Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology - Chapter 1

Summary

This video script offers an insightful introduction to human anatomy and physiology, highlighting the interrelation between body structure and function. It outlines the scientific method's role in understanding the body's chemical, cellular, tissue, and organ levels. The script delves into the 11 main organ systems, their functions, and the body's chemical composition, including ions, inorganic and organic compounds. It also touches on metabolism, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, and anatomical terminology, providing a foundational understanding for further study.

Takeaways

• 📚 Anatomy and physiology are interrelated scientific fields; anatomy focuses on body structure, while physiology examines how the body functions.
• 🔬 Science involves systematic observation, critical questioning, hypothesis development, experimentation, and reporting results to test hypotheses.
• 🌐 The human body's organization levels range from chemical (atoms and molecules) to cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the complete human organism.
• 🦴 The skeletal system supports and protects the body, working with muscles for movement, and stores calcium and bone marrow for cell production.
• 💪 The muscular system comprises skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, each with specific roles in movement, blood circulation, and material transport within the body.
• 🧠 The nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, is the body's principal regulatory system, responding to stimuli and controlling muscles and glands.
• ⚗️ The endocrine system, with its ductless glands, works alongside the nervous system to regulate metabolism and body chemistry through hormone secretion.
• 🩸 The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste throughout the body.
• 🛡️ The lymphatic system defends the body against diseases by collecting and transporting tissue fluid and lipids, and maintaining fluid balance.
• 🌬️ The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the blood and the environment, regulating oxygen levels and blood pH.
• 🍲 The digestive system processes food and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream, while the urinary system excretes metabolic waste and regulates body fluid composition.
• 🔄 Metabolism encompasses anabolism, the building of molecules and structures, and catabolism, the breakdown of nutrients for energy, facilitated by cellular respiration and ATP.

Q & A

What are the two main branches of study in the field of human anatomy and physiology?

The two main branches are anatomy, which is the science of body structure, and physiology, which is the science of body function or how the body works.

What is the scientific method and how does it relate to the study of anatomy and physiology?

The scientific method is a systematic way of thinking and investigating the world. It involves observing, asking critical questions, developing explanations and hypotheses, testing these hypotheses through experiments, collecting data, and drawing conclusions. This method is used in the study of anatomy and physiology to understand the body's structure and function.

What is the simplest level of organization within the human body?

The simplest level of organization within the human body is the chemical level, which consists of atoms and molecules.

How are the components of the integumentary system and what are its main functions?

The integumentary system is composed of the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. Its main functions include covering and protecting the body, helping regulate body temperature, and receiving information about touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

What are the components and functions of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints. Its functions include supporting and protecting the body, providing attachment points for muscles, and storing minerals like calcium.

What are the main components and functions of the muscular system?

The muscular system consists of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Its functions include moving parts of the skeleton for locomotion, pumping blood through the heart, and moving materials within the body.

Can you describe the components and functions of the nervous system?

The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. Its functions are as the principal regulatory system, receiving stimuli from the external and internal environment and transmitting impulses to muscles and glands.

How does the cardiovascular system contribute to the body's function?

The cardiovascular system, composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, transports nutrients, gases, hormones, waste, and other materials from one part of the body to another, and helps maintain fluid balance.

What are the main components of the lymphatic or immune system and its functions?

The lymphatic system includes lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and other lymph structures. Its functions are to collect and transport tissue fluid to the blood, absorb lipids from the digestive tract, transport them to the cardiovascular system, and defend the body against disease-causing agents.

What is the role of the respiratory system in the body?

The respiratory system, which includes the lungs, trachea, and other air passageways, exchanges gases between the blood and the external environment, maintains appropriate oxygen content, and helps regulate the acid-base balance of the blood.

How does the digestive system process food and absorb nutrients?

The digestive system, composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, and salivary glands, ingests and digests food and absorbs nutrients into the blood.

What are the main components and functions of the urinary system?

The urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, ureters, and associated ducts, excretes metabolic wastes and helps regulate the volume and composition of blood and other body fluids.

Can you explain the concept of anabolism and catabolism in metabolism?

Metabolism encompasses the chemical activities that take place in the body, such as converting food into energy. Catabolism is the breakdown phase of metabolism that provides energy for anabolism, the building phase, where energy is used to make chemical compounds and structures needed by the cell.

What is homeostasis and how are metabolic activities regulated to maintain it?

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a steady internal environment or state. Metabolic activities are regulated by homeostatic mechanisms, which are self-regulating control systems, to ensure the body's internal conditions remain stable.

What are the main types of feedback mechanisms in homeostatic regulation?

There are two main types of feedback mechanisms: negative feedback, which works to reduce fluctuations and maintain stability, and positive feedback, which amplifies changes and moves the system away from its starting state.

Can you describe the anatomical position and its significance in human anatomy?

The anatomical position is a standard posture where the body stands erect with eyes looking forward, arms at the sides, and palms and toes directed forward. It is significant as it provides a reference point for applying directional terms in human anatomy.

What are the main planes in human anatomy and their significance?

The main planes in human anatomy are the sagittal, axial (or transverse), and frontal (or coronal) planes. They are significant for dividing the body into different sections, aiding in the understanding of body structures and their spatial relationships.

What are the main regions and cavities of the body, and how are they categorized?

The body is divided into axial and appendicular regions, with the axial region consisting of the head, neck, and trunk, and the appendicular region consisting of the limbs. The body cavities include the dorsal cavity (cranial and spinal cavities) and the ventral cavity (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities), which house various organs and structures.

What is the significance of the abdominal quadrants and regions in medical diagnosis?

The abdomen is divided into quadrants and regions to help medical professionals locate and diagnose specific conditions or organs affected by disease or injury.

What are the main types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together in a chemical compound?

Chemical bonds, such as covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds, are the forces of attraction that hold atoms together in a chemical compound.

Can you explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Organic compounds are large, complex compounds containing carbon, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Inorganic compounds are relatively smaller, simpler chemical compounds, such as water, salts, and simple acids and bases.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

This paragraph introduces the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, highlighting their interrelation and significance in understanding the human body. It credits Elder Pearl Solomon's book as the source. Anatomy is defined as the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of body function. The scientific method is briefly explained, emphasizing observation, hypothesis testing, and experimentation. The paragraph also outlines the levels of organization within the human body, starting from the chemical level up to the organ systems. It details the 11 main organ systems, their components, and functions, providing a foundational understanding of the human organism's complexity.

05:00

💪 Systems of the Human Body and Metabolism

This section delves deeper into the 11 systems of the human body, providing brief descriptions of their components and functions. It then transitions to the composition of the human body, discussing ions, inorganic and organic compounds, and their interactions. The paragraph explains the concepts of anabolism and catabolism within the context of metabolism, highlighting the role of ATP in energy storage and transfer. The importance of homeostasis and feedback mechanisms in maintaining the body's internal balance is also covered, with examples of both negative and positive feedback loops.

10:02

🧬 Anatomical Position and Directional Terms

This paragraph introduces the concept of anatomical position and the importance of directional terms in human anatomy. It defines various terms such as superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, cranial, caudal, and others, explaining their relevance in describing the body's structure and orientation. The paragraph also describes the three main planes of the body: sagittal, axial, and coronal, and how they are used to understand body sections. It concludes with an overview of body regions and cavities, including the axial and appendicular regions, and the division of the torso and abdomen into specific areas.

15:03

📐 Regional Terminology and Body Cavities

Building on the foundation of directional terms, this paragraph focuses on regional terminology, which is essential for referencing specific areas of the body. It provides a comprehensive list of regional terms in alphabetical order, with brief explanations for each. The paragraph also discusses the division of the abdomen into quadrants and regions, offering a detailed breakdown of each area's contents. This knowledge is crucial for medical professionals to accurately describe and diagnose conditions.

