Evolution of the Indo-European Languages - Ancient Civilizations DOCUMENTARY

Summary

This video explores the rich tapestry of Indo-European languages, tracing their origins to the Yamnaya culture and their evolution into distinct families like Romance, Germanic, and Greek. It delves into how languages have adapted over time, influenced by geography and politics, and highlights the fascinating stories of language standardization and revival efforts, showcasing the dynamic nature of human communication.

Takeaways

• 🌐 Portugal and India share a common history and linguistic similarities, highlighting the influence of the Indo-European language family.
• 🌟 The Indo-European languages are the most widespread, with 3.2 billion speakers, making up 46% of the world's population.
• 🏰 The Yamnaya culture is considered the origin of the Indo-European language family, with their expansion across Eurasia on horseback.
• 🔍 Linguists use the comparative method to reconstruct the original Proto-Indo-European vocabulary, despite the lack of written records.
• 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Cognate words for family and basic actions are remarkably similar across Indo-European languages, showing a shared ancestry.
• 📜 The development of writing systems across different cultures provides clues to their shared Indo-European origins.
• 🏛 The Roman Republic's rise led to the spread of Latin, which later evolved into the Romance languages after the fall of Rome.
• 🏙️ National standardization of languages often resulted from political centralization and the promotion of a dominant dialect.
• 📚 The Gutenberg printing press and Luther Bible played a crucial role in standardizing the German language.
• 🏛️ Greek colonization and the conquests of Alexander the Great spread the Greek language, influencing many other languages with loan words.
• 🛶 The Celtic languages faced extinction and oppression but have seen some revival efforts, especially with Cornish.

Q & A

What is the historical connection between Portugal and India mentioned in the script?

The historical connection between Portugal and India is highlighted by Vasco Da Gama's voyage, which marked the beginning of Portuguese exploration and trade with India. Additionally, the script points out that the Portuguese language shares similarities with many Indian languages, such as inflection, word structure, pronunciation, and vocabulary.

What is the significance of the Indo-European language family in terms of global population?

The Indo-European language family is the largest language family in the world, spoken by 3.2 billion people or 46% of the world's population.

How did the Yamnaya culture contribute to the spread of the Proto Indo-European language?

The Yamnaya culture, being one of the first bronze age cultures and skilled in horse domestication and wheel-making, was able to spread across Eurasia swiftly and aggressively. Instead of developing colonies, they interbred with local neolithic cultures, spreading their genes and the Proto Indo-European language.

What is the comparative method used by linguists and archaeologists to reconstruct the original ancestor vocabulary of the Indo-European languages?

The comparative method involves comparing similarities and differences among languages to reconstruct their common ancestor's vocabulary. Despite the fact that Proto Indo-European was never written down, linguists were able to reconstruct its vocabulary by identifying cognates—words that have descended from a single word in the ancestor language.

How did the Roman Republic's rise impact the spread of the Latin language?

The rise of the Roman Republic led to the spread of the Latin language across the Mediterranean and western Europe, effectively eliminating all other Italic languages and most of the Celtic languages in the process.

What are the two variants of Latin mentioned in the script?

The two variants of Latin mentioned are classical Latin, which was the formal language, and Vulgar Latin, described as 'the speech of the masses' by Cicero.

How did the fall of the Roman Empire influence the development of the Romance languages?

The fall of the Roman Empire led to the development of distinct dialects unique to different provinces. Over time, these dialects evolved into their own languages, marking the dawn of the Romance languages.

What role did the Gutenberg printing press play in the standardization of the German language?

The Gutenberg printing press, along with the Luther Bible, set the foundation for a standardized German language, which was essential for the later unification process of Germany.

How did the Celtic language spread and evolve over time?

Celtic was the lingua franca of Western and Central Europe due to the dominant Urnfield culture. As the branch spread, it split into various forms. However, the rise of the Roman Republic led to the extinction of all continental Celtic languages, with the surviving speakers migrating to the British Isles, forming the Insular Celtic languages.

What is the relationship between the Greek god Zeus and the Roman god Jupiter?

Both Zeus and Jupiter are adaptations of the original Yamnaya god Perkwunos the Striker. This concept is shared across various cultures, indicating a shared origin in the Proto Indo-European religion.

How did the English language acquire its vocabulary from different sources?

