game is mentioned to illustrate the hardships faced by settlers, including disease and the unrealistic portrayal of historical events.

💡James K. Polk

James K. Polk was the 11th President of the United States, known for his aggressive policies regarding westward expansion. The script describes Polk's efforts to acquire California from Mexico, which led to the Mexican-American War and ultimately the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

💡Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty signed in 1848 that ended the Mexican-American War. It is highlighted in the script as the agreement through which Mexico ceded territories including California and Texas to the U.S., solidifying the nation's continental expansion.

💡Nativism

Nativism refers to the political policy or sentiment that favors natives over immigrants. In the video, nativism is discussed in the context of the American Party, or 'Know-nothings,' who were against immigration and the perceived threat it posed to American values and culture.

💡Gold Rush

The Gold Rush refers to the rapid movement of people to California in the late 1840s following the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill. The script mentions the Gold Rush as a catalyst for the population boom in California, which contributed to its eventual statehood.

💡Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress to address the divisive issue of slavery in the newly acquired territories. The script explains the compromise as an attempt to balance the interests of pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions, including the admission of California as a free state.

💡Civil Disobedience

Civil disobedience is the act of peacefully resisting laws or policies that are considered unjust. The script references Henry David Thoreau's essay 'On Civil Disobedience,' which he wrote in response to his imprisonment for refusing to pay taxes as a protest against the Mexican-American War.

Highlights

The United States acquired two of its largest states, Texas and California, through westward expansion.

Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined by John O'Sullivan, suggesting America's right to expand across the continent.

Economic factors played a significant role in westward expansion, influenced by Jefferson's ideas about the 'empire of liberty'.

The Oregon Trail was a significant westward migration route immortalized by the educational video game.

Northern Mexico at the time included present-day Texas, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and California.

The Mexican government granted land to Moses Austin to encourage economic development, leading to increased American presence in Texas.

Texas fought for independence from Mexico, culminating in the victory at the Battle of San Jacinto and the recognition of its independence.

Texas sought to join the United States as a slave state, but faced political resistance due to the balance of power in the Senate.

James K. Polk's presidency was marked by the goal of acquiring California from Mexico, leading to the Mexican-American War.

The Mexican-American War was the first war fought primarily on foreign soil, with most battles taking place in Mexico.

Henry David Thoreau's dissent against the war led to his imprisonment and the writing of 'On Civil Disobedience'.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war, with Mexico ceding California and other territories to the U.S. for $15 million.

The acquisition of Mexican territories led to the issue of how to integrate a large Spanish-speaking and Native American population into the U.S.

The California Gold Rush of 1848 dramatically increased the non-Indian population and hastened statehood discussions.

The California constitution of 1850 initially limited civil participation to whites, excluding non-white races from voting or testifying in court.

The Compromise of 1850 was a political solution aimed at averting crisis, including California's admission as a free state and new fugitive slave laws.

The story of Manifest Destiny reveals the United States' failure to govern according to its own ideals, impacting Native Americans, Mexican Americans, immigrants, and slaves.

Transcripts

Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. history and today we’re going to discuss

how the United States came to acquire two of its largest states, Texas and…there is another one.

Mr. Green! Mr. Green! I believe the answer you’re looking for is Alaska.

Oh me from the past, as you can clearly tell from the globe, Alaskan statehood never happened. No I am referring of course to California.

Stan, are we using your computer today? Oh. Stan!

We’ve talked about westward expansion a few times here on Crash Course, but it’s usually about, like, Kentucky or Ohio.

This time we’re going really west, I mean, not like Hawaii west, but sea to shining sea west.

[Theme Music]

So you might remember that journalist John O’Sullivan coined the phrase Manifest Destiny

to describe America’s god given right to take over all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, regardless of who happened to be living there.

Sorry Native Americans, Mexicans, French fur trappers, beavers, bison, prairie dogs, passenger pigeons.

I’m not going to go so far as to give God credit for America’s internal imperialism,

but I will say that our expansion had a lot to do with economics, especially when you consider Jefferson’s ideas about the empire of liberty.

Stan, did I just say liberty?

That means technically I also have to talk about slavery, but we’re gonna kick the slavery can down the road until later in the show.

Just like American politicians did in the 19th century.

By 1860 nearly 300,000 people had made the trip that has been immortalized by the classic educational video game “Oregon Trail.”

Which, by the way, is inaccurate in the sense that a family of 6, even a very hungry one, cannot eat a buffalo.

But is extremely accurate in that a lot of people died of dysentery and cholera.

Frickin disease.

So, Oregon at the time was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain.

Northern Mexico at the time included what are now Texas, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, and California.

But New Mexico and California were the only two with, like, big settlements.

About 30,000 Mexicans lived in New Mexico, and about 3,500 in California, and in both places they were outnumbered by Native Americans.

OK, let’s go to the Thought Bubble.

When Mexico became independent, there were only about 2,000 Tejanos there.

So to encourage economic development, Mexico’s government granted a huge tract of land to Moses Austin.

Austin’s son Stephen made a tidy profit selling off smaller parcels of that land until there were 7,000 American Americans there.

