Sentence Transformers (S-BERT) model basic understanding with python

Data Monk
22 Jan 202214:09

Summary

TLDRUn résumé captivant fournissant un bref aperçu précis du script, engageant les utilisateurs et attisant leur intérêt.

Takeaways

  • 🤖 Le Sentence Transformer est un cadre Python pour obtenir des embeddings de pointe pour des phrases, textes et images.
  • 🔢 Les embeddings transforment des données textuelles ou visuelles en nombres que les modèles d'apprentissage automatique peuvent comprendre.
  • 🛠 Il existe plusieurs méthodes pour encoder des données textuelles en nombres, comme TF-IDF, Count Vectorizer et Word2Vec.
  • 📊 Un Sentence Transformer utilise des réseaux siamois pour générer des embeddings à partir de paires de phrases.
  • 🤔 Les embeddings sont généralement de taille 100x768, représentant la longueur maximale de la séquence par la dimension de l'embedding.
  • 🏊‍♂️ Le pooling moyen est utilisé pour réduire la dimensionnalité des embeddings et obtenir un output agrégé.
  • 🛠 Pour entraîner un Sentence Transformer, il faut optimiser les poids du modèle en fonction de la similarité des phrases d'entrée.
  • 📚 Utiliser un Sentence Transformer pré-entraîné permet de convertir facilement des textes en embeddings pour diverses tâches NLP.
  • 🔧 Pour entraîner son propre Sentence Transformer, il est nécessaire de disposer d'un ensemble de données de paires de phrases similaires.
  • 🔄 Les embeddings générés par un modèle personnalisé peuvent différer de ceux d'un modèle pré-entraîné, offrant une adaptabilité aux tâches spécifiques.

Q & A

  • Qu'est-ce qu'un Sentence Transformer ?

    -Un Sentence Transformer est un framework Python conçu pour fournir des embeddings de pointe pour les phrases, le texte et les images, permettant de convertir ces données en nombres que les modèles de machine learning peuvent comprendre.

  • Pourquoi avons-nous besoin de transformer les phrases en embeddings ?

    -Nous avons besoin de transformer les phrases en embeddings car les modèles de machine learning ne peuvent pas traiter directement les données textuelles ou les images. Les embeddings convertissent ces données en nombres, rendant possible leur traitement par ces modèles.

  • Quels sont les différents types d'embeddings disponibles ?

    -Il existe plusieurs types d'embeddings, notamment TF-IDF, Count Vectorizer, Word2Vec, et des vectorisateurs de phrases. Ces méthodes permettent de coder les données textuelles en formats numériques.

  • Comment fonctionne l'entraînement d'un Sentence Transformer ?

    -L'entraînement d'un Sentence Transformer utilise un réseau siamois avec deux modèles BERT, en passant des paires de phrases à ces modèles pour générer des embeddings. Ces embeddings sont ensuite soumis à un processus de pooling et optimisés pour rapprocher les scores des phrases similaires.

  • Quelle est la taille typique des embeddings générés par un Sentence Transformer ?

    -La taille typique des embeddings générés par un Sentence Transformer est de 768 dimensions, bien que cela puisse varier en fonction de la configuration spécifique du modèle.

  • Comment peut-on utiliser un Sentence Transformer pré-entraîné ?

    -Pour utiliser un Sentence Transformer pré-entraîné, il suffit d'installer le framework, télécharger un modèle pré-entraîné et passer des phrases au modèle pour obtenir leurs embeddings, qui peuvent ensuite être utilisés pour diverses tâches de NLP.

  • Quels sont les avantages de l'utilisation de Sentence Transformers pour les embeddings ?

    -Les avantages incluent la capacité de gérer des données textuelles complexes, fournir des représentations riches et nuancées des données d'entrée, et améliorer les performances des modèles de machine learning sur diverses tâches de NLP.

  • Peut-on entraîner son propre Sentence Transformer ?

    -Oui, il est possible d'entraîner son propre Sentence Transformer à partir de zéro en utilisant des paires de phrases similaires comme données d'entraînement, ce qui sera couvert plus en détail dans une discussion future.

  • Quel est le processus pour obtenir les embeddings à partir d'un modèle Sentence Transformer ?

    -Le processus implique de passer des phrases au modèle Sentence Transformer à l'aide de la méthode 'encode', qui retourne les embeddings correspondants pour chaque phrase.

  • Comment les embeddings de Sentence Transformer sont-ils utilisés dans des tâches downstream ?