English, although a member of the Germanic language family, has a diverse vocabulary due to historical influences. Only 26% of its vocabulary is Germanic, 29% is French, and 29% is Latin, reflecting its complex history of conquest, trade, and cultural exchange.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Shared Roots of Indo-European Languages

This paragraph explores the common history between Portugal and India, highlighting the linguistic similarities between Portuguese and Indian languages, which are part of the larger Indo-European language family. It introduces the concept of language evolution and the significant role of the Yamnaya culture in the spread of the Proto-Indo-European language across Eurasia. The paragraph also discusses the development of languages from this common ancestor, the process of dialectal diversification, and the linguistic reconstruction efforts by linguists and archaeologists. It concludes with an overview of how basic vocabulary and pronouns have remained consistent across various Indo-European languages.

05:04

📜 The Evolution and Impact of Indo-European Subgroups

The second paragraph delves into the evolution of Indo-European subgroups, focusing on the Italic branch and its spread alongside Celtic until the separation around 1500 BC. It discusses the survival struggles of Italic languages against their neighbors and the rise of Latin during the Roman Republic, which led to the extinction of other Italic and Celtic languages. The paragraph also covers the development of Latin into Vulgar and Classical Latin, and the subsequent emergence of Romance languages following the fall of Rome. It touches on the standardization processes in Spain, France, and Italy, emphasizing the role of political centralization in language evolution.

10:09

🌐 Diversification of Indo-European Languages in Colonies and Beyond

This paragraph examines the diversification of Indo-European languages in colonies and other regions. It discusses the unique developments in Mexico, Quebec, and Brazil, where Romance languages evolved with distinct features despite sharing a common origin. The narrative then shifts to Proto-Greek, detailing its arrival in Greece, the creation of the Greek alphabet, and the influence of Greek colonization on language spread. The paragraph also covers the rivalry between Greek city-states, the cultural victory of Ionic Greek, and the impact of Alexander the Great's conquests on the spread of Koine Greek. It concludes with the transformation of Greek through various historical periods, leading to the modern Demotic Greek.

15:11

🏰 The Rise and Fall of Proto-Germanic and Celtic Languages

The final paragraph discusses the expansion of Proto-Germanic beyond North Europe and its division into East, West, and North dialects. It highlights the influence of Gothic and Old Norse, and the conservative nature of Icelandic in relation to Old Norse. The paragraph also addresses the spread of Celtic as the lingua franca of Western and Central Europe due to the Urnfield culture, and its subsequent decline with the rise of the Roman Republic. It details the survival of Insular Celtic languages in the British Isles and the challenges faced by these languages, including political oppression and censorship. The paragraph concludes with a brief mention of West Germanic, noting the significant impact of the Gutenberg printing press and the Luther Bible on the standardization of German, and touches on the conservatism of Dutch and the unique vocabulary composition of English.

Keywords

💡Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a large family of several hundred related languages and dialects, originally spoken by the Indo-European peoples. They are the most widely spoken language family in the world, with 46% of the global population speaking these languages. In the video, the theme revolves around the evolution and spread of these languages from their common ancestor, the Proto-Indo-European language, and how they diversified into various branches such as Latin, Greek, and others.

💡Vasco Da Gama

Vasco Da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who is known for discovering a sea route from Europe to India. His voyages marked the beginning of a long history of cultural exchange between Portugal and India. In the script, Vasco Da Gama is mentioned to highlight the historical connection between Portugal and India, and the surprising linguistic similarities between Portuguese and the languages of India.

💡Yamnaya culture

The Yamnaya culture, dating back to around 4000 BC, was a semi-nomadic pastoralist culture in the Pontic Steppe of what is now Ukraine. Known for their domestication of animals and the development of the wheel, the Yamnaya people are considered one of the first to spread the Proto-Indo-European language across Eurasia. The script discusses the Yamnaya culture as the origin of the Indo-European language family.

💡Proto Indo-European language

The Proto Indo-European language refers to the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. It is the hypothetical language from which all Indo-European languages evolved. The script explains that despite the languages' diversification, linguists have been able to reconstruct the original vocabulary of this language, showing its influence on modern languages like Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit.

