Y1 2) Production Possibility Curves - PPCs / PPFs

EconplusDal
28 Nov 201714:35

Summary

TLDREl script explora las curvas de posibilidades de producción (PPF), una herramienta esencial en economía para ilustrar la escasez y las elecciones. Se explica cómo las PPF pueden mostrar la producción máxima de bienes y servicios con recursos fijos, y cómo estas curvas concavas representan el principio del coste de oportunidad creciente. Además, se discuten los tipos de eficiencia: productiva, alocativa y pareto, y se presentan estrategias para aumentar la producción, como mejorar el uso de los factores de producción, reasignarlos o cambiar la curva PPF a través de la mejora en la cantidad y calidad de estos.

Takeaways

  • 📈 La curva de posibilidades de producción (PPF) es una herramienta útil para ilustrar la escasez y las elecciones en economía, tanto desde una perspectiva micro como macro.
  • 🔍 En el nivel micro, la PPF muestra la producción máxima posible de dos bienes o servicios con un nivel dado de factores de producción, y las distintas combinaciones de estos.
  • 🌐 En el nivel macro, la PPF indica la producción máxima de todos los bienes y servicios que se pueden producir con los factores de producción en la economía.
  • 🔄 La forma de la PPF revela el costo de oportunidad de producir bienes y servicios; una curva cóncava indica el principio del costo de oportunidad creciente.
  • 📊 Una PPF lineal ilustra un costo de oportunidad constante, mientras que una PPF cóncava representa un costo de oportunidad creciente.
  • 🛠️ Hay tres tipos de eficiencia en la PPF: productiva, alocativa y pareto. Cada punto en la curva es productivamente eficiente.
  • 🚫 Cualquier punto dentro de la curva es productivamente ineficiente, lo que puede representar el desempleo de factores de producción.
  • ❓ La eficiencia alocativa no se puede determinar solo con una PPF, ya que depende de la demanda de los consumidores.
  • 👥 La eficiencia pareto se logra cuando no se puede mejorar la situación de alguien sin empeorar la de otro; cualquier punto en la curva es pareto eficiente.
  • 📚 Para aumentar la producción en una PPF, se pueden mejorar los factores de producción, reasignarlos o incluso desplazar la curva de PPF.
  • 🔄 El desplazamiento de la curva de PPF puede ocurrir de manera que favorezca la producción de un bien sobre otro, dependiendo de mejoras específicas en los factores de producción.

Q & A

  • ¿Qué son las curvas de posibilidad de producción o fronteras de posibilidad de producción?

    -Las curvas de posibilidad de producción, también conocidas como fronteras de posibilidad de producción, son herramientas útiles en economía para ilustrar las ideas de escasez y elección. Muestran las distintas combinaciones de dos bienes o servicios que se pueden producir con un nivel dado de factores de producción.

  • ¿Cómo se muestran las fronteras de posibilidad de producción a nivel micro y macro?

    -A nivel micro, la curva muestra la producción máxima posible de dos bienes o servicios específicos con un nivel dado de factores de producción. A nivel macro, la curva representa la producción máxima posible de todos los bienes y servicios en la economía con los factores de producción disponibles.

  • ¿Qué concepto económico se ilustra a través de la forma de la curva de posibilidad de producción?

    -La forma de la curva de posibilidad de producción ilustra el concepto de costo opuesto, que sigue la ley del costo opuesto creciente, lo que significa que a medida que se produce más de un bien o servicio, se debe renunciar a más unidades del otro bien o servicio.

  • ¿Cómo se puede demostrar el costo opuesto en una curva de posibilidad de producción?

    -El costo opuesto se demuestra observando el cambio en la producción de un bien al aumentar la producción de otro. Por ejemplo, si una empresa pasa de producir 50 a 60 tabletas, y para eso tiene que reducir la producción de portátiles de 75 a 60, el costo opuesto de esa decisión es la pérdida de 15 portátiles.

  • ¿Qué tipos de eficiencia se pueden identificar en una curva de posibilidad de producción?

    -En una curva de posibilidad de producción se pueden identificar tres tipos de eficiencia: la eficiencia productiva, que se refiere a la utilización total de los factores de producción; la eficiencia alociativa, que depende de si lo producido satisface la demanda del consumidor; y la eficiencia de Pareto, donde no se puede mejorar la situación de alguien sin empeorar la de otro.