    -Les embeddings de Sentence Transformer peuvent être utilisés dans des tâches downstream telles que l'analyse de sentiments, la classification, la régression, et bien d'autres, en fournissant une représentation numérique riche pour l'entrée textuelle.

Outlines

00:00

📘 Introduction aux Sentence Transformers

Ce segment introduit les Sentence Transformers, expliquant leur utilité en tant que cadre Python pour générer des embeddings de pointe pour des phrases, textes et images. L'explication commence par définir ce que sont les embeddings, nécessaires pour convertir des données textuelles ou visuelles en numériques afin de les rendre compréhensibles pour les modèles d'apprentissage automatique. Plusieurs types d'embeddings sont brièvement mentionnés, tels que TF-IDF, Count Vectorizer, Word2Vec, et Sentence Vectorizer, pour illustrer différentes méthodes de conversion du texte en nombres. L'accent est mis sur la profondeur de l'explication plutôt que sur la largeur des applications possibles des Sentence Transformers.

05:01

🔍 Formation d'un Sentence Transformer

Dans cette partie, le processus de formation d'un Sentence Transformer est décrit en détail. Il est expliqué que contrairement aux méthodes traditionnelles, la formation implique l'utilisation d'un réseau basé sur Siamese avec des paires de phrases fournies à deux modèles BERT distincts pour générer des embeddings. La taille standard des embeddings est discutée, avec un focus sur le processus de pooling pour condenser les embeddings en une sortie moyenne utilisée pour comparer la similarité des phrases. Cette section met en lumière le mécanisme derrière la formation des modèles en utilisant des exemples concrets pour faciliter la compréhension.

10:01

🚀 Utilisation et Formation Personnalisée des Sentence Transformers

Ce dernier segment aborde la manière d'utiliser les Sentence Transformers pré-entraînés pour convertir les phrases en embeddings, et comment ces embeddings peuvent être utilisés dans diverses tâches de traitement de langage naturel telles que l'analyse de sentiments et la classification. L'installation du package nécessaire et l'exemple d'encodage de phrases sont présentés pour illustrer le processus. Ensuite, la discussion se tourne vers la formation personnalisée de Sentence Transformers à l'aide de jeux de données de paires de phrases similaires, soulignant la flexibilité et l'adaptabilité des modèles pour des besoins spécifiques. La vidéo se termine sur une invitation aux spectateurs à suggérer des sujets pour de futures discussions, soulignant l'engagement envers l'éducation et le partage de connaissances.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡embeddings

Les embeddings sont une technique pour convertir des données textuelles en vecteurs numériques qui peuvent être compris par les modèles d'apprentissage automatique. La vidéo explique que les modèles de transformers comme SentenceTransformer génèrent des embeddings pour les phrases et les textes qui capturent leur sens.

💡modèle pré-entraîné

Un modèle pré-entraîné est un modèle de transformer comme SentenceTransformer qui a déjà été entraîné sur un grand ensemble de données et peut générer des embeddings sans entraînement supplémentaire. La vidéo montre comment utiliser ces modèles pré-entraînés.

💡phrase

La vidéo utilise des paires de phrases comme données d'entraînement pour le modèle SentenceTransformer. L'objectif est de générer des embeddings similaires pour des phrases avec des sens similaires.

💡réseau siamois

L'architecture SentenceTransformer utilise deux réseaux identiques (siamois) pour encoder chaque phrase dans la paire d'entrée. Cela permet de comparer les embeddings générés et d'optimiser le modèle.

💡similitude

La fonction de coût (loss) pour l'entraînement maximise la similitude des embeddings pour des paires de phrases similaires, et la minimise pour des phrases différentes. Cela apprend au modèle à capturer la sémantique.

💡classification

La vidéo mentionne que les embeddings générés par SentenceTransformer peuvent être utilisés pour des tâches en aval comme la classification de texte, l'analyse de sentiments, etc.

💡régression

Outre la classification, la régression (prédiction numérique) est une autre tâche possible avec les embeddings SentenceTransformer.

💡pooling

Une couche de pooling prend la moyenne des embeddings de tokens pour générer un vecteur fixe pour la phrase entière. Cela est nécessaire pour comparer des phrases de longueurs différentes.

💡dimension

La vidéo utilise l'exemple d'embeddings de 768 dimensions générés par BERT. La dimension détermine la quantité d'informations capturées.

💡entraînement

La vidéo couvre l'entraînement d'un modèle SentenceTransformer personnalisé sur de nouvelles données, pour générer des embeddings spécifiques à une tâche.

Highlights

Sentence transformer is a Python framework for state-of-the-art sentence, text and image embeddings.