💡Linguistic evolution

Linguistic evolution refers to the changes that languages undergo over time, often influenced by cultural, social, and historical factors. The script discusses how the original Proto Indo-European language diversified into regional dialects and eventually into distinct daughter languages, a process that continues to this day.

💡Romance languages

Romance languages are a subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. They evolved from Vulgar Latin and include languages such as Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian. The script describes the development of Romance languages from Latin, particularly emphasizing the role of the Roman Empire and the subsequent regional dialects that evolved into distinct languages.

💡Cognate words

Cognate words are words that have a common etymological origin and therefore share similarities in form, sound, and meaning. The script provides examples of cognate words across Indo-European languages, such as family members and basic actions, to illustrate the shared ancestry of these languages.

💡Latin

Latin is an Italic language that was the official language of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It has had a profound influence on many modern languages, especially Romance languages. The script discusses the spread of Latin by the Roman Republic and its transformation into the Romance languages after the fall of the Roman Empire.

💡Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin refers to the non-standard, colloquial form of Latin spoken by the common people, as opposed to Classical Latin, which was the formal written and spoken language. The script mentions Vulgar Latin as the precursor to the Romance languages, highlighting its importance in the development of these languages.

💡Mycenaean Greek

Mycenaean Greek was the earliest form of the Greek language, spoken during the Mycenaean civilization around the 16th to the 12th century BC. It had its own writing system, Linear B. The script explains the significance of Mycenaean Greek in the evolution of the Greek language and its eventual replacement by the Greek alphabet and Classical Greek.

💡Koine Greek

Koine Greek was a common dialect of Greek that emerged after the conquests of Alexander the Great. It became the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East during the Hellenistic period. The script mentions Koine Greek as the language that spread through Alexander's conquests and was used for writing the New Testament.

Highlights

Portugal and India share common linguistic features despite their distinct origins.

Portuguese is part of the Indo-European language family, which includes Hindi, Farsi, Latin, and others.

Aloud, a tool for generating multilingual audio tracks, facilitates language accessibility in video content.

Language development outpaced genetic evolution, allowing rapid knowledge transfer among humans.

Over 7100 languages exist today, divided into 142 families, with Indo-European being the largest.

The Yamnaya culture's expansion across Eurasia contributed to the spread of the Proto Indo-European language.

Linguists have reconstructed the Proto Indo-European vocabulary using the comparative method.

Cognate words for family and basic actions are preserved across Indo-European languages.

Pronunciations and languages have evolved through interaction and borrowing from other language families.

Shared mythology and deities indicate a common origin among Indo-European cultures.

The Italic branch of Indo-European, including Latin, spread with the expansion of the Roman Republic.

Vulgar Latin evolved into the Romance languages following the fall of the Roman Empire.

Nationalism and centralized power influenced the standardization of languages like Spanish and French.

Italian unification and the selection of the Tuscan dialect influenced the modern Italian language.

Dialectal differences within a language can be so pronounced that speakers from different regions may not understand each other.

Proto-Greek's influence is evident in the development of the Greek alphabet and its impact on other writing systems.

The spread of Greek culture and the Koine language by Alexander the Great cemented its place in history.

Proto-Germanic's expansion and diversification led to the development of German, Dutch, and English.

The Celtic language group's resilience and revival efforts highlight the impact of politics on cultural preservation.

English's unique vocabulary composition reflects its history of linguistic influence and borrowing.

Transcripts

Portugal and India share a lot of common history  ever since Vasco Da Gama’s voyage, but what may  

come as a surprise is that the Portuguese language  already shared many similarities to the numerous  

languages spoken in India, including inflection,  word structure, pronunciation, and vocabulary.  

Languages constantly change and adapt, but in the  case of Portuguese, Hindi, Farsi, Latin, Greek,  

English, Polish, and many others, there is only  one common ancestor, which binds them all into  

a single family. Welcome to the first video on  the evolution of the Indo-European languages.  

Wait, did you know you can watch this  video in Spanish and in 4 other languages?  

You can simply change the audio  track in the video settings.  

We generated these audio tracks using Aloud. Aloud  lets creators translate their videos. At no cost  

and no special skills needed. We have been using  Aloud for months already and we see that it brings  

value to our viewers. If you think more creators  should make videos available in other languages,  

check out the link in the pinned comment. Let’s  overcome the language barrier in videos together.  