  • ¿Qué puntos de una curva de posibilidad de producción representan eficiencia productiva?

    -Cualquier punto en la curva de posibilidad de producción representa eficiencia productiva, ya que se están utilizando todos los factores de producción al máximo nivel posible sin desperdiciarlos.

  • ¿Cómo se puede aumentar la producción en una curva de posibilidad de producción?

    -La producción se puede aumentar mejorando la utilización de los factores de producción, reasignando los factores de producción para especializarse en la producción de un bien o servicio específico, o aumentando la cantidad y/o calidad de los factores de producción para desplazar la curva hacia adelante.

  • ¿Qué sucede si una empresa se encuentra en un punto dentro de la curva de posibilidad de producción?

    -Si una empresa se encuentra en un punto dentro de la curva, está en una situación de ineficiencia productiva, ya que no está maximizando el uso de sus factores de producción y hay desperdicio o paro de estos.

  • ¿Cómo se puede identificar si una producción es eficiente alocativamente?

    -La eficiencia alocativa no se puede determinar solo con una curva de posibilidad de producción, ya que depende de si lo producido satisface la demanda del consumidor. Se necesita conocer la demanda para evaluar la eficiencia alocativa.

  • ¿Qué significa la eficiencia de Pareto en el contexto de una curva de posibilidad de producción?

    -La eficiencia de Pareto significa que cualquier punto en la curva es un punto en el que no se puede mejorar la situación de alguien sin empeorar la de otro. Cualquier movimiento fuera de ese punto hará que alguien quede peor, lo que indica que no se puede reorganizar la producción de una manera que beneficie a todos sin perjudicar a alguien.

  • ¿Cómo se puede desplazar la curva de posibilidad de producción para aumentar la producción de un bien específico?

    -La curva de posibilidad de producción se puede desplazar mejorando la cantidad o calidad de los factores de producción que son específicos para la producción de ese bien. Por ejemplo, podría ser la adquisición de maquinaria nueva o la capacitación de los trabajadores para producir más eficientemente ese bien.

Outlines

00:00

📈 Curvas de Posibilidad de Producción

Esta sección del guion de video explica el concepto de las curvas de posibilidad de producción (PPF) desde una perspectiva micro y macroeconómica. Las PPF son herramientas importantes para ilustrar la escasez y las elecciones en economía. A nivel micro, muestran la producción máxima de dos bienes o servicios con un nivel dado de factores de producción, y a nivel macro, lo mismo pero para todos los bienes y servicios de la economía. La curva concava de la PPF ilustra el principio del costo oportuno creciente, que indica que cuanto más se produce de un bien, más se debe renunciar a otro. Se discute cómo se puede aumentar la producción mediante la realocación de recursos y la especialización en la producción de un bien, como los tabletas en el ejemplo dado.

05:01

📉 Costo Oportuno y Eficiencia en las PPF

En este párrafo se profundiza en el concepto de costo oportuno, mostrando cómo una curva de posibilidad de producción (PPF) concava revela el principio del costo oportuno creciente. Se ilustra con un ejemplo de una empresa que produce tabletas y portátiles, y cómo la decisión de aumentar la producción de tabletas conlleva a una mayor pérdida de producción de portátiles. Además, se introducen los tipos de eficiencia en las PPF: productiva, alocaiva y pareto, y se explica cómo se identifican en el gráfico, señalando que cualquier punto en la curva es productivamente eficiente, mientras que los puntos dentro de la curva representan una ineficiencia productiva.

10:01

🔄 Formas de Aumentar la Producción en una PPF

El tercer párrafo explora las diferentes maneras de aumentar la producción en una curva de posibilidad de producción (PPF). Se mencionan tres enfoques: mejorar el uso de los factores de producción para alcanzar la eficiencia productiva, realocar los factores de producción para especializarse en la producción de un bien específico, y aumentar la cantidad o calidad de los factores de producción para desplazar la curva de PPF hacia adelante, permitiendo una mayor producción de bienes sin renunciar a otros. Se enfatiza la importancia de la mejora en la cantidad y calidad de los factores de producción como un medio para desplazar la curva y aumentar la producción de manera sostenible.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Frontera de posibilidades de producción

La 'Frontera de posibilidades de producción' es una herramienta utilizada en economía para ilustrar las ideas de escasez y elección. En el video, esta frontera muestra las distintas combinaciones de bienes o servicios que se pueden producir con un nivel dado de factores de producción, tanto en el ámbito microeconómico como macroeconómico. Por ejemplo, en el nivel micro, una empresa puede elegir producir portátiles o tabletas, y la frontera indica las distintas combinaciones posibles de estos dos bienes.