Embeddings convert textual data, images or sentences into numbers that machine learning models can understand.

Sentence transformer uses a siamese network architecture with two BERT models.

Sentences are passed to the BERT models to generate embeddings.

If sentences are similar, a close score is given. If dissimilar, a 0 score is given.

The model is optimized to understand similarity and dissimilarity between sentences.

Pooling takes the average of the embeddings to create a pooled output vector.

To use sentence transformers, install with pip and load a pre-trained model.

Pass sentences to the model to encode them into embeddings.

Use embeddings for downstream NLP tasks like classification and sentiment analysis.

Can create custom sentence transformer model trained on similar sentence pairs.

Custom model creates different embeddings compared to pre-trained models.

Want to cover training custom model in next video.

Let me know in comments if you want other NLP topics covered.

See you in next video!

Transcripts

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today uh we will be talking about

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sentence transformer

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so

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what is the sentence transformer how it

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works

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why we need to have a sentence

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transformer

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all the things we will try to see in

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today's discussion

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so stay

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focused because

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this is the first time

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that

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i'm going to cover this and i will go a

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bit in detail i don't want to cover the

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breath

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but i want to focus more on the depth

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part

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so we will see

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how it works as well as how to train a

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sentence transformer for your own use

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how can we use pre-trained sentence

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transformer all the things we will try

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to cover in this

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video

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so

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let's start with the with the first

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thing first

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what is a sentence transformer

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so by definition if you will see a

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sentence transformer is a python

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framework we know what is the framework

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right we will try to

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we will try to go in detail

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in whatever we are saying okay it's a

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python framework

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for state of the art sentence text and

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image embeddings

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to

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embed our

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sentences text or images we use this

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framework

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but

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then the next question comes what is the

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embedding

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because a term came here as embeddings

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what is the embedding so you might be

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aware that

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to train any machine learning model we

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can't directly feed

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the textual data or images

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or

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or

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your sentences to it

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you have to convert these textual data

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images or sentences

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into some type of numbers that a model

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can understand

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any machine learning model

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will work only on numbers

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so once you convert that textual data to

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numbers then you can feed it to the

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model

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so that's why we need to come up with

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there are multiple techniques how you

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can encode your data

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from

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text to

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[Music]

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embeddings text to different formats

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text to numbers you can see

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so embedding

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is coming from there so basically you

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want to translate your textual

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information into some type of numbers

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you can consider it this way

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now the next question is

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what are the different types of

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embeddings that we have

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we are actually having multiple types of

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embeddings if you will try to think and

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type

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in a textual domain

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in nlp

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so one is the

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kind of i don't want to go much in

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detail but uh

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to understand it

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uh

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based on like this is the example that

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we are having

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sentence was he goes to school

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okay this sentence we can't directly

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feed to the model then we have to

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convert this sentence into some

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embeddings

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there are embeddings like tf idf

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vectorization count vectorizer

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or word to whack

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or sentence vectorizer like we are

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we are coming to that

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so there are multiple ways we can encode

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it

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so but the easiest way

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could be

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like we want to represent it in some

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kind of vector format

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now

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so we we got it clearly right so

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sentence transformer is nothing but it's

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a kind of

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python framework that will give us

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the state of the art sentence text or

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image embeddings okay

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now the next question that comes to our

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mind

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is basically

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how to train a sentence transformer

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so training the sentence transformer is

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different

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from our traditional uh

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way of dealing the things

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so let's go to the paper where they

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mention that how to train a sentence

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transformer let me quickly go to the

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paper

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so here

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as you can see

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we will be passing

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pair of sentences to the model

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so it's a siamese based network

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we will be having two but models

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we will pass sentence a and sentence b

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to these models

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what once we will pass these

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these sentences to these models they

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will generate embeddings

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okay

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if our maximum

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length

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in this case is

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let's take for example 100

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then the embedding size

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will be 100 cross 768 if we consider the

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768 embeddings okay

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but usually gives us the 768 embeddings

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so we will be getting 100 cross 768

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embeddings out of it

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here also we will be getting 100 cross

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768 but the next question that you can

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ask is basically

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if

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the sentence size

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is of two tokens or three tokens

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so what will be the embedding size in

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that case so again it will be 100 cross

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768 because you have mentioned

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that your maximum sequence length is 768

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right so whenever you will not be having

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any tokens it will consider them as zero

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whenever you will be having some tokens

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we will be having embeddings related to

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that

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clear

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now once we have 100 crores 768

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embeddings here 100 quotes

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768 embeddings here we will apply

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pooling on top of that

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pooling is nothing but it's just