For millions of years, evolution was  the main pathway of human development,  

as genetic information was passed down from one  generation to the next. It was that same force,  

which gave humans very unique tools, which we used  to climb the food chain, such as opposable thumbs,  

sweating, and larger brains. Then suddenly  the ability to make complex sounds and more  

importantly, the acute sensitivity to comprehend  speech ushered in the development of languages,  

which allowed us to pass knowledge at a  speed that dramatically surpassed evolution.  

Languages to this day remain an essential part of  our everyday life, as they help us communicate,  

express ourselves and define our identity.  Over the years thousands of languages have gone  

extinct, and yet there are still over 7100 of them  divided into 142 families. The largest among them,  

spoken by 3.2 billion people or 46% of the world’s  population is the Indo-European language family.  

The story begins with the incredibly influential  Yamnaya culture at around 4000 BC in the Pontic  

Steppe of modern day Ukraine. Its people were  semi-nomadic pastoralists who domesticated cattle,  

dogs, and above all horses. This is where the  oldest discovered wheels were uncovered, as well  

as burial sites that show one of the earliest  forms of ownership. Compared to the widespread  

communal tombs we find in most societies, the  Yamnaya burial pits belonged to clans, families,  

or even individuals, sometimes buried with entire  wagons. Combined with the fact that they were one  

of the first bronze age cultures, this allowed the  Yamnaya to spread across Eurasia on their horses.  

This expansion was swift and aggressive, and  rather than developing their own colonies,  

they interbred with the local neolithic  cultures spreading their genes,  

as well as their Proto Indo-European language. In time, the speakers of this language became  

isolated from each other and regional dialects  developed into their own daughter languages,  

a process that continues to this day. Using the  comparative method, linguists and archeologists  

were able to reconstruct the original ancestor  vocabulary, despite the fact that it was never  

written down. In fact, the words for writing,  sea, and iron are vastly different across the  

many Indo-European languages, since those  concepts arose after the original migration.  

However, the words that were commonly used  by the Yamnaya people, were nearly identical  

across Latin, Germanic, Ancient Greek,  Hittite, Slavonic, Avestan, and Sanskrit.  

On your screen, you can see how the cognate  words for family remained mostly the same across  

Indo-European sister languages, including words  for family members: Mother -Father-Brother-Sister.  

This is also the case for various verbs  describing actions that were fundumental  

to the lifestyle of the Yamnaya people, like  Sew-Cloth-Eat-Drink-Carry-Give-Die. The same  

can be said about various objects, animals,  and particularly the word wine, among them:  

Tooth-Bone-Eye-Night-God-Water-Fire-Tree-New-Young-Pig-Sheep-Beaver  

-Honey-Brew -Wine . One of the very first things  we learn in a new language are the pronouns and  

basic numbers and yet again we see that both are  shared throughout the various different cultures:  

I-You-We- As well as the  numbers from one to ten.  

Languages and pronunciations changed as they  grew apart and interacted with each other,  

as well as other languages outside the  Indo-European family, adding and exporting  

loan words, but the writing that these various  cultures developed hints at their shared origin.  

The comparisons between the Greek god Zeus  and Roman god Jupiter are often discussed,  

but in reality, both of those gods are adaptations  of the original Yamnaya god Perkwunos the Striker,  

a concept also shared in Hittite culture as  Tarhuna, in the Thracian tribes as Zibelthiurdos,  

while Dacian tribes knew him as Gebeleizis,  Albanian culture groups knew him as Perendi.  

Baltic mythology has Perkunas, Slavic people  knew him as Perun, Celtic tribes as Taranis,  

while the Norse people split the singular concept  into Thor and Odin, Anglo-Saxon mythology knew  

him as Thunor, and Hindu people initially believed  that Indra was the king of the heaven and thunder.  

Additionally, the very concept of an  overarching conflict between Rain and the Sun,  

Water and Fire, Man versus Beast most likely  arose from the Proto-Indo European legends.  

While it is easier to imagine the various  subgroups of the Proto Indo-European  

as separate branches, it is more accurate to  view them as waves, that constantly moved and  

interacted with each other and others. That being  said, the first major branch we will look at is  

Italic, a language that spread alongside Celtic,  until the Alps split the two around 1500 BC.  

