Infant Developmental Milestones Mnemonic Pediatric Nursing NCLEX Review

Summary

In this educational video, Sarah, a registered nurse, discusses infant developmental milestones for children aged birth to one year, as part of an NCLEX review series on pediatric nursing. She uses the acronym 'BABIES' to cover body changes, achieving milestones, baby safety, interventions, eating plans, and social stimulation. Key points include fontanel closure, weight and length growth, teething, and motor and cognitive milestones at specific ages. Sarah also addresses safety concerns like SIDS, shaken baby syndrome, and choking hazards, emphasizing the importance of responsive care to build trust in infants.

Takeaways

• 👶 Infant Developmental Milestones: The script discusses the developmental stages of children from birth to one year old, focusing on categories remembered by the acronym 'BABIES'.
• 🔠 'B' stands for Body Changes: It includes fontanel closure, weight and length growth, and teething patterns.
• 🏆 'A' for Achieving Milestones: Motor and cognitive milestones are highlighted, with specific ages for when they should be achieved.
• 👼 Baby Safety: Covers important safety topics such as SIDS prevention, shaken baby syndrome, choking hazards, car seat safety, and burns prevention.
• 🍼 'I' for Interventions: Discusses nursing interventions, including responding to an infant's needs promptly to build trust.
• 🥗 'E' for Eating Plan: Breastfeeding is recommended as the gold standard for the first six months, with the introduction of solid foods afterward.
• 👫 'S' for Social Stimulation and Play: Describes the progression from observation to interaction in play, and the importance of independent play for infants.
• 📊 Weight Progression: Infants should double their birth weight by six months and triple it by one year.
• 📏 Length Progression: Infants should grow about half an inch to an inch every month.
• 🦷 Teething: The first teeth, lower central incisors, typically erupt around 10 months of age.
• 👶🏻 Motor Skills: Infants progress from head movement and tummy time at two months to sitting up unsupported and crawling at eight to nine months.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video by Sarah, the registered nurse?

The main focus of the video is to discuss infant developmental milestones, which is part of an NCLEX review series covering pediatric nursing.

How can viewers test their knowledge after watching the video?

Viewers can access a free quiz that will test their knowledge on the material covered in the video.

What does the acronym 'BABIES' stand for in the context of infant development?

In the context of infant development, 'BABIES' stands for Body changes, Achieving milestones, Baby safety, Interventions, Eating plan, and Social stimulation play.

When do the anterior and posterior fontanelles typically close in infants?

The anterior fontanelle closes around 18 months of age, while the posterior fontanelle closes around 2 months of age.

What is the expected weight progression of an infant from birth to 12 months?

By six months, an infant's weight should double from their birth weight, and by 12 months, it should triple.

How much should an infant weigh at six months if they were born weighing 8 pounds?

At six months, the infant should weigh about 16 pounds, as their weight should double from birth.

What is the significance of the infant's ability to roll over in terms of safety?

The ability to roll over signifies increased mobility and potential for falls, so parents need to be more aware and take safety precautions, such as stopping swaddling.

At what age do infants typically start to crawl and show signs of early walking?

Infants typically start to crawl and show signs of early walking between eight to nine months of age.

What is the recommended sleep position for infants to reduce the risk of SIDS?

The recommended sleep position for infants to reduce the risk of SIDS is on their back.

Why is it important for parents to avoid shaking a baby?

It is important to avoid shaking a baby because their brain is fragile and shaking can cause the brain to rock back and forth inside the skull, potentially leading to traumatic brain injury or death.

What is the recommended feeding method for infants in the first six months according to the video?

The video recommends exclusive breastfeeding as the gold standard for infants in the first six months.

What is the role of play in an infant's development and how does it change over time?

Play is crucial for an infant's development as it helps them interact with their environment and develop motor skills. It starts with observation and progresses to interaction, with play activities changing from looking at faces and listening to sounds to more active play with toys and objects as they grow.

Outlines

00:00

👶 Infant Developmental Milestones Overview

Sarah, a registered nurse, introduces the topic of infant developmental milestones from birth to one year old, focusing on categories remembered by the acronym 'BABIES'. These include body changes, achieving milestones, baby safety, interventions, eating plans, and social stimulation. The video is part of an NCLEX review series for pediatric nursing and includes a quiz for viewers to test their knowledge. Key body changes discussed include fontanel closure, weight and length growth, and teething patterns.