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will take the average of that embeddings

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for example let's let's come back here

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and try to understand it in more detail

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for example we are having a sentence

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he

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goes

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to

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school

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okay

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whatever birth model will do it will

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give us

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embeddings related to this he

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okay so let's take an example rather

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than

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giving 768 embeddings for simplicity i'm

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taking

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embedding as

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five

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uh dimension embeddings or three

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dimension embedding for

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simplicity so it will be something like

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one two one one two three

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four goes also he goes to school it will

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try to give it will first organize and

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then give us the embedding so let's say

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some two three and four

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similarly for two

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it will give him bearings as

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to five and

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six

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for school also

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embeddings like

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six seven and eight

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so

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the final size of these embeddings will

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be if we are considering maximum

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sequence length as 4

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then it will be of size 4

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uh

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4

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cross 5

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right

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right

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in the pooling layer

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what we do in the pooling

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we have different type of pooling like

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mint pooling max pooling or average

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pooling we generally take

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average pooling in case of sentence

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transformer

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so we take this dimension

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take the average of it so 2 plus 1 3

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plus 2

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5 plus 6

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so it will be 6 by

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6

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by 4

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6 by 4

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11 by four sorry

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eleven by four and then

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seventeen by four

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then your

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twenty one by 4

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this will be your pooled output we used

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to call it pooled output so what will be

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the dimension of this one this pooled

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output

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the dimension will be

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1 by

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3

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sorry here also we will be having

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4 cross 3

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so you are just taking all the

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dimensions

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zero dimension one dimension two

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dimension and taking the average of it

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and this will be our pooled output

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okay let's back to the paper go back to

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the paper that we were discussing

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then we will be having this pooled

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output as u vector and v vector

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then what we do we try to optimize it

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based on

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the kind of loss function that we are

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choosing but

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but consider it this way that if both

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the sentences are pretty much similar

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then we will give a closer score

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okay in that case

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what will happen that

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this score will be one

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if both the sentences are dissimilar we

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will give it as a zero

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and we will try to optimize the weights

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of these bird models

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based on that

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okay

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so it will try to understand that these

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two sentences are similar and these two

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sentences are dissimilar that's what we

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are going to train this model on

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okay

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i hope that is clear

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now that part is clear how can we train

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the sentence transformer

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now let's go to the next part

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that is basically how to use a sentence

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transformer what we need to do

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to use a sentence transformer

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so to use a sentence transformer we

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first

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we need to understand where we can use

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it

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second

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uh how can we basically

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train our own sentence transformer

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okay to use a sentence transformer

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we let me go to the

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notebook here

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you have to

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install it

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so you can simply do pip install

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nsu sentence transformer and it will

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install it for you

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now

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from the sentence transformers library

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you can

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take a pre-trained model that model like

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i just discussed was also

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been trained

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on similar sentences pairs

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okay and they have put it here in

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sentence transformer

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you can check it from hugging page also

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okay

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once the model is downloaded

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then

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we will be passing some sentences to

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these models

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sentence a sentence b sentence c and

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what this model will give us it will

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give us the embeddings related to these

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particular sentences

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okay

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so if we'll just model dot we'll do

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model dot in code and pass all the

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sentences then we will get the

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embeddings

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and those embeddings we can see sentence

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by sentence okay

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so for example

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this was our first sentence this

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framework generate embeddings for each

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input sentence

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and the embedding that we are getting is

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this one what will be the size of

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embedding the size of embedding will be

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768

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correct

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yeah then we can go to the next sentence

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this is my next sentence

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and this is the embedding that it will

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be generating

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okay so whenever you try to

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convert a particular text

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a paragraph

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or any kind of

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textual information

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then you can use these kind of

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pre-trained models to convert it into

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embeddings and feed it to your model to

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further

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downstream tasks like sentiment analysis

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like

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classification

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regression anything you want to do

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okay

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so i hope that is clear how can we use a

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pre-trained model

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now

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the next thing is basically how can we

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the next thing is basically how can

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we train our own sentence transformer

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so for that we used to

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have some similar

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sentences pairs data set available

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and we can directly train

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a model sentence transformer model from

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scratch we will try to cover that part

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in the next

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discussion

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also uh we will try to cover that um

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taking some simple data

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how can we train our

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sentence transformer model

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and

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how the embeddings will be different

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from the pre-trained models once

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okay

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so i hope you like the video if you like

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it just

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mention in the comment if there is any

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topic that you want me to cover in

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[Music]

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text or nlp then definitely let me know

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thanks thanks for your time

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see you in the next video bye

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