This made Mexico nervous so, backpedalling furiously, Mexico annulled the land contracts and banned further emigration into Texas.

Even though slavery was already abolished in Mexico, up to now they had allowed Americans to bring slaves.

Austin, joined by some Tejano elites, demanded greater autonomy and the right to use slave labor.

Thinking the better of it, Mexican General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana decided to assert control over the restive territory with an army,

turning the elite’s demands for autonomy into a full-scale revolt for independence.

On March 13, 1836, Santa Ana defeated the American defenders of the Alamo, killing 187 (or 188, sources differ) Americans including Davy Crockett.

The Texas rebels would “remember the Alamo” and come back to defeat Santa Ana at the battle of San Jacinto.

And Mexico was forced to recognize Texas’s independence.

So Texas became the Lone Star Republic and quickly decided that it would be much better to be a less lonely star and join the United States.

So, in 1837, Texas’ Congress called for union but all they heard back was, “not so fast, Texas.”

Why? Because Texas wanted to be a slave state, and adding another slave state would disrupt the balance in the Senate,

so Jackson and Van Buren did what good politicians always do: they ignored Texas.

And then after Martin Van Buren wrote a letter denouncing any plan to annex Texas on the grounds that it would probably provoke a war,

Democratic convention southerners threw their support behind slaveholding Andrew Jackson pal, James K. Polk.

Polk just managed to get a presidential victory over perennial almost-president Henry Clay,

and seeing the writing on the wall, Congress annexed Texas in March of 1845, days before Polk took office.

Congress then forged an agreement with Britain to divide Oregon at the 49th parallel, which restored the slave state/free state balance in the Senate.

Thanks, Thought Bubble. Hey, Stan, can I get the foreshadowing filter?

I wonder if we’re going to be able to keep that slave state/free state balance...forever.

The land-hungry James K. Polk had another goal as president: acquire California from Mexico.

He tried to purchase it from Mexico, but they were like, “No,” which is Spanish for “No.”

So Polk decided to do things the hard way.

He sent troops under future president Zachary Taylor into this disputed border region.

As expected, by which I mean intended, fighting broke out between American and Mexican forces.

Polk, in calling for a declaration of war, claimed that the Mexicans had “shed blood upon American soil.”

Although the soil in question was arguably not American, unless you think of America as being, you know, all of this.

A majority of Americans supported this war.

Although to be fair, a majority of Americans will support almost any war.

I’m sorry, but it is true. At least at first.

It was the first war fought by American troops primarily on foreign soil, as most of the fighting was done in Mexico.

Among the dissenters was a Massachusetts Transcendentalist who is probably better known than the war itself.

Henry David Thoreau was in fact thrown in jail for refusing to pay taxes in protest of the war,

and wrote “On Civil Disobedience” in his defence, which many American high-schoolers are assigned to read and expected not to understand,

lest they take the message to heart and stop doing assignments like reading “On Civil Disobedience.”

Another critic was concerned about the increase in executive power that Polk seemed to show, saying:

“Allow the president to invade a neighboring country whenever he shall deem it necessary to repel an invasion and you allow him to make war at pleasure”

That critic was none other than noted peacenik Abraham Lincoln, who would go on to do more to expand executive power than any president in the 19th century except maybe Andrew Jackson.

Right so Santa Ana’s army was defeated in February 1847 but Mexico refused to give up.

So Winfield Scott, who had the unfortunate nickname “old fuss and feathers,” captured Mexico City itself in September.

A final peace treaty, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848,

under which Mexico confirmed the annexation of Texas and further ceded California as well as several other places that would later become states, but we couldn’t fit on the map.

In return, the U.S. paid Mexico $15 million and agreed to a no-backsies deal in re: Texas, thereby freeing Mexico from the shackles of Amarillo.

I’m sorry Amarillians. No I’m not. I am. I am. I’m not. I am.

This is great, Stan. The people of Amarillo hate me, also the people of New Jersey, Alaska is in the green-parts-of-not-America.

We don’t even have Arizona and New Mexico on the chalkboard.

Pretty soon I will have alienated everyone.

Anyway, thanks to the land from Mexico, our dream of expanding from the Atlantic to the Pacific was finally complete.

And as always happens when dreams come true, trouble started.

After the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, between 75,000 and 100,000 Spanish-speaking Mexicans and 150,000 Native Americans were under the jurisdiction of the United States.

Despite the fact that the treaty granted Spanish descended Mexican “male citizens” legal and property rights,

the Mexicans were still seen as inferior to Anglo-Saxons whose manifest destiny it was, of course, to overspread the continent.

And the fact that these Mexicans were Catholic didn’t help either,

especially because in the eastern part of the United States, there was a rising tide of anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant sentiment known as nativism.

And there was a new political party, The American Party, dedicated entirely to such sentiment.

They were referred to as the “Know-nothings” because when you asked them about their politics they would answer that they didn’t know anything.

And indeed, they didn’t.

This was not an expert branding strategy,

although they did manage to win an unexpected number of local offices in a state heralded for its ignorance … Massachusetts.