05:01

🚼 Achieving Motor and Cognitive Milestones

This section delves into the specific motor and cognitive milestones infants should achieve monthly, emphasizing the importance for nursing exams. It covers early language development, smiling, head movement, and tummy time for two-month-olds. At four months, infants begin to play, babble, and show stranger anxiety. By six to nine months, they can sit unsupported, crawl, and use the pincer grasp. The summary also touches on the progression of play and the emergence of simple words and separation anxiety by 10 to 12 months.

10:01

🛡️ Essential Baby Safety Measures

The script addresses crucial baby safety topics, including SIDS prevention, shaken baby syndrome, choking hazards, car seat safety, burns prevention, and the risks associated with infant mobility such as rolling over. It advises on proper sleep positioning, avoiding smoking, removing unnecessary items from the sleep area, appropriate dressing, separate sleeping spaces for parents and infants, and the importance of CPR training. The paragraph also covers strategies to prevent choking on food and the dangers of electrical outlets and hot water.

15:02

🍼 Interventions and Feeding Guidelines

Nurses are advised on interventions for hospitalized infants, focusing on building trust during Erickson's 'trust versus mistrust' stage. The importance of prompt response to crying, soothing techniques, and maintaining the presence of a caregiver is highlighted. The recommended feeding plan includes exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, followed by the introduction of foods while continuing breastfeeding. Vitamin D supplementation and the avoidance of cow's milk and honey are also discussed. The paragraph concludes with the progression of play from observation to interaction, emphasizing the role of toys and activities in infant development.

Keywords

💡Infant Developmental Milestones

Infant developmental milestones refer to the expected achievements in physical, cognitive, and social abilities that typically occur within the first year of life. In the video, these milestones are crucial for understanding the growth and progress of infants and are used to assess their health and development. The script discusses various milestones such as motor skills, cognitive abilities, and language development at specific ages.

💡NCLEX Review Series

The NCLEX Review Series is a set of educational materials designed to prepare nursing students for the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). The video is part of this series, focusing on pediatric nursing. It highlights the importance of understanding infant developmental milestones for nursing professionals, especially in the context of the exam.

💡Pediatric Nursing

Pediatric nursing is a specialized area of nursing that focuses on the care of infants, children, and adolescents. The video script emphasizes the significance of pediatric nursing knowledge in understanding and supporting the health and development of young patients, particularly in recognizing and promoting infant developmental milestones.

💡FONTANELS

Fontanels are soft spots on an infant's skull where the plates of the skull have not yet fused together. The script mentions the anterior and posterior fontanels, noting that the anterior closes at about 18 months and the posterior closes around 2 months. These are important for assessing an infant's physical development and skull growth.

💡Weight and Length

Monitoring an infant's weight and length is essential for tracking growth and development. The script provides specific milestones, such as an infant's weight doubling by six months and tripling by twelve months from their birth weight, and lengthening about half an inch to an inch every month. These measurements help ensure that infants are growing at a healthy rate.

💡Motor Milestones

Motor milestones are physical achievements that mark the development of an infant's muscle control and movement abilities. The script lists various motor milestones, such as an infant's ability to move their head from side to side at two months, roll over at four months, and begin walking between ten to twelve months. These milestones are key indicators of an infant's physical development.

💡Cognitive Milestones

Cognitive milestones represent the developmental stages in an infant's mental processes, such as learning, memory, and problem-solving. The video discusses cognitive achievements like object permanence, where an infant understands that objects continue to exist even when out of sight, and the ability to recognize and respond to their name, which are pivotal for cognitive development.

💡Baby Safety

Baby safety involves precautions and measures taken to protect infants from harm. The script covers several safety topics, including SIDS prevention, shaken baby syndrome, choking hazards, car seat safety, and burn prevention. Educating parents and caregivers about these safety issues is a critical aspect of pediatric nursing.

💡Interventions

Interventions in the context of pediatric nursing refer to the actions or strategies used by nurses to promote health, prevent illness, or respond to health issues in infants. The script discusses interventions such as responding promptly to an infant's cries to build trust, managing separation anxiety, and providing age-appropriate play opportunities to support the infant's developmental needs.