💡Oportunidad de coste

El 'coste de oportunidad' se refiere a lo que se debe renunciar al elegir producir un bien en lugar de otro. En el video, se ilustra cómo la forma de la curva de la frontera de posibilidades de producción (PPF) revela el coste de oportunidad. Por ejemplo, si una empresa decide pasar de producir 50 tabletas a 60, el coste de oportunidad es el número de portátiles que se deben dejar de producir para lograr ese aumento.

💡Ley del coste de oportunidad creciente

La 'Ley del coste de oportunidad creciente' indica que a medida que se produce más de un bien, el coste de oportunidad para producir más unidades de ese bien aumenta. En el video, se muestra cómo esta ley se manifiesta en una PPF cóncava, donde aumentar la producción de tabletas de 60 a 70 requiere dejar de producir más portátiles que el aumento de 50 a 60.

💡Eficiencia productiva

La 'Eficiencia productiva' se refiere a la utilización total de los factores de producción para obtener la producción máxima posible. En el video, se señala que cualquier punto en la curva de la PPF es productivamente eficiente, ya que se están utilizando todos los recursos disponibles sin desperdiciarlos.

💡Eficiencia alocativa

La 'Eficiencia alocativa' se refiere a si lo que se produce satisface la demanda de los consumidores. Aunque el video señala que no se puede determinar la eficiencia alocativa solo con una PPF, ya que se necesita conocer la demanda de los consumidores, se ilustra cómo diferentes combinaciones de bienes pueden o no ser alocativamente eficientes dependiendo de las preferencias del consumidor.

💡Eficiencia de Pareto

La 'Eficiencia de Pareto' es un concepto que indica que no se puede mejorar la situación de alguien sin empeorar la de otro. En el video, se explica que cualquier punto en la PPF es pareto eficiente, ya que cualquier movimiento desde ese punto hará que alguien quede peor off, mientras que alguien más se beneficia.

💡Desplazamiento de la curva de la PPF

El 'Desplazamiento de la curva de la PPF' se refiere a la posibilidad de aumentar la producción total de bienes o servicios. En el video, se sugiere que esto puede lograrse mejorando la cantidad o calidad de los factores de producción, lo que permite desplazar la curva hacia afuera, permitiendo una mayor producción de ambos bienes sin tener que renunciar a uno por el otro.

💡Factores de producción

Los 'Factores de producción' son los recursos utilizados en el proceso de producción, como la tierra, el capital, la empresa y el trabajo. En el video, se discute cómo el aumento en la cantidad o mejora en la calidad de estos factores puede llevar a un desplazamiento de la PPF y, por tanto, a una mayor producción.

💡Especialización

La 'Especialización' se refiere a la concentración en la producción de un bien o servicio en particular. En el video, se muestra cómo una empresa puede decidir especializarse en la producción de tabletas, reasignando recursos de la producción de portátiles, lo que puede llevar a un cambio en la PPF que favorece la producción de tabletas.

💡Ineficiencia productiva

La 'Ineficiencia productiva' ocurre cuando no se están utilizando todos los factores de producción al máximo nivel posible. En el video, se señala que cualquier punto dentro de la curva de la PPF representa una ineficiencia productiva, ya que indica que hay recursos no utilizados o desempleo de factores de producción.

Highlights

Production possibility frontiers (PPFs) illustrate the concept of scarcity and choice in economics.

PPFs can be analyzed from both micro and macro perspectives.

A micro PPF shows the maximum possible production of two goods or services with given factors of production.

A macro PPF indicates the maximum possible production of all goods and services in an economy.

PPFs can demonstrate concepts like opportunity cost and efficiency.

The shape of a PPF reveals the opportunity cost of producing goods and services.

A concave PPF indicates the law of increasing opportunity cost.

A linear PPF would illustrate constant opportunity cost.

Three types of efficiency can be discussed with PPFs: productive, allocative, and Pareto efficiency.

Productive efficiency means using all factors of production to their maximum level.

Allocative efficiency is about satisfying consumer demand, which cannot be determined solely by a PPF.

Pareto efficiency means no one can be made better off without making someone else worse off.