By 300 BC the language was fighting for  survival against its Celtic, Illyrian and  

Greek neighbors who dominated the north and  even eliminated the Sicel branch in Sicily,  

with only Faliscian, Umbrian, Oscan, and Venetic  remaining. And then suddenly the Roman Republic  

rose from obscurity and spread the Latin language  across the Mediterranean and western Europe like  

wildfire, obliterating all other Italic and  most of the Celtic languages in the process.  

The Latin language itself had two variants,  classical Latin, which was the formal language  

and Vulgar Latin, which Cicero describes as  “the speech of the masses”. A standardized  

and universal language in the Empire, one that  brought status and economic opportunity was one  

of the tools that allowed the Romans to establish  themselves as a military and cultural powerhouse.  

However due to the size of the Empire, many  regions began developing a distinct dialect,  

unique to the province and when Rome fell,  those dialects evolved into their own languages,  

ushering in the dawn of the Romance languages. The  subdivisions of Romance include the now-extinct  

British, Pannonian, and African Romance languages,  Sardinian which is an incredibly conservative  

language, Romanian , and finally one of the most  dominant subdivisions: Western Romance, featuring  

Italian, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. To simplify what could be its own video,  

each of these languages underwent significant  changes throughout the middle ages, as various  

feudal states and dynasties struggled  for power internally and externally.  

This resulted in dozens of dialects within each  language , but if we draw a line between any two  

points between these countries, the further  you go, the harder it is to understand the  

local language. But as the middle ages came  to a close and states became more centralized,  

rulers selected the dialect of their hometown and  emphasized its use, a process mirrored in every  

other branch. The Castillian kings choose  Castillian as the foundation for Spanish,  

discouraging the use of Galician, Leonese, Basque  , and Catalan, and eliminating Mozarabic, and this  

process was finalized by the so-called Catholic  monarchs - Ferdinand and Isabella, who understood  

the efficiency of using just one language to rule  their realm. The French kings ruling from Paris  

chose the langue d'oïl, spoken in the north,  rather than Occitan or Franco-Provencal,  

as king Francis I formalized this in 1539 with  the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts , which was  

also aimed against the power of the  Occitan nobles and Catholic church.  

The unification of Italy occurred  much later, but a similar process  

ensued after the Tuscan dialect was  chosen as the foundation of Italian.  

Modern day Italy could give us a glimpse  of what other countries looked like  

as there are numerous local dialects with  varying degrees of differences between them.  

For example, an Italian from Florence is more  likely to understand a person speaking in Spanish  

rather than another Italian from Sicily .  Nationalism, education and literature are always  

major drivers of standardization and helped shape  languages within a certain state, but given enough  

time and isolation, speech can alter dramatically,  even if the writing system remains the same.  

That is exactly what we see in the colonies of  the Romance languages: Mexico, Quebec, and Brazil  

all share the languages of their founders, but  they also developed their own unique features.  

The next major branch we will review is  Proto-Greek , which arrived in northern  

Greece around the 3rd millennium BC. The first  stage of its evolution saw the rise of Mycenaean  

Greek as the dominant language of the region, with  its very own writing, which we now call Linear B.  

But neither would survive the fall of the  Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC,  

instead around the same time the Greek alphabet  was created, based on the Phoenician alphabet,  

with a few added letters. It was this same  alphabet, which would deeply influence the Latin,  

Cyrillic, Coptic and Gothic alphabets. Armed  with one of the first written systems, Greek  

colonists settled the coasts of France, Italy,  Anatolia, and the entire Black Sea, but despite  

using the alphabet, rival dialects competed for  dominance. As you may have guessed this rivalry  

was mostly between the Greek city-states of Athens  and Sparta. Despite the popularity of the Spartan  

Doric Greek in the mainland, Crete, and Sicily  and military victory over Athens, the Ionic Greek  

won the cultural war, thanks to the works of  Homer, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and others.  

And thus Classical Greek became the staple of  Greek culture and would contribute to numerous  

loan words, present in many other languages  today. The next crucial figure in this story  

is Alexander the Great himself, who spread the  common version of the language called Koine with  

his conquests and firmly established it in Greece,  as well as inner Anatolia, Egypt, and India.  