20:03

🔍 Body Structure Visualization and Conclusion

The final paragraph of the script presents various views of the human body, stripped of certain layers to reveal underlying structures. It describes anterior, deeper interior, and posterior views, with specific mention of the removal of certain body parts to expose deeper structures. The paragraph encourages viewers to familiarize themselves with these structures, noting that detailed study will occur in subsequent chapters. It also mentions the use of computed tomography (CT) scans to visualize body regions and the density of structures. The script concludes with a call to action for viewers to subscribe, comment, like, and share the video.

Keywords

💡Anatomy

Anatomy is defined as the science of body structure. It is one of the two main themes of the video, along with physiology. The script emphasizes that anatomy and physiology are interrelated, with each body part precisely adapted for its specific function. For example, the script mentions the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands, highlighting the protective role of anatomy in the body.

💡Physiology

Physiology is the science of body function or how the body works. It is the counterpart to anatomy in the study of the human body. The video script explains that physiology involves understanding how body systems, such as the nervous or cardiovascular systems, function to maintain life processes.

💡Organ Systems

Organ systems are groups of tissues and organs that work together to perform specific functions in the body. The script lists 11 main organ systems, such as the integumentary, skeletal, and muscular systems, and explains their roles in maintaining life. For instance, the integumentary system is described as covering and protecting the body, helping to regulate body temperature, and receiving sensory information.

💡Cellular Level

The cellular level is the simplest level of organization within the human body, consisting of atoms and molecules that form organelles and cells. The script explains that this level is foundational to the more complex levels of tissues, organs, and organ systems, emphasizing the importance of cells as the basic units of life.

💡Tissues

Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function. The script mentions muscle and bone tissue as examples, illustrating how tissues are an intermediate level of organization between cells and organs.

💡Metabolism

Metabolism refers to the chemical activities that take place in the body, such as converting food into energy. The script delves into anabolism and catabolism as the building and breaking phases of metabolism, respectively. For example, cellular respiration, a catabolic process, is explained as breaking down nutrients to release energy stored in ATP.

💡Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment or steady state in the body. The script describes homeostatic mechanisms as self-regulating control systems that respond to stressors to maintain balance. An example given is the body's temperature regulation, where negative feedback mechanisms are activated to return the body to its normal state.

💡Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonds are the forces of attraction that hold atoms together in a compound. The script explains that compounds, such as organic and inorganic substances in the body, are formed through these bonds. This concept is fundamental to understanding the composition of body fluids and the structure of organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

💡Organic Compounds

Organic compounds are large, complex compounds that contain carbon. The script lists carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids as examples, highlighting their roles in the body, such as providing energy, forming cell membranes, and carrying genetic information.

💡Inorganic Compounds

Inorganic compounds are relatively small, simple chemical compounds, such as water, salts, and simple acids and bases. The script contrasts these with organic compounds, showing that inorganic compounds play a crucial role in the body's electrolyte balance and pH levels.

💡Anatomical Position

Anatomical position is the standard posture used for describing the location of body parts in anatomy. The script describes this position as standing erect with eyes forward, arms at sides, and palms and toes directed forward, providing a reference for understanding directional terms used in the video.

💡Directional Terms

Directional terms are used to describe the location and orientation of body parts in relation to the anatomical position. The script lists terms like superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, and others, which are essential for understanding the spatial relationships within the body.

Highlights

Introduction to the fundamental concepts of anatomy and physiology, emphasizing their interrelation and importance in understanding the human body.

Explanation of the scientific method, detailing the process of observation, hypothesis testing, and conclusion drawing in scientific investigation.

Description of the levels of organization in the human body, from the chemical level to the organ system level.

Overview of the 11 main organ systems in the human body and their collaborative role in sustaining life.

Detailed exploration of the integumentary system, including its components and functions in protection, temperature regulation, and sensory reception.

Discussion on the skeletal system, highlighting its role in support, protection, and facilitation of movement.

Analysis of the muscular system, explaining the functions of different types of muscles in movement, circulation, and material transportation.

Insight into the nervous system as the principal regulatory system, responsible for receiving stimuli and transmitting impulses.

Overview of the endocrine system, focusing on its role in metabolic regulation and hormone secretion.

Description of the cardiovascular system, detailing its function in transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste throughout the body.

Explanation of the lymphatic system, including its components and functions in fluid balance, lipid absorption, and immune defense.

Discussion on the respiratory system, emphasizing its role in gas exchange and acid-base balance regulation.

Overview of the digestive system, detailing its components and functions in food ingestion, digestion, and nutrient absorption.

Description of the urinary system, highlighting its role in waste excretion and regulation of body fluid composition.

Insight into the reproductive system, focusing on its functions in reproduction and maintenance of sexual characteristics.

Explanation of the human body's composition, including ions, inorganic and organic compounds, and their interactions.

Discussion on metabolism, including anabolism and catabolism, and their roles in energy conversion and utilization.

Introduction to homeostasis and feedback mechanisms, explaining how they regulate the body's internal environment.

Overview of anatomical position and directional terms used in human anatomy for precise body structure description.

Description of the body's planes, regions, and cavities, providing a framework for understanding body structure and organization.

Explanation of the abdomen's quadrants and regions, important for medical diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction to anatomical regional terminology, essential for accurate communication of body areas in medical contexts.

Visual tour of the body's interior structures through various views, aiding in the understanding of complex anatomical arrangements.

Use of computed tomography (CT) scans to illustrate the density and structure of body parts in different regions.

Transcripts

welcome to introduction to anatomy and

physiology chapter one

the information in this video is

credited to Elder Pearl Solomon the

author of the book introduction to human

anatomy and physiology

anatomy and physiology Anatomy is the

science of body structure physiology is

the science of body function or how the

Body Works anatomy and physiology are

interrelated each body part is precisely

adapted for carrying out its specific

job

anatomy and physiology are fields of

science science is a way of thinking and

a method for investigating the world in

a systematic manner we observe the world

around us and ask critical questions

about what we see using the scientific

method involving a series of steps we

develop a tentative explanation and a

hypothesis which we can test we test the

hypothesis by performing an experiment

we collect data from the experiment and

Report the results in a conclusion about

the hypothesis

now let's learn about the levels of

organization within the human body the

simplest level of organization is the

chemical level consisting of atoms and

molecules

atoms and molecules associate to form

the organelles and cells of the cellular

level

cells associate to form tissues such as

muscle or bone tissue and tissues may be

organized to form organs such as the

brain or heart

some examples of organs are the stomach

liver lungs brain or heart

certain tissues and organs function

together to make up an organ system or

body system

the body systems work together to make

up the human organism

the human organism is made up of 11 main

organ systems that work together to

maintain life they are

integumentary skeletal muscular nervous

endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic

immune system respiratory digestive

urinary and reproduction

let's learn about the integumentary

system its components are skin hair

nails and sweat glands it has the

following functions of one covers and

protects body two helps regulate body

temperature and three receives

information about touch pressure

temperature and pain

the skeletal system has components bone

cartilage ligaments joints its functions

are help support and protect the body

muscles attached to the bones the

skeletal system works with a muscular

system to carry out effective movement

stores calcium stored bone marrow where

the red white and other cells are

produced

muscular system components are skeletal

muscle cardiac muscle

smooth muscle its functions include

skeletal muscle moves parts of skeleton

Locomotion cardiac muscles pumps blood

and smooth muscle moves materials in the

body

nervous system components are components

brain

spinal cord sense organs and nerves its

functions are principal regulatory

system receive stimuli from external and

internal environment and transmits

impulses to muscles and glands

endocrine system components are

pituitary gland adrenal gland thyroid

gland and other ductless glands that

produce hormones such as hypothalamus

gonads pineal body parathyroid thymus

its functions are works with nervous

system in regulating metabolic

activities and body chemistry and

secretes hormones

cardiovascular system components are

heart blood vessels and blood its

functions are transports nutrients gases

hormones waste and other materials from

one part of the body to another

and helps maintain fluid balance

lymphatic or immune system components

are lymph lymphatic vessels lymph nodes

spleen and other lymph structures its

functions are collects and transports

tissue fluid to blood absorbs lipids

from digestive tract and transports them

to cardiovascular system and defends

body against viruses bacteria and fungi

that cause disease

respiratory system components are lungs

trachea and other air passageways its

functions exchanges gases between blood

and external environment maintains

appropriate oxygen content and helps

regulate acid-base balance of blood

digestive system components are mouth

pharynx esophagus

stomach intestine liver pancreas and

salivary glands its functions are

ingests and Digest foods and absorbs

nutrients into blood

urinary system components are kidneys

bladder ureter and Associated ducts its

functions are kidneys excrete metabolic

wastes and helps regulate volume and

composition of blood and other body

fluids

reproductive system components are

gonads testes and males ovaries and

females and Associated structures its

functions are reproduction and maintain

sexual characteristics

those are brief descriptions of the 11

systems in the human body we will learn

in detail in the subsequent chapters and

videos try to remember the names of

these systems

now let's learn about how the human body

is composed it's composed of ions

inorganic compounds and organic

compounds interact organic compounds are

large complex compounds containing

carbons such as carbohydrates lipids

proteins and nucleic acid inorganic

compounds are relatively small simple

chemical compounds such as water salts

and simple acids in bases

look at the examples in the picture

these are the chemical structures of

organic and inorganic compounds you can

see the complexity in the organic and

the Simplicity of the inorganic

compounds

you don't need to learn the detail of

these we will leave that to the

biochemist

body fluid contains electrolytes

inorganic salts acids and bases that

form charged particles called ions in

solution

positively charged ions are called

cations and

negatively charged ions are anions

an acid is a compound that dissociates

in solution to produce hydrogen ions h

plus and some type of anion acid is a

hydrogen ion plus an anion a base is a

compound that dissociates in solution to

produce hydroxide ions oh and some

cations bases of a plus a cation

the hydrogen ion concentration of a

solution is expressed as its pH

Ure water is a neutral solution with a

pH of 7.

blood has a pH of 7.4

please pause the video and take a look

at the picture to roughly know where the

household items fall on the pH scale

when an acid and a base are mixed in

water the h plus of the acid combines

with the O of the base to produce a

molecule of water the remainder of the

acid and anion combines with the

remainder of the base A cation to form a

salt

assault is a compound in which the

hydrogen ion of an acid is replaced by

some other cation below is the chemical

formula of salt you don't need to know

this formula

organic compounds are large complex

compounds that contain carbons

a chemical compound is a molecule that

consists of two or more different

elements combined in a fixed proportion

carbon dioxide consists of one atom of

carbon and two oxygen CO2 the atoms of a

chemical compound are held together by

forces of attraction called chemical

bonds

as we mentioned earlier the organic

compounds we will learn in this class

are carbohydrates lipids proteins and

nucleic acids

carbohydrates are sugars and starches

they are used as fuel and to store

energy

lipids include fats compounds that store

energy phospholipids which are

components of cell membranes and

steroids which include several hormones

proteins are complex compounds composed

of amino acids some service enzymes and

others function as structural components

of cells proteins are abundant in meat

fish eggs nuts beans legumes and seeds

nucleic acids are large complex

compounds two important nucleic acids

are DNA which makes up the genes and RNA

which is important in making proteins

okay now let's learn about metabolism

anabolism and catabolism metabolism the

chemical activities that take place in

the body

for example converting the food we eat

into energy

catabolism the breaking down phase of

metabolism provides the energy required

for anabolism the building phase of

metabolism and during anabolism energy

is used to make chemical compounds and

structures needed by the cell

during catabolism glucose and certain

other nutrients are broken down by

cellular respiration their energy is

captured and temporality stored in ATP

adenosine triphosphate this energy is

then used in anabolism the phase of

metabolism in which molecules cells and

tissues are manufactured energy is also

needed for muscle contraction growth

maintenance repair and many other

activities

cellular respiration is a catabolic

process in which nutrients are broken

down as the energy stored in these

nutrients is released it is packaged

within an energy storage compound called

ATP adenosine triphosphate

homeostasis and feedback mechanisms

metabolic activities are carefully

regulated to maintain homeostasis and

appropriate internal environment or

steady state

homeostatic mechanisms are the

self-regulating control systems that

maintain homeostasis

stressors stimuli that disrupt

homeostasis cause stress that activates

homeostatic mechanisms

many homeostatic mechanisms are negative

feedback systems in which the response

of the regulator control center is

opposite negative to the change

negative feedback or balancing feedback

occurs when some function of the output

of a system process or mechanism is fed

back in a manner that tends to reduce

the fluctuations in the output whether

caused by changes in the input or by

other disturbances

for example if the body temperature

decreases the heating process is

activated causing the body to shiver the

Shivering causes the body temperature to

increase to keep the body warm and

brings it back to homeostasis

and if the body temperature is high or

hot the cooling process is activated

causing the body to sweat sweating cools

the body resulting in lowering the body

temperature leading to homeostasis

some homeostatic mechanisms are positive

feedback systems in which variation from

the steady state sets off a series of

events that intensify the change

positive feedback loops amplify their

initiating stimuli in other words they

move the system away from its starting

state for example during labor the child

pushes on the cervix stimulates and the

body sends the signal to the brain the

brain releases oxytocin to stimulate the

uterus to contract as the baby pushes

more oxytocin is released completing the

positive feedback this continues until

the baby is delivered

a negative feedback in temperature

regulation as we saw in the previous

slide B is the positive feedback in

Hemorrhage if we don't stop the bleeding

the patient will die

now let's change the topic let's learn

about the anatomical position of the

human body anatomical directional terms

are applied to the body when it is in

the anatomical position in this position

the body is standing erect eyes looking

forward arms at the sides and palms and

Toes directed forward

we will learn all these directional

terms used in human anatomy

Superior means above at a higher level

inferior means below at a lower level

for example the eyes are superior to the

mouth the belly button is inferior to

the chin

this is another image of Superior and

inferior you can think of superior is up

an inferior is down

anterior and ventral means toward the

front or anterior surface of the body

posterior and dorsal means toward the

back or posterior surface of the body

medial means toward the mid-sagittal

plane lateral means away from the

mid-sagittal plane

proximal toward a reference point or

Source within the body closer to the

reference point distal away from a

reference point or Source within the

body think of distal as distant far

superficial is near the body's surface

deepest father into the body far from

the body's surface for example arteries

are deep and veins are superficial

cranial encephalic means toward the head

caudal means toward the feet

rostral means toward the nose

ipsilateral means on the same side you

can see the shaded areas of the arm and

leg are on the same side contralateral

means on the opposite side

you just learned all these terms

you can try to memorize this table

here is a quick summary of some of the

directional terminology medial versus

lateral

superior versus inferior the interior is

opposite to the posterior proximal is

opposite to distal superficial versus

steep ipsilateral versus contralateral

there are three planes in human anatomy

sagittal axial or transverse and frontal

or coronal

the sagittal plane is a vertical plane

that passes through the body dividing it

into left and right

coronal plane is a vertical plane that

passes through the body dividing it into

interior ventral and posterior dorsal

positions you can say it's dividing from

front to back and vice versa see the

orange color

an axial or transverse plane is a

horizontal plane that passes through the

body dividing it into Superior and

inferior portions

regions and Cavities of the body

the body may be divided into axial and

appendicular regions the axial portion

consists of the head neck and trunk the

appendicular portion consists of the

limbs the Torso or trunk consists of the

thorax abdomen and pelvis

terms such as abdominal pectoral and

lumber are used to refer to specific

body regions or structures

now we have to learn the body cavities

two main cavities dorsal and Central

cavities dorsal cavity located

posteriorly in the back and includes the

cranial and spinal cavities ventral

cavity largest cavity subdivided into

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

the thoracic cavity further subdivided

into two lateral pleural cavities purple

color and a single centrally located

cavity called mediastinum Orange

the abdominal pelvic cavity is

subdivided into the abdominal pink and

pelvic cavities neon green

abdominal quadrants and regions the

abdomen area is divided into four

quadrants and nine regions

there are four anatomic quadrants

right upper quadrant left upper quadrant

right lower quadrant left lower quadrant

the right upper quadrant consists of the

right lobe of liver gallbladder right

kidney portions of the stomach and small

and large intestines

the right lower quadrant consists of

cecum appendix portions of small

intestine right ureter right ovary and

right spermatic cord

the left upper quadrant consists of left

lobe of liver

stomach tail of the pancreas left kidney

spleen and portions of large intestines

the left lower quadrant consists of most

of small intestine portions of large

intestine left ureter left ovary and

left spermatic cord

the abdomen further divides into nine

regions

the superior portion of these nine

regions has right hypochondrium

epigastrium and left hypochondrium

the middle portion has right lateral

umbilical and left lateral

the inferior portion has right inguinal

hypogastrium and left inguinal

okay we now have to learn the anatomic

Regional terminology Regional

terminology is used to reference

anatomical structures or areas of the

body

similar to directional terminology

Regional terminology is necessary for

both being able to describe areas of

interest and interpret prescriptions

an example of using Regional terminology

would be as follows

a patient complains of headaches that

only occur at the back of the head

this can be communicated to the

radiologist as occipital headaches

there are quite a few terms we are going

to learn one by one in the alphabetical

order of this table

here is the abdominal area

see the red circle

antebrachial means the forearm

anticubital is the front of the elbow

axillary means armpit

brachial is the upper arm

the calf is a lower posterior Porter of

the leg

carpal means wrist

cephalic means head

cervical means neck

costume means ribs

cubital means the posterior surface of

the elbow of the arm

phemeral means thigh area

flank means the side of the trunk

adjoining the lumber region most of the

time the flank area is used to access

and feel the kidneys

gluteal is the buttock

inguinal is growing

Lumber is the lower back between the

ribs and hips

memory is the upper chest or breast

occipital means the back of the head

ophthalmic means I

pectoral means upper chest or breast

pelvic is the pelvis

perineal means perineum

plantar is the soul of the foot

the popliteal is the back of the knee

sacral means sacrum

sternal is sternum

thigh is the upper portion of the legs

thoracic is the chest area

umbilical is the navel

vertebral means spine

we are done with the anatomic Regional

terminology

this is the anterior view of the body

with skin and most of the muscles

removed the rib cage and the fatty

membrane that hangs down from the

stomach have also been removed the

scrotum has been open to expose the

testes and the penis has been cut

transversely to show its inner

just look at these and get acquainted

with these structures you will not be

tested to identify these structures in

this chapter because we will learn the

details in subsequent chapters

this is the deeper interior view of the

body the lungs have been cut to show

internal structure and the hard and

small intestine have been removed

pause the video and look through the

structures

this is also the deeper interior view of

the body the stomach small intestine and

most of the large intestine have been

removed the kidneys pancreas and other

depth structures are visible

once again pause and skim through the

name of the structures

this is a posterior view of the body

muscles have been removed on the right

side to show skeletal structures and the

position of the kidney

pause the video and run through the name

of the structures

this image is a series of computed

tomography CT scans through various

regions of the body the level of the

scan is indicated on the figure of the

body the color spectrum bar indicates

the gradient of the structure density is

represented by color the more dense

structures such as bone appear white in

the scans the least dense structures

appear red

thank you for watching please subscribe

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