Ways to increase production on a PPF include better use of factors of production, reallocation, and shifting the curve.

Shifting the PPF curve can occur by increasing the quantity and/or quality of factors of production.

A specialized improvement in factors of production can shift the PPF curve favoring one good over another.

PPFs are useful tools for illustrating various economic concepts on both micro and macro levels.

Transcripts

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hi everybody production possibility

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frontiers or production possibility

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curves are very useful tools to

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illustrate the ideas of scarcity and

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choice in economics these curves are

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great because we can look at them from a

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micro perspective and from a macro

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perspective what does the curve or the

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frontier actually show well on a micro

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level it shows us two things the maximum

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possible production of two goods or

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services

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that can be produced with a given level

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of factors of production but it also

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tells us the curve the various

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combination of two goods and services

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that can be produced with a given level

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of factors of production if we make this

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macro what does a macro ppf tell us well

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the curve tells us the maximum possible

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production of all goods and services

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that can be produced with the level of

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factors of production in the economy and

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it also tells us again the various

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combinations of all goods and services

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that can be produced with given factors

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of production in the economy

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so there you go that's what the curve

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actually represents the actual boundary

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now the beauty of these diagrams of

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these curves is that we can show

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concepts like opportunity cost like

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efficiency we can understand how

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production can be increased of goods and

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services as well so let's start by

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looking at how we can illustrate the

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concept of opportunity cost on pps or

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ppcs

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well the shape of a ppf can tell us

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about the opportunity cost of producing

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goods and services let's have a look at

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this micro ppf how do we know it's micro

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well because we're looking at two

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specific goods in this case we're

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looking at a firm who can produce either

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laptops or tablets the curve tells us

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the maximum possible production of both

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laptops and tablets this firm can't

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produce beyond the curve but it also

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tells us the various combinations of

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laptops and tablets can be produced

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depending on how this firm uses their

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factors of production so let's

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understand how we can look at

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opportunity cost from this ppf well

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let's say that this firm is currently

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producing a and that gives a combination

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of let's say 50 tablets and 75

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laptops let's say this firm wants to

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specialize and produce more tablets they

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want to increase tablet production from

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50 to 60 i reallocate factors of

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production to increase

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tablets well you can see here that as

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they move from point a to point b on

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this ppf and they produce 10 more

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tablets they have to give up some

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laptops and let's say that they have

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given up 16 laptops so from 75 to 60.

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the opportunity cost of producing 10

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more tablets from 50 to 60 is the 15

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units of laptops that have been

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forgotten but let's say that this

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company this firm wants to produce 10

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more tablets so to go from 60 to 70

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tablets i.e to move from point b to

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point c on the ppf again they are

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reallocating scarce resources

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reallocating their factors of production

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to suit more tablet production but can

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you see that they are giving up more

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laptops to do that let's say that they

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are now reduced laptop production from

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60 to 30. so the same 10 unit increase

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in tablets has now meant a greater

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opportunity cost 30 units of laptops

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have to be given up to produce the same

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10 unit increase in tablets

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so a ppf curve that's drawn like this

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concave indicates the law of increasing

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opportunity cost the more that we

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produce of something the more of the

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other thing that has to be given up each

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time

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so a 10 unit increase in tablets each

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time means that more units of laptops

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have to be given up in each case that's

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the law of increasing opportunity cost

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you can see here on a micro level

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if we did the same exercise here on a

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macro ppf we would show the same thing

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now what differentiates a micro ppf to a

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macro ppf well on a macro diagram you

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would change the labeling on the access

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to goods and services because nothing

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else nothing else can be produced in an

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economy so if we label our access like

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this it indicates a macro ppf the other

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option for macro is to go consumer goods

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and capital goods and that indicates

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we're looking at the entire economy here

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but again any ppf drone concave

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illustrates the law of increasing

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opportunity cost what what does that

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actually mean well let's go back to a

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micro level here it means for a business

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as they move towards heavy

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specialization in tablets it means that

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their factors of production are actually

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more suitable towards laptop production

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down here on the ppf because they're

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increasing their production of tablets

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by the same amount but they're giving up

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more and more and more laptops by doing

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so that means that their factors of

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production down here on the curve are

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much more suited towards laptop

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production which is why when they

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produce more tablet tablets they're

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giving up significantly more laptops

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whereas over here on the curve you can

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see that to produce more laptops they

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have to give up more and more and more