💡Eating Plan

An eating plan for infants outlines the recommended diet and feeding practices for optimal growth and development. The script emphasizes breastfeeding as the gold standard for the first six months, with the possibility of introducing iron-fortified formula if breastfeeding is not possible. It also mentions the importance of supplementing with vitamin D and avoiding cow's milk and honey during the first year.

💡Social Stimulation

Social stimulation is the process of engaging an infant in activities that promote social and emotional development. The script describes social stimulation through play, which evolves from observation in the early months to interaction with toys and the environment as the infant grows. Play is essential for cognitive and motor development, and the script provides examples of age-appropriate play activities.

Highlights

Introduction to infant developmental milestones as part of an NCLEX review series for pediatric nursing.

The use of the acronym 'BABIES' to remember categories of infant development: Body changes, Achieving milestones, Baby safety, Interventions, Eating plan, and Social stimulation play.

Fontanel closure timeline with anterior fontanel closing at 18 months and posterior at 2 months.

Weight development milestones: Doubling birth weight by six months and tripling by 12 months.

Length growth expectation of half an inch to an inch per month.

Teeth development, with lower central incisors appearing around 10 months of age.

Motor and cognitive milestones for infants at 2, 4, 6, 8-9, and 10-12 months.

Importance of tummy time for motor skill development in infants.

Safety considerations when infants start rolling over, including cessation of swaddling.

Development of stranger and separation anxiety in infants and their implications for care.

Infant feeding guidelines, emphasizing exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months.

The necessity of vitamin D supplementation for exclusively breastfed infants.

Avoidance of cow's milk and honey in the first 12 months of an infant's life.

Play development from observation to interaction as infants grow.

Importance of responding promptly to an infant's cry to build trust.

Strategies to soothe infants, including rocking, swaddling, holding, and offering the ability to suck.

Prevention of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) with recommended sleep positions and precautions.

Education on avoiding Shaken Baby Syndrome and its severe consequences.

Safety measures against choking hazards and the importance of CPR training for parents.

Car seat safety guidelines, emphasizing rear-facing seats for infants.

Prevention of burns and scalding by managing hot surfaces, electrical outlets, and water temperatures.

The progression of play from mirror gazing to object manipulation as the infant reaches one year.

Transcripts

hey everyone it's sarah register nurse

rn.com and in this video i'm going to be

going over

infant developmental milestones and this

video is part of an nclex review series

covering pediatric nursing

and as always whenever we get done

watching this review video you can

access the free quiz that will test you

on this material

so let's get started when we're talking

about infant developmental milestones

we're talking about children from the

age of

birth to one year now whenever you're

studying these developmental milestones

there is specific

categories that you want to know for

your exams

so to help us remember those categories

for the infant

we're going to remember the word babies

because we're dealing with babies here

so b is going to stand for body changes

all the body changes that are going to

occur in that infant that you want to

know for exams and then

a is for achieving milestones

specifically we're talking about

motor and cognitive milestones and we're

talking about the specific months when

they should hit those milestones

then the other b is for baby safety

i is for interventions that you want to

consider as a nurse whenever you're

providing care to that infant

e is for the eating plan and then s is

for social stimulation play

so first let's talk about body changes

okay big thing you want to know about

these

infants is when those font nails are

going to close

we have an anterior font now and we have

a posterior font nail

if you feel on a baby's head you can

feel

the area where these font nails are they

feel squishy and soft

so the anterior font nail it closes at

about 18 months of

age the posterior closes around two

months of age

so as a nurse whenever you're assessing

that infant you're going to see if those

font nails have

clothes also you want to know about

weight and length okay what about

weight well you want to know how much

they should weigh as time goes on

so remember this at about six months

their weight should double from their

birth weight

at 12 months that weight should be

tripled compared to their birth weight

so let's do a little quiz if the baby

was born and they weighed eight pounds

how much should they weigh

at six months well their weight should

double so eight plus eight

is sixteen so about six months they

should be about 16 pounds

well how much should they weigh at a

year 12 months

well that weight should triple from that

birth weight

so they should weigh about 24 pounds

now let's look at their length generally

their length they should be

growing about a half inch to an inch

every month so let's say our baby when

they were born

they were 21 inches how much how long

should they be

at six months well if you apply this

little rule

they should be anywhere between 24 to 27

inches long then you want to look at

teeth

their mouth is going to start changing

so usually the first

teeth to pop up will be those lower

central

incisors and these are found at in the

bottom

gum line in the middle hence why we call

them the central

and they they tend to erupt in most

babies around 10 months of age

some some get them a little bit sooner

now

whenever we talk about the preschool or

school-aged

child they will actually lose these

central incisors

and they tend to lose those around six

to seven years old and actually my son

has just lost

his central incisors next is a for

achieving

milestones so we're looking at specific

months when they should be hitting

certain milestones

and as we go through these milestones

i'm going to try to point out the ones

that tess

love to ask you about so whenever you

are assessing an

infant every like well visit they come

in or whenever you're providing care to

them you're going to look at their age

and you're going to ask yourself okay

are they doing what they should be doing

at this age for instance if they're two

months old

the baby should be doing these if

they're four months old they should

be doing these so those so that's why

it's really important we know

these developmental milestones so at two

months an infant should be doing the

following they should be moving their

head

from side to side they should be able

with their eyes to track people's faces

so

follow the face or an object they will

be

starting early language like they will

be making verbal noises like those coup

sounds a big thing that i personally

love

is they should be smiling by this age

so you'll see that also they should be

able to hold their head up

when they're on their stomach so tummy

time is very important for these little

infants so they can start

getting those motor skills now at four

months what should they be able to do

well this is when the baby

actually starts to enjoy play especially

with the parents now this is just very

early

play also their cooing that they did

over here at two months is actually

going to transition

into babbling and they may start copying

noises that the pain

that the parent makes also they will

hold

toys maybe like a rattle and they will

start to reach for things so that's when

things start getting fun when they start

to reach for

stuff also they have the ability to

start remembering

faces and certain objects and this is

another

big milestone that they do over here

that you want to remember this is when

they start to roll

over so some things whenever we're

talking about safety

whenever they start rolling over a

parent needs to definitely

be more aware of baby because instead of

baby just laying there

chilling now they can flip over and they

can potentially fall

also swaddling whenever you wrap the

baby in that burrito

type thing with the blanket that's when

you want to stop swaddling is whenever

they can start rolling over

next is six months so at six months the

infant should be able to set

up with support they will start to have

stranger anxieties so whenever people

come around them that they're not

familiar with

they will not like that and they will

display that in their face

and they may even cry and they won't

want to go to that stranger

also the babbling that they had before

at four months is

starting to progress where they're gonna

have early vowel sounds

in that babbling also they'll be able to

recognize

and respond to their name which is

always so fun whenever they

start to understand what their name is

and

they will start to have fun looking at

themselves in

the mirror so that's a little bit of

play that they can do around this time

then at eight to nine months they can

actually start to sit up

without support so over here they need

support but over here they don't need

that support they can actually set up

and hold their own

also they start to crawl at this age

and they may start to stand by pulling

up

on an object and actually holding on to

the object while they're standing this

is the beginning

of walking which they'll start doing a

little bit later on

also a big thing that you want to