This was the language in which the New Testament  was written. Despite centuries under Roman rule,  

the prestige of the language with its deeply  embedded written form, allowed it to avoid  

the Celtic fate, and when the West collapsed  Koine Greek transformed into Medieval Greek,  

spoken in the Eastern Roman Empire. By this point,  there was a huge disparity between the Classic  

and spoken versions of the language, with the  former being used primarily in court and writing.  

The fall of Constantinople, triggered many  events, one of which was the transformation of  

both of these languages. The spoken Medieval Greek  turned into Demotic Greek meaning by the people  

and the written language called Katharevousa,  which added some elements of the spoken language,  

but mostly resembles Classical Greek. The  substantial differences in both languages  

made daily transactions incredibly confusing and  this problem persisted for centuries, until it  

was finally solved in 1976, when Demotic Greek  was made the official language still used today.  

As for Doric Greek, it is spoken by only a few  hundred elderly people in Southern Greece and is  

expected to become extinct in the coming years. It took a significant amount of time for  

Proto-Germanic to expand beyond a small area  in North Europe, during which it already split  

into three distinct dialect s: East, West and  North . We know very little about the early  

stage of this branch, as it used a runic  writing system, usually carved on trees.  

But as the Roman Empire fell, the most famous  language from the eastern dialect spread all  

over Europe. Gothic was incredibly influential and  left a lasting mark on the continent, despite the  

fact that it would eventually become extinct.  The North dialect, which we now call Old Norse  

was also very popular due to the Viking era. It  would create west and east variants of its own  

from which modern Icelandic, Norwegian,  and then Danish and Swedish descended.  

It is important to note that Icelandic stands out  as a very conservative language, which has more  

in common with Old Norse than any of them, once  again outlining the important role of geography.  

During the first millenium BC, Celtic was the  lingua franca of Western and Central Europe,  

largely due to the dominant Urnfield culture.  As the branch spread it split into various other  

forms like Lepontic, Celtiberian, Gaulish,  Galatian and others. However the rise of the  

Roman Republic would lead to the extinction of all  continental Celtic languages. The few surviving  

speakers migrated to the British isles, forming  what is known as the Insular Celtic languages,  

further divided in Goedelic languages, featuring  Irish, Scottish and Manx Gaelic and Brythonic  

languages, featuring Breton , Cornish and Welsh.  Despite being so closely connected to each other,  

the two groups are not intelligible. Each  of these languages struggled to endure the  

centuries of deliberate censorship and  oppression from various states. In total  

there are just under 1 million speakers of the  Celtic languages, with half of them being Welsh.  

In the 19th century Cornish came very close  to joining Pictish and Cumbric in extinction,  

but has since undergone a revival and now boasts  a few hundred speakers. The Celtic language group  

stands as a clear example of how politics can  affect culture in incredibly impactful ways.  

Lastly, we have West Germanic, which spread  towards areas disconnected from each other by  

forests, mountains, wide rivers, and the English  channel. Naturally, this split the language into  

four notable branches: Old High German, Old Low  German, Old Low Franconian, and Anglo-Frisian,  

which will inevitably form German, Dutch and  English. The evolution, development and spread  

of each of these languages are very interesting,  but extends far beyond the scope of this video,  

so we will just share one interesting  fact about each of them. The Gutenberg  

printing press and the Luther Bible set the  foundation of a standardized German language,  

which was essential in the later unification  process. When we look at places like Iceland,  

Albania or Sardinia it is easy to understand  why those languages are conservative,  

yet despite having few natural defenses and  being surrounded by more powerful states,  

the Dutch language is incredibly conservative.  English is a member of the Germanic language  

family, yet only 26% of its vocabulary is  Germanic, 29% of it is French, and 29% is Latin.  

Alongside these four major branches, there are  several others, which we would love to cover  

in futures videos including the Balto-Slavic,  Indo-Iranian, Armenian, Albanian, not to mention  

the now extinct Anatolian, Phrygian, Dacian,  and Tocharian. Each of these language groups  

has a fascinating story as it changed throughout  the years and under different regimes.  

The languages spread around the world, while other  language groups left a lasting impact on them,  

particularly Arabic, Turkic, and Hungarian. Like  this video and share it with your friends if you  

want us to delve deeper into the field of  historical linguistics and tell us which  

branch or language family deserves an entire  video with more details.