You thought I was going to say New Jersey, but I’m trying to make nice with the New Jersey people because they take it pretty personally.

Meanwhile, in California, there weren’t enough white, English speaking American residents to apply for statehood –

Until gold was discovered in 1848, leading of course to San Francisco’s NFL team, the San Francisco 48ers.

By 1852, the non-Indian population in California had risen from 15,000 to 200,000 and it was 360,000 on the eve of the Civil War.

Now not all of those migrants – mainly young men seeking their fortunes – were white.

Nearly 25,000 Chinese people migrated to California, most as contract workers working for mining and railroad companies.

And there were women, too, who ran restaurants, and worked as cooks, and laundresses, and prostitutes.

But the ratio of men to women in California in 1860 was 3:1.

Aw shmerg. It’s time for the Mystery Document?

The rules here are simple.

I read the Mystery Document and I’m either shocked by electricity or by the fact that I got it right.

“We would beg to remind you that when your nation was a wilderness, and the nation from which you sprung barbarous, we exercised most of the arts and virtues of civilized life;

that we are possessed of a language and a literature, and that men skilled in science and the arts are numerous among us;

that the productions of our manufactories, our sail, and workshops, form no small share of commerce of the world;

and that for centuries, colleges, schools, charitable institutions, asylums, and hospitals have been as common as in your own land.

And we beg to remark, that so far as the history of our race in California goes, it stamps with the test of truth that we are not the degraded race you would make us.”

So it’s someone who said that “we” had a great civilization when “you” were a wilderness.

Plus they called us “barbarous,” so it’s either ancient Rome or China.

I’m gonna lean toward China.

That only gets me halfway there. Now I have to think of the name of the person.

And I don’t know any famous people from mid-19th century China who lived in the U.S.

People say I can’t sing.

[buzzing] Norman Asing? Who the hell is Norman Asing? This doesn't- AAHHHH!!

So these days California is known for its groovy, laid back, “oh your back hurts?" here’s some pot” attitude, but that was not the case in the 19th century.

The California constitution of 1850 limited civil participation to whites –

no Asians, no Black people or Native Americans could vote or testify in court.

Indians were kicked off their land if it had any mineral value, and thousands of their orphaned children were sold as slaves.

And all of this led to the Indian population of California dropping from 150,000 to about 30,000 between 1848 and 1860.

So it wasn’t at all clear whether California was the kind of place to be admitted to the U.S. as a free state or as a slave state.

The Missouri Compromise was of no help here because half of California is below the 36 30 line, and half is above it.

So, a new “Free Soil” party formed in 1848 calling for the limiting of slavery’s expansion in the west so that it could be open for white people to live and work.

I just want to be clear that most of the people who were for limiting slavery were not, like, un-racist.

So, they nominated the admirably-whiskered Martin Van Buren for the presidency,

and Van Buren and Democratic nominee Lewis Cass then split the northern vote, allowing the aforementioned Zachary Taylor, to win.

So in 1850, when California finally did ask to be admitted into the Union, it was as a free state.

Southerners freaked out because they saw it as the beginning of the end of slavery, but then, to the rescue came Henry Clay, for his last hurrah.

He said, “We can kick this problem down the road once more”

and brokered a four-part plan that became known rather anticlimactically as the Compromise of 1850.

Historians, can you name nothing?! The four points were:

1. California would be admitted as a free state

2. The slave trade, but not slavery, would be outlawed in Washington D.C.

3. A new, super harsh fugitive slave law would be enacted, and

4. Popular sovereignty

The idea was that in the remaining territories taken from Mexico,

the local white inhabitants could decide for themselves whether the state would be slave or free when it applied to be part of the U.S.

Ah, the Compromise of 1850. A great reminder that nothing protects the rights of minorities like the tyranny of the majority.

There was a huge debate over the bill in which noted asshat John C. Calhoun was so sick that he had to have his pro-slavery, anti-compromise remarks read by a colleague.

On the other side, New York’s Senator William Seward, an abolitionist, also argued against compromise, based on slavery being, you know, wrong.

But, eventually the compromise did pass, thus averting a greater crisis for ten whole years.

Ralph Waldo Emerson predicted that if the United States acquired part of Mexico, it would be like swallowing arsenic.

And indeed, arsenic can be a slow-acting poison.

Now I don’t think Ralph Waldo Emerson was a good enough writer to have thought that far ahead, but he was right.

Some people say that manifest destiny made the Civil War inevitable.

But, as we’ll see next week, what really made the Civil War inevitable was slavery.

But, we see in the story of manifest destiny the underlying problem: the United States didn’t govern according to its own ideals.

It didn’t extend liberties to Native Americans or Mexican Americans or immigrant populations or slaves.

Thanks for watching, and we’ll see you next week, when things will get much worse.

Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller.

Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko.

The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer and myself.

Our associate producer is Danica Johnson.

And our graphics team is Thought Café.

If you’d like to contribute to the libertage, you can suggest captions.

You can also ask questions in comments where they will be answered by our team of historians.

Thank you for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome.