SEL 3 (Transport Zat Melalui Membran Sel)

Summary

This educational Indonesian biology lesson delves into the intricate mechanisms of cellular transport across the plasma membrane. It explains the vital role of transport in maintaining life, including the exchange of nutrients, gases, and ions, and the removal of metabolic waste. The lesson distinguishes between passive transport, facilitated by concentration gradients, and active transport, which requires energy. It also covers osmosis, ion pumps, cotransport, and the cellular processes of exocytosis and endocytosis, providing a comprehensive overview of how cells manage their internal and external environments.

Takeaways

• 😀 The lesson is focused on the biological concept of cell membranes, specifically the third part about transport mechanisms through the plasma membrane.
• 🔬 The main purpose of transport through the plasma membrane is to bring in nutrients and facilitate the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as to regulate the concentration of ions and waste products of metabolism.
• 🌟 There are two types of transport across the plasma membrane: passive and active transport. Passive transport does not require energy and occurs due to concentration differences.
• 💧 Passive transport includes diffusion, facilitated diffusion through specific protein channels, and osmosis, which is the movement of water from a lower to a higher solute concentration.
• 🔋 Active transport, on the other hand, moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy in the form of ATP. It includes processes like the sodium-potassium pump and co-transport.
• 🚰 Osmosis is a type of passive transport that specifically refers to the movement of solvent molecules, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to one of higher solute concentration.
• 🔄 The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport that exchanges sodium ions out of the cell for potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the ionic balance necessary for cellular function.
• 🔄 Co-transport is a form of active transport where the movement of one substance is coupled with the movement of another, often requiring the same energy source, such as ATP.
• 📦 Exocytosis and endocytosis are processes where large particles or molecules are transported across the plasma membrane through vesicles, involving the fusion or invagination of the membrane.
• 🔬 Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a specific type of endocytosis where specific molecules bind to receptors on the cell surface, leading to the formation of vesicles that transport these molecules into the cell.
• 🌱 The lesson concludes with a transition to the next topic, which will be about plant tissues, indicating a continuation of the biological study in subsequent lessons.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the biology lesson discussed in the script?

The main topic of the biology lesson is the study of cells, specifically focusing on the third part about the mechanisms of transport through the plasma membrane.

Why is transport through the plasma membrane essential for living organisms?

Transport through the plasma membrane is essential as it allows for the entry of nutrients and the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as the regulation of ion concentrations and the removal of metabolic waste, thus maintaining the cell's functionality and stability.

What are the two main types of transport mechanisms through the plasma membrane mentioned in the script?

The two main types of transport mechanisms through the plasma membrane are passive transport and active transport.

Can you explain what is meant by passive transport in the context of the script?

Passive transport refers to the movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of energy, occurring due to a concentration gradient. It includes processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

What is diffusion and how does it relate to the script's discussion on passive transport?

Diffusion is the process where molecules, particles, ions, or gases move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. In the script, it is mentioned as part of passive transport, with examples such as the spreading of perfume in a room.

What is facilitated diffusion and how does it differ from simple diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that involves the movement of large molecules through specific protein channels or transport proteins in the plasma membrane. Unlike simple diffusion, it aids the movement of larger molecules that cannot directly pass through the membrane.

What is osmosis and why is it considered a type of diffusion?

Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules, typically water, from an area of lower solute concentration (hypotonic) to an area of higher solute concentration (hypertonic) across a semipermeable membrane. It is considered a type of diffusion because it involves the movement from a region of higher solvent concentration to one of lower concentration.

What is active transport and how does it differ from passive transport?

Active transport is the movement of substances across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient, from a lower to a higher concentration, and it requires energy in the form of ATP. Unlike passive transport, active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient and requires energy.

Can you give an example of active transport mentioned in the script?

An example of active transport mentioned in the script is the sodium-potassium pump, which uses ATP to exchange sodium ions out of the cell for potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the ion concentration differences across the plasma membrane.

What are the other types of active transport mentioned in the script besides the sodium-potassium pump?

Besides the sodium-potassium pump, the script also mentions cotransport (or secondary active transport) and antiport as types of active transport, where two different substances are moved across the membrane simultaneously, often with one being transported against its concentration gradient.

What are exocytosis and endocytosis, and how do they relate to the script's discussion on active transport of large molecules?

Exocytosis and endocytosis are processes of active transport of large molecules or particles. Exocytosis involves vesicles containing macromolecules fusing with the plasma membrane to expel substances outside the cell, while endocytosis involves the cell engulfing large molecules through the plasma membrane, such as during phagocytosis or pinocytosis.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Cell Biology and Membrane Transport

The script begins with a greeting and an introduction to a biology lesson focusing on cells, specifically the third part of the cell lesson. It delves into the mechanisms of transport through the plasma membrane, which is crucial for the life processes of organisms. The plasma membrane acts as a gateway for the exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products. The lesson explains the importance of maintaining the concentration of organic ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride, and the role of the membrane in regulating pH and waste removal. Two types of transport are discussed: passive transport, which does not require energy and occurs due to concentration differences, and active transport, which moves substances against the concentration gradient and requires energy.

05:00

🔄 Passive and Facilitated Diffusion Explained

This paragraph elaborates on passive transport, which includes processes like diffusion, where substances move from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. An example of everyday diffusion is the spreading of perfume scent in a room. The script also covers facilitated diffusion, which is aided by specific proteins to form channels or transport proteins, allowing larger molecules to enter or exit the cell. Osmosis is introduced as the movement of water from a hypotonic solution (low solute concentration) to a hypertonic solution (high solute concentration) through a selectively permeable membrane, exemplified by the dilution of syrup in water.

10:02

🔌 Active Transport and its Mechanisms

The script explains active transport as the movement of substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, which requires energy in the form of ATP. It discusses various types of active transport, including ion pumps that exchange ions across the cell membrane using ATP as an energy source, such as the sodium-potassium pump. Cotransport, where the movement of one substance triggers the movement of another, is also covered, with examples like the proton pump that facilitates sucrose transport in plant cells. The paragraph concludes with an explanation of antiport, where one substance is transported into the cell while another is transported out.

15:05

🚀 Advanced Cellular Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

This section delves into more complex forms of active transport, namely endocytosis and exocytosis. Endocytosis involves the cell membrane engulfing large molecules or fluids, allowing them to enter the cell, and includes processes like phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis is the act of a cell engulfing solid particles, while pinocytosis involves the cell 'drinking' fluids. Exocytosis is the process by which vesicles containing macromolecules from the Golgi body fuse with the plasma membrane to expel products outside the cell, such as hormones or enzymes. The paragraph also touches on the role of receptors on the cell membrane in signal transduction and the formation of vesicles.

20:10

🎉 Conclusion and Upcoming Lessons

The final paragraph serves as a conclusion to the lesson on cell biology, summarizing the key points covered and expressing gratitude for the audience's attention. It hints at the continuation of the subject matter in the next lesson, which will focus on plant tissues. The script ends with a note of thanks and an invitation to continue learning, possibly with a reference to the next topic or a general sign-off.

Keywords

💡Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development, and evolution. In the video, biology is the overarching subject, with a specific focus on cells, which are the basic units of life.

💡Cell Membrane

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a selectively permeable barrier that surrounds a cell and controls the movement of substances in and out. In the video, the cell membrane is central to the discussion of transport mechanisms, which are essential for maintaining the cell's internal environment.

💡Transport Mechanisms

Transport mechanisms refer to the processes by which substances are moved across the cell membrane. These mechanisms are crucial for the cell's survival and include both passive and active transport. In the video, the script delves into how these mechanisms facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products.

💡Passive Transport

Passive transport is the movement of substances across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy, driven by a concentration gradient. It includes processes like diffusion and facilitated diffusion. In the script, passive transport is exemplified by the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the facilitated diffusion of glucose and amino acids.

💡Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. The script uses the example of perfume spreading in a room to illustrate the concept of diffusion within the context of cellular processes.

💡Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration (hypotonic) to an area of higher solute concentration (hypertonic). The video script explains osmosis as a form of diffusion of water and its importance in maintaining cell shape and function.

💡Active Transport

Active transport is the movement of substances against their concentration gradient, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy in the form of ATP. The script mentions active transport as a mechanism that allows cells to maintain necessary ion concentrations and remove waste.

💡Ion Pumps

Ion pumps are proteins that use energy from ATP to move ions across the cell membrane, often against their concentration gradient. The script specifically discusses the sodium-potassium pump, which is vital for creating the electrochemical gradient necessary for nerve impulse transmission.

💡Cotransport

Cotransport, or secondary active transport, is a process where one substance is transported against its concentration gradient while another substance is transported down its gradient, using the energy released from the latter's movement. The script mentions proton pumps as an example of cotransport, which facilitate the movement of sucrose into plant cells.

💡Endocytosis

Endocytosis is a cellular process where substances are brought into the cell by engulfing them with the cell membrane, forming a vesicle. The script describes endocytosis as a method for large molecules to enter the cell, including processes like pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

💡Exocytosis

Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel large molecules or particles by enclosing them in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane. The script explains exocytosis as a means for cells to release substances such as hormones or enzymes.

Highlights

The lesson focuses on the third part of cell biology, specifically the transport mechanisms through the plasma membrane.

Cells interact with their environment and each other to sustain life, necessitating transport processes through the membrane.

The plasma membrane acts as a gateway for the entry and exit of substances, facilitating cell function.

Transport mechanisms include the intake of nutrients and the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Ion concentration regulation is crucial for maintaining the cell's internal environment, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride.

Waste products of metabolism and maintaining pH stability are part of the cell's transport functions.

There are two types of transport through the plasma membrane: passive and active transport.

Passive transport does not require energy and occurs due to concentration differences.

Diffusion is a type of passive transport where substances move from high to low concentration.

Facilitated diffusion involves specific proteins that assist in the transport of larger molecules, such as glucose and amino acids.

Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, requiring energy in the form of ATP.

Ion pumps, such as sodium-potassium pumps, are an example of active transport requiring ATP.

Cotransport and antiport are types of active transport involving the movement of two different substances across the membrane.

Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport processes involving large particles or molecules and the folding of the plasma membrane.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process where specific receptors on the plasma membrane bind to and internalize extracellular substances.

The lesson concludes with a discussion on the practical applications and further exploration of cell transport mechanisms in plant tissues.

Transcripts

di Indonesia semangat pagi buat anak

kami sekalian salam sejahtera pada hari

ini kita kembali berjumpa dalam

pelajaran biologi tepatnya di bagian sel

yang ketiga atau yang terakhir dari

pelajaran sel baik adapun yang kita

bahas pada sel yang ketiga ini khusus

mempelajari bagaimana mekanisme transpor

melalui membran plasma oke nah ya atau

sekarang kita perhatikan penjelasan

berikut nah perhatikanlah mekanisme

transpor melalui membran plasma kita

tahu bahwa makhluk hidup terdiri dari

banyak sel-sel akan berinteraksi dengan

selain bahkan berinteraksi dengan

lingkungannya untuk kelangsungan

hidupnya maka perlu melakukan proses

transpor melalui membran karena membran

merupakan pintu masuk maupun keluar

Ajat nah Bagaimanakah tujuannya

tujuannya adalah memasukkan nutrien

berupa gula asam amino dan lain yang

dibutuhkan juga tempat pertukaran

oksigen CO2 melalui proses respirasi

mengatur konsentrasi ion Pan organik

dalam sel seperti natrium kalium kalsium

dan kloroform lalu membuang sisa

metabolisme seperti racun menjaga

kestabilan pH dan menjaga konsentrasi

jam untuk kerjaan transportasi zat

melalui membran plasma ada dua macam

yang pertama transportasi pasif yaitu

transportasi pasif ia melalui membran

tidak membutuhkan energi transportasi

pasif ini terjadi karena ada perbedaan

konsentrasi antara dalam sel-sel

diluar sel transportasi pasif meliputi

beberapa jenis yang ha adalah difusi

difusi berupa proses pergerakan zat baik

itu molekul partikel ion gas maupun

cairan dari konsentrasi tinggi ke

konsentrasi rendah sehingga terjadi

keseimbangan nah dalam kehidupan

sehari-hari contoh difusi ini seperti

bila kita menyemprotkan parfum maka

ruangan itu akan menjadi harum artinya

terjadi penyebaran zat dari konsentrasi

tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah sehingga

terjadilah keseimbangan dalam ruangan

namun di dalam sel contohnya adalah

pertukaran oksigen dengan co2 setelah

jam makan transportasi pasif perhatikan

ilustrasi gambar berikut

Hai sirup dimasukkan ke dalam air tidak

beberapa lama terjadi penyebaran zat

atau proses difusi terjadi maka terjadi

keseimbangan air dan sirup Nah masih

transportasi pasif yang by difusi

dipermudah difusi dipermudah berupa

transportasi jalan yang dibantu oleh

protein spesifik membentuk saluran

protein dan protein transport nah yang

pertama melalui saluran protein molekul

besar masuk melalui saluran protein

integral seperti glukosa asam amino

kalium natrium dan klor molekul besar

ini Tentunya secara umum karena dia

molekul besar maka tidak bisa secara

langsung masuk ke dalam sel maka

diperlukan suatu

Hai ke saluran protein yang membantu

masuknya zat tersebut yang kedua melalui

protein transpor protein transport

bertindak sebagai alat transpor pada

transportasi pasif dan ini bersifat

secara spesifik terhadap zat dan tempat

pengikatan molekul yang diangkutnya

seperti difusi glukosa dan asam amino

nah perhatikanlah gambar yang di sebelah

kiri adalah difusi dipermudah dengan

saluran protein sedangkan yang sebelah

kanan adalah difusi dipermudah dengan

protein pembawa yang c adalah osmosis

disebut juga difusi air Kenapa disebut

difusi air karena difusi air

menggambarkan pergerakan air dari

konsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah

nah osmosis

ini adalah proses bergeraknya pelarut

atau air dari konsentrasi rendah disebut

istilah hipotonik ke konsentrasi tinggi

atau disebut hipertonik coba perhatikan

wadah yang di sebelah kiri tentu ada

perbedaan zat kalau di sebelah kiri

wadah tentunya seperti uh adalah

konsentrasi rendah sedangkan di sebelah

kanan konsentrasi tinggi dibatasi oleh

selaput semipermiabel setelah beberapa

saat terjadi perubahan dimana air dari

konsentrasi rendah bergerak ke

konsentrasi tinggi tampak terlihat

permukaan airnya Mengalami penurunan

sementara yang di konsentrasi tinggi

mengalami kenaikan kadar air itu

Hai yang disebut dengan osmosis

transportasi zat melalui membran yang

kedua adalah transpor aktif transfer

aktif adalah transpor Jan melalui

membran dengan cara melawan gradien

konsentrasi yaitu dari konsentrasi

rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi sehingga

memerlukan energi kimia yang disebut

dengan ADB atau adenosin trifosfat

transportasi aktif ini meliputi yang

a-pop action pompa ion adalah proses

yang melakukan pertukaran ion dari dalam

sel dengan ion diluar sel oleh protein

transport menggunakan sumber energi ATP

contohnya adalah pompa ion natrium dan

kalium Nah sekarang perhatikanlah gambar

berikut

dia menjelaskan transportasi ion secara

pompa ion natrium dan kalium pada

membran sel dilengkapi dengan fosfolipid

bilayer protein integral yang membentuk

saluran protein di dalam membran sel

kandungan natrium dan kalium memiliki

jumlah yang berbeda dibandingkan di luar

sel di dalam sel terdapat kandungan

kalium lebih besar dibandingkan natrium

sedangkan diluar sel justru natrium

lebih besar dibandingkan kalium

transportasi aktifnya dengan cara pompa

ion adalah dengan cara melawan gradien

perhatikanlah bahwa didalam sel

kandungan natrium lebih sedikit

Hai maka akan bergerak ke konsentrasi

yang lebih tinggi atau dengan cara

melawan gradien agar ini bisa terjadi

maka dibutuhkanlah ATP untuk mendorong

natrium keluar dari dalam sel pada saat

keluarnya natrium ke luar sel maka akan

diganti oleh kalium atau kata lain masuk

ke dalam sel melalui protein transport

sehingga kalium akan masuk ke dalam

membrane sel dan selanjutnya

menyumbangkan fosfat untuk menggenapi

HDP yang sudah terurai dari ATP maka

terbentuk kembali ATP dan akan digunakan

dalam proses yang sama demikianlah

transportasi aktif dengan cara pompa ion

natrium dan kalium nah Di manakah contoh

ini terjadi seperti misalnya di sel

nah kemudian pada saluran nefron yaitu

bagian tubulus proksimal dan juga di

lengkung henle Nah sekarang transpor

aktif yang kedua atau yang B yaitu

cotransport kotranspor adalah

transportasi aktif dari zat tertentu

yang dapat menginisiasi transport jam

terlarut lainnya transportasi ini

dilakukan oleh dua protein transpor

dengan energi atau ADB nah contohnya

adalah pompa Proton H positif yang

menggerakkan transpor sukrosa pada sel

tumbuhan artinya H positif yang berasal

dari dalam sel akan keluar melalui

protein transpor yang akan menjemput

sukrosa dari luar sel sehingga

membawanya kembali ke dalam

sukrosa ini pun akan dikirim ke bagian

tumbuhan yang membutuhkannya nah

perhatikanlah gambar pada membran sel

Universe adalah proses masuknya zat dari

luar sel menuju ke dalam sel sedangkan

yang simphor ada dua zat yang berbeda

masuk bersamaan melalui protein

transport sedangkan antipor adalah

protein transpor yang mengeluarkan suatu

zat untuk membawa zat yang berasal dari

luar sel masuk ke dalam sel nah yang

termasuk dengan cotransport adalah

simbol dan antiport transpor aktif yang

ketiga atau bagian c adalah eksositosis

dan endositosis

Hai transportasi aktif ini adalah

transpor partikel atau molekul besar

melalui Flytrap lipatan membran plasma

yaitu ada eksositosis dan ada

endositosis eksositosis berupa vesikula

berisi makromolekul yang berasal dari

badan golgi bergabung dengan membran

plasma untuk mengeluarkan produk dari

badan golgi di celah seperti pengeluaran

rejim maupun hormon sedangkan

endositosis makromolekul yang

dikelilingi membran plasma sehingga

memungkinkan masuk ke dalam sel ini bisa

terjadi melalui proses fagositosis yaitu

peristiwa sel menelan partikel padat

seperti halnya yang dilakukan oleh sel

darah putih

Hai pinositosis adalah proses membrane

sel menelan fluida atau cairan dari kata

Pinem yang artinya minum selain

eksositosis dan endositosis ada juga

perantara reseptor fluida ekstraseluler

terikat pada reseptor spesifik yang

berkumpul pada membran plasma sehingga

terbentuk vesikula nah Perhatikan gambar

yang di sebelah kanan dimana proses

endositosis melalui perantara sektor

terlihat pada permukaan membran terdapat

reseptor berupa glikoprotein maupun

glikolipid yang berperan sebagai

penerima sinyal terhadap benda atau

partikel dari luar untuk mengumpulkan

partikel tersebut dan berkemampuan

melekuk agar terbentuk vakuola akhirnya

Hai partikel yang berada dari luar akan

masuk ke dalam sampai kalau gambarnya

sebelah kiri peristiwa fagositosis dan

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