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tablets that's because here factors of

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production are much more suited towards

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tablet production than they are towards

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a laptop production that's the basic

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idea

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as we move further and further along the

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curve factors of production are more

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suitable towards one thing than they are

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towards another thing that explains why

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we have concave pps where we see the law

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of increasing opportunity cost takes

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place what about if we draw the ppf

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differently

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well let's have a look at my macro

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diagram here it doesn't matter that i've

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done it on my macro diagram the same

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concept applies even on a micro ppf but

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if we draw our ppf linear downward

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sloping and linear like this it

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illustrates constant opportunity cost

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let's take the same 10 unit increase now

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in services though so 10 unit increase

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each time you can see that the

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opportunity cost the units of goods that

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are being given up are the same in each

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case 20 units from 50 to 60 services and

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20 units of goods from 60 to 70 services

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and that will continue i went from 70 to

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80 then the decrease would be from 60 to

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40. the same basic concept here so a

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linear ppf illustrates constant

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opportunity cost whereas a concave ppf

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represents increasing opportunity cost

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let's understand how we can show

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efficiency now on ppf's there are three

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types of efficiency that we can talk

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about when we draw ppf curves productive

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efficiency allocative efficiency and

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pareto efficiency let's look at those on

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a ppf diagram well you can see that i

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put five points on both a micro and the

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macro ppf let's look at points a b and c

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points a b and c are on the curve in

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each case

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any point on the curve is productively

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efficient productive efficiency in this

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case simply is using up all factors of

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production to their maximum level so

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we're getting maximum production from

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all of the factors of production

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available there is no waste of them

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there is no unemployment of them so any

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point on the curve is productively

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efficient that's very important by

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definition therefore point d

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any point inside the curve is

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productively inefficient we are wasting

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our factors of production we're not

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getting maximum use of those so that

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would be a very inefficient point of

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production productive inefficiency in

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both cases here

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what does point e represent point e is

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unattainable with our given factors of

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production this firm on a micro sense

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can only produce at a point on the curve

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they can't produce beyond the curve at

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point e

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yet with the given factors of production

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so a b and c productive efficiency any

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point on the curve is productively

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efficient any point within the curve

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inside the curve is productively

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inefficient where we are not maximizing

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the use of our factors of production we

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are wasting them

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on a macro level point d can be known as

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unemployment yeah so if we're not

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maximizing the use of our factors of

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production in an economy that might mean

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unemployment of labor unemployment of

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capital so you can consider point d as

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unemployment on a macro level there

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what about allocative efficiency

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allocative efficiency is whether what's

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being produced is satisfying consumer

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demand the satisfying consumer wants a

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very very important concept given the

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basic economic problem we cannot tell

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from a ppf diagram if allocative

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efficiency is being met because we don't

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know about consumer demand so is point b

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here allocatively efficient is this

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combination of laptops and tablets being

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produced allocatively efficient we don't

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know if this is not efficient if all

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that society wants all that consumers

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want a laptop that then is not

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allocatively efficient allocative

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efficiency would be there wouldn't it

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whereas if society only wanted tablets

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to be produced allocative efficiency

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would be there at my finger on the ppf

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so we don't know about allocative

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efficiency from a ppf we need to know

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consumer demand so that's a very

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important thing to remember when drawing

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these curves what is pareto efficiency

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pareto efficiency is the idea that

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nobody can be made better off without

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making somebody else worse off

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any point on the ppf is pareto efficient

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let's take point b here because if we

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change point b let's say you change

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point b to point c we are producing more

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tablets but we are giving up laptops

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therefore we're making people who like

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tablets better off but we're making

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people who like laptops worse soft

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because lesser produced it's also pareto

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efficient because if we went the other

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way let's say to point a people who like

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laptops are better off because more is

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produced for people who like tablets or

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worse off because less tablets are

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produced any point on the curve is

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pareto efficient because any movement

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away somebody is made worse off by

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making somebody else better off

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so these are the fundamental concepts of

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efficiencies that we can take from a ppf

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fantastic how about looking at how to

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increase production on a ppf let's look

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at that next there are numerous ways of

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showing how production can be increased

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on a ppf i'm going to focus on my micro

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example here where we have a business

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that can make either laptops or tablets

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the same concepts apply on a macro ppf

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as well so let's say that this business

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in each case wants to increase tablet

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production there are three ways we can

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show that on a ppf let's say this

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business is currently operating at point

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d at a productively inefficient point

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and a pareto inefficient point here

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inside the curve at point d they are not

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maximizing the use of their factors of

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production there is some unemployment of

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them here well one thing they could do

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if that's what they are producing is use

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their factors of production better so

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use labor better if there's any

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unemployment of labor in the business

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use up labor same with idle capital use

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it up to increase production let's say

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from point d to point b and therefore we

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get more tablets being produced so

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they're producing at any point inside

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the curve use factors of production

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better to increase production that's one

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option but let's say this business is

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already on the curve they're already

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productively efficient and pareto

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efficient what could they do well let's

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say they're at point b here what could

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they do well they could reallocate the

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use of their factors of production they

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could re-employ factors of production to

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specialize more in tablet production so

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maybe they were producing i don't know

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50 units of tablets at point b

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well to get to 70 units of tablets what

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could they do they could move factors of

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production away from producing laptops

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to an extent and towards producing

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tablets instead so reallocating factors

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of production let's say they were

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producing a point a and only 25 tablets

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were being produced well again they

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could re-allocate their factors of

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production towards producing more

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tablets maybe moving from a

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to b and then from b

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to c so they can move along their ppf to

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favor tablet production by reallocating

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their factors of production so maybe

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moving workers away from producing

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laptops towards producing tablets moving

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machines away from producing laptops

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towards producing tablets

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another option they have is not

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necessarily just to move along the curve

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and reallocate their factors of

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production re-employ them but instead to

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try and shift the ppf curve

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now if they shift shifted the ppf curve

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they can move from point x where maybe

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they were producing 50 units of tablets

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to point y where now they can produce 70

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units of tablets but the beauty of

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shifting the curve is that they don't

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need to necessarily give up laptops to

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do so you can see here that a point x

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again let's put the same numbers maybe

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50 laptops have been produced at a point

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y even more laptops can also be produced

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as well as there being more tablets

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being produced so how can this curve be

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shifted what could a business do well

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very simply very generically they can

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increase the quantity and or the quality

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of their factors of production

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the memory device here to help you just

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think q square this cell the quantity

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and quality of our factors of production

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capital enterprise land and labor so a

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business maybe could find a way to

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increase either the quantity of the

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factors of production or the quality of

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their factors of production so what can

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this business do well they could

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increase the quantity of labor bring in

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more workers that could increase

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production possibilities and shift the

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curve from ppf1 to ppf2

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they could increase the quality of their

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labor increase the productivity of

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labour how by training them up better

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that will increase productivity and

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allow workers to produce more in a given

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time period they could increase the

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quantity of capital bring in more

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machinery or improve the quality of

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their capital maintain their machinery

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upgrade their machinery they could

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increase the quantity of land if that's

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an option

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maybe not so much for for this kind of

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business but if it's

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an agricultural related business

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increasing land can mean more crops can

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be produced so increasing the quantity

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and the quality of factors of production

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allows the ppf curve to shift which is

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another way in which you can show

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increasing production but the curve

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doesn't just have to shift in this way

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it is possible to see a ppf curve shift

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like this where the curve shifts

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favoring only one of the goods instead

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of the other one so in this case the

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shift is favoring the production of

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tablets not the production of laptops

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and all that's happened here is that

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there has been a change in the quantity

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and or the quality of factors of

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production that purely suit the

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production of tablets so maybe it's an

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increase in the quantity of labor but

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those workers can only produce tablets

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they are no good at producing laptops

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maybe it's an improvement in the quality

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of labor so the productivity of labor

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but only in the production of tablets

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maybe it's an increase in the quantity

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of capital but only machinery that can

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produce tablets or the quality of

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capital that can only produce tablets

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you get the idea so an improvement in

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the quantity and or the quality of

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factors of production which is

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specialized in the production in this

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case of tablets then you can get a shift

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which is not even which is not parallel

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it favors the production of one good

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over the other one so that covers this

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entire topic area of ppf so you can see

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just how useful pps are on a micro level

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and a macro level in showing us so many

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different concepts in economics thank

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you so much for watching guys make sure

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you stay tuned for the next video

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Related Tags
Curvas de ProducciónEconomía MicroEconomía MacroEficiencia ProductivaEficiencia AlocitivaCoste OportunidadEspecializaciónFactores de ProducciónLeyes EconómicasAprendizaje Económico
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