Industria Petrolera: Exploración y Producción de Petróleo
Summary
TLDRThis script delves into the formation of hydrocarbon fields from organic matter buried deep within the Earth, which migrates to upper strata, accumulating in geological formations with storage and permeability properties. It highlights exploration methods, including seismic data interpretation and eco-graphic mapping, and describes the use of semi-submersible platforms and FPSO vessels in both offshore drilling and hydrocarbon production. The script also touches on the transportation and processing of crude oil and natural gas, including liquefaction for storage and distribution, and the production of various petroleum derivatives through refining processes.
Takeaways
- 🌋 Oil and gas originate from the maturation of organic matter buried deep within the Earth, transformed through geological processes.
- 🚀 Hydrocarbons migrate to upper strata, where their movement can be hindered by the physical properties of other rock formations.
- 📍 Seismic data interpretation is a key method for mapping and identifying hydrocarbon reservoirs and formations.
- 🛳️ Both land and marine exploration equipment is used, with marine operations requiring specialized floating platforms and anchors.
- 🔍 Exploration involves drilling exploratory wells on land and in water depths of up to 2500 meters for marine operations.
- 🏭 Offshore platforms serve dual purposes, being used for both drilling and production of hydrocarbons.
- 💧 The production process includes phase separation of oil, gas, and water before transportation to onshore terminals.
- 🚢 When onshore transportation is complex or costly, FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) units are used for production, storage, and offloading.
- 🚚 On platforms, hydrocarbons and water are separated, with oil stored for loading onto trucks or tankers and gas sent for processing or reinjection.
- 🌐 Produced gas is transported to land via subsea or underground pipelines for processing before entering the gas distribution network.
- ❄️ Natural gas can be liquefied at -162°C for storage and transportation as LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas).
- 🛢 Crude oil is transported by tankers, with supertankers capable of carrying up to 200,000 tons, and is stored in large tanks before refining.
- 🔬 Refineries transform crude oil into over 2,000 different products, including gasoline, diesel, lubricants, and chemicals used in plastics production.
Q & A
What are the primary sources of oil and gas?
-Oil and gas originate from the 'mother rock' or source rock, where organic matter buried deep within the Earth undergoes maturation or cooking due to geological processes.
How do hydrocarbons migrate from their source rock to reservoirs?
-Hydrocarbons migrate to upper strata through geological phenomena. During migration, they may be impeded by other rock formations due to their physical properties.
What are the geological properties required for a formation to accumulate oil and gas?
-A formation must have natural geological properties of storage and permeability to accumulate oil and gas, allowing for their accumulation in reservoirs.
How are seismic data used in the exploration for hydrocarbon fields?
-Seismic data is used for indirect mapping of potential hydrocarbon fields, helping to interpret the subsurface structures where hydrocarbons may be trapped.
What are the two types of exploration equipment mentioned in the script?
-The script mentions exploration equipment used in marine environments, such as semi-submersible platforms, and land-based exploration wells that can reach depths of over 2500 meters.
What is the purpose of a semi-submersible platform in oil and gas exploration?
-A semi-submersible platform floats and maintains a stabilized position using anchors fixed to the seafloor, used not only for drilling but also for the production of hydrocarbons.
How is the produced oil and gas transported from offshore platforms to the shore?
-Produced oil and gas are transported through pipelines to a terminal on the coast. If it's too complex or costly, special ships known as FPSOs (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) are used.
What is the role of an FPSO in offshore oil and gas production?
-An FPSO is used for the production, storage, and offloading of oil and gas. It separates oil, gas, and water, and the oil can be stored before being loaded onto trucks or tankers.
How is natural gas transported from offshore to onshore facilities?
-Produced natural gas is sent to land through underwater or underground pipelines to a processing plant, where it may be compressed and refrigerated into liquefied natural gas (LNG) if needed.
What is the process of regasification, and why is it necessary?
-Regasification is the process of converting LNG back into gaseous form before it is introduced into the local gas pipeline network. It is necessary because LNG is easier to store and transport but must be gaseous for distribution.
How is crude oil transported from production sites to refineries?
-Crude oil is transported by tankers, which can hold up to 200,000 tons of cargo, commonly known as supertankers, to refineries where it undergoes a series of transformation processes.
What are the various products obtained from refining crude oil?
-Refining crude oil yields over 2,000 derivatives, including liquid gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oils, fuel oil, and coke, which serve as bases for the composition of plastics and other chemical products.
Outlines
🛠 Formation and Exploration of Hydrocarbon Fields
This paragraph discusses the process of hydrocarbon formation from organic matter buried deep within the Earth, which undergoes maturation and migration due to geological phenomena. It explains how rocks of different formations can impede this migration, leading to the accumulation of hydrocarbons in reservoirs with natural storage and permeability properties. The paragraph also touches on the use of seismic data for indirect mapping and exploration, employing equipment like tractors or seismic boats to confirm interpretations. Two types of exploration equipment are mentioned, and the process of proposing and gathering information through exploratory wells is described.
🌊 Offshore Platforms and Hydrocarbon Production
The second paragraph focuses on the use of semi-submersible platforms in offshore hydrocarbon production, which are stabilized by anchors on the seafloor. It details the dual purpose of these platforms for both drilling and production, including the separation process of oil, gas, and water. The transportation of these resources to coastal terminals via pipelines or specialized ships for production, storage, and offloading is also covered. Additionally, the paragraph discusses the use of floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs) and the treatment of produced gas, either for reinjection into the reservoir or transportation to onshore processing plants.
🚢 Transportation and Storage of Hydrocarbons
This paragraph delves into the transportation and storage of hydrocarbons. It describes the use of specialized ships for the transportation of crude oil and the process of converting natural gas into liquefied natural gas (LNG) by compressing and cooling it to -162 degrees Celsius. The LNG is then transported to terminal plants where it is regasified before being introduced into the local gas pipeline network. The paragraph also mentions the storage of LNG in high-pressure tanks and the transportation of crude oil in very large crude carriers (VLCCs), as well as the storage of natural gas in artificial or natural reservoirs for industrial and domestic use or as fuel in power plants.
🏭 Refining and Chemical Processing of Crude Oil
The final paragraph outlines the refining process of crude oil, which involves a series of transformation and mixing processes at refineries to produce over 2,000 derivatives. These include liquid gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oils, fuel oil, and coke. The paragraph highlights the complex chemical processes that petroleum undergoes to form the base for the composition of various plastic products.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Petroleum and Gas
💡Maturity or Coction
💡Migration
💡Reservoirs
💡Seismic Data
💡Exploration Equipment
💡Semi-Submersible Platforms
💡Production, Storage, and Offloading (PSO)
💡Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO)
💡Gas Pipelines
💡Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
💡Refineries
Highlights
Oil and gas are generated from the maturation of organic matter buried deep within the Earth.
Migration of hydrocarbons is influenced by geological phenomena and physical properties of rocks.
Hydrocarbons accumulate in formations with natural storage and permeability properties.
Seismic data interpretation is a key method for identifying hydrocarbon fields.
Exploration equipment includes seismic vessels and land-based rigs that can reach depths over 2500 meters.
Exploratory wells are used to gather information as drilling progresses.
Semi-submersible platforms maintain a stabilized position for drilling operations.
Offshore platforms are used not only for drilling but also for hydrocarbon production.
Production includes phase separation of oil, gas, and water before transportation.
Complex or costly production may utilize special ships for storage and offloading.
FPSOs (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) are used for smaller scale operations.
Hydrocarbons and water are separated on platforms, with oil stored and gas processed or reinjected.
Produced gas is transported to land via underwater or underground pipelines.
Gas can be liquefied at -162°C for transportation and storage in high-pressure tanks.
Crude oil is transported by tankers, with supertankers capable of carrying up to 200,000 tons.
FPSOs are also used for transporting produced crude oil.
Crude oil is stored in large tanks before refining into various derivatives.
Natural gas is stored in artificial or natural reservoirs for industrial and domestic use or as fuel in power plants.
Refined products include more than 2,000 derivatives used in various chemical processes.
Transcripts
el petróleo y el gas se generan a partir
de la roca madre o fuente de la
maduración o cocción de la materia
orgánica sepultada en las profundidades
de la tierra que una vez formada por
fenómenos geológicos migra a estratos
superiores en su camino de migración las
rocas de otras formaciones pueden
impedir su avance por sus propiedades
físicas y éstos se acumulan en depósitos
o formaciones con propiedades geológicas
de almacenamiento y permeabilidad
naturales así es la formación de los
campos de hidrocarburos que se pueden
identificar interpretando datos sísmicos
método indirecto de mapeo eco gráfico
los datos se obtienen con la ayuda de
tractores o barcos sísmicos para
confirmar las interpretaciones sísmicas
existen dos tipos de equipos de
exploración en marte se emplean equipos
en tirantes de agua de hasta más de 2500
metros en tierra los pozos exploratorios
son propuestos y se realiza la toma de
información a medida del avance de la
perforación
la plataforma que se observa es semi
sumergible flota y mantiene una posición
estabilizada mediante anclas fijadas en
el lecho marino las plataformas marinas
no solo se utilizan para perforación
también para producción de hidrocarburos
este proceso incluye la separación de
fases petróleo gas y agua antes de que
el petróleo y el gas sean tomados por
oleoductos o gasoducto hacia una
terminal en la costa cuando es complejo
o demasiado costoso enviar producción a
la costa por oleoducto se utiliza un
barco especial para la producción
almacenamiento y descarga de barcos más
pequeños denominado fps
florín production storage en a florín
batch en plataforma los hidrocarburos y
el agua son separados el petróleo puede
ser almacenado antes de ser cargado en
camiones o barcos cisterna y el gas se
envía a proceso o se reinyecta en el
yacimiento el gas producido se envía a
tierra a través de un gas
tendido sobre un lecho marino o
subterráneo en tierra a una planta de
procesamiento allí
el gas a venta por mar puede comprimirse
y refrigerar se a menos 166 grados
centígrados en forma líquida el gas
natural líquido cnl que llega a la
planta terminal se regasifica antes de
ser introducido en la red local de
ductos de gas el gas natural en forma
líquida puede ser almacenado en tanques
de alta presión antes de su
regasificación el crudo también puede
transportarse en buques petroleros hasta
con 200 mil toneladas de capacidad de
carga comúnmente se les llama
supertanqueros y los puertos capaces de
recibir a estos gigantes son escasos en
el mundo
los buques fps o usados para transporte
de crudo producido suelen ser más
pequeños el petróleo crudo antes de ser
refinado se almacena en tanques de gran
capacidad el gas natural se conserva en
yacimientos artificiales o naturales en
estas condiciones está
para su inyección a la red de adultos de
gas para uso industrial y doméstico o
como combustible en centrales eléctricas
en cuanto al crudo se transporta por un
minuto hasta la refinería donde se
somete a una serie de procesos de
transformación y mezclas en estos
procesos se obtiene más de 2.000
derivados del gas líquido gasolina
queroseno diésel o nafta aceites
lubricantes combustóleo y coque que se
utilizarán como base para la composición
de productos plásticos mediante procesos
químicos complejos del petróleo
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