remember in this age category

is that they start to use the pincer

grass

now what is that well this is where they

use their thumb

and their index finger and they will go

and pick up little small

objects like cheerios or something like

that

also this is where they start to move

objects from hand to hand so you may be

able to give them a little block

and they can switch it from a hand to

hand and they start to have

object permanence now what is this well

this is where they finally realize that

when something

disappears it still exists

so this is where you can start getting a

little more creative with play

you can hide objects and they can try to

look for them because they know that

they still

exist or you can play peekaboo and they

will start to enjoy that

and lastly we have 10 to 12 months so

what should this child be doing by their

first birthday

well they should begin walking this is a

huge milestone so they went from

crawling

to now walking they will be able to do

this by either holding the parent's hand

and they will be able to take steps some

children can actually

walk on their own without their parents

help but it really depends on the infant

and this is really the beginning stages

of it they're not masters either they're

going to trip they're going to stumble

and they're going to fall

also they should be able to follow very

simple commands like if you tell them no

they'll know they shouldn't do that also

if you tell them to wave by a lot of

children they can wave by

so just very simple things also they

should be able to take objects and put

them inside of a container

or they can take the objects and bang

them together

so notice as we progress with age

play has changed they went from liking

to look at themselves in the mirror

from playing peek-a-boo to now taking

objects and putting them in containers

so whenever you're looking on exams and

they're asking okay you have a

hospitalized

infant what's an appropriate play

situation you can do with this infant

you'll want to know

what you can do also they should be able

to say simple words like

mama or da dab and this is when

separation anxiety happens so this is

when

the caretaker the main caretaker like

the mom or the dad

is removed from the site of that infant

that infant freaks out does not like it

will cry

until they can see their caregiver again

so again you want to keep that in mind

as the nurse that this starts around

this age

next is b for baby safety now there are

some specific topics that you want to

know for

exams about baby safety that you're

going to educate the parent about that

you really have to watch out with these

infants so first is sids this stands for

sudden infant death syndrome now what is

this well this is where

a healthy infant under the age of one

dies usually in its sleep for some

unexplained reason they're not totally

sure but they know that if you do some

preventative measures that

that helps decrease the risk so you want

to teach the parent the following things

number one

the best sleep position the best sleep

position for an infant

is on their back not their side not

their tummy but their back

second you want to educate them the

importance of

avoiding smoking around that infant

because that can irritate the

respiratory system

third you want to educate them about

removing extra

items from the like blankets

toys because that can smother the baby's

face

also the importance of not over dressing

the infant when

it sleeps we don't want them to get

really hot and um

sweat that can increase the risk of sids

and then lastly

the importance of making sure that the

parent doesn't

sleep in the same bed as the infant they

can sleep in the same room that's

totally fine

but have the infant's own place where

they can sleep

the next topic you want to educate the

parent about is about shaken baby

syndrome this is where you want to

stress to the parent that they never

want to shake a baby

because a baby's brain is very fragile

inside of their skull and if a baby is

shaken

that brain in a sense will just rock

back and forth up against the front and

the back of the skull

and can cause a traumatic brain injury

which can lead to a severe disability

or even death so you know caring for an

infant can be stressful so you want to

tell the parent you know if you're going

through one of those stressful times

lay the baby down make sure they're safe

and just take a break for a second

and you want to stress to never ever

ever

do this another topic you want to talk

about is

choking from birth to one they are

definitely at risk for choking whenever

they're born they're at risk for choking

on breast milk mucus that gets built up

in their respiratory system you need to

teach them

how to suction that out with those

little bulb suctions

cpr recommend that they take a cpr class

and then as

they get older and progress there's a

risk of them choking on foods because

around six months of age that's when you

start introducing foods

so you want to tell them to avoid giving

them small round

little foods like grapes uncooked

vegetables popcorn because the infant

can get choked on that

then we have car seat safety where is

the best place for an infant to be

whenever they're riding in the car well

in that back

seat and you want to put them in a car

seat that is rear-facing

so in a sense they're like backwards in

the car and that is where they want to

be they don't want to be in the front

and they don't need forward facing that

comes

a little bit later and then burns burns

becomes a big issue especially when that

infant

starts becoming more mobile where

they're starting to reach for things

because that starts around four to six

months and they get really good at it

so you want to make sure that they're

not close to a stove while you're

cooking

and watch those electrical outlets also

the water

some water heaters can get really hot so

you want to make sure that you have it

on an appropriate temperature

so the infant doesn't turn on the water

and scald themselves

and then we have the whole rolling over

issue so here's your baby it's born they

normally just lay there they don't

really move except their arms and then

all of a sudden around the four-month

mark they will start

rolling over it's exciting but this is a

time

when that baby's starting to become more

mobile and they can get hurt so you want

to teach the parent that this starts

happening

you want to make sure that they're

always in a safe spot

that they're not going to roll off and

hurt themselves and again as i pointed

out earlier

this is the time when you would want to

stop swaddling them because when you

swaddle them

you put them on their back but if

they're starting to roll over in the

middle of the night they could roll over

they could get their face

on the mattress and couldn't be able to

breathe next is

eye for interventions that the nurse

wants to consider

whenever this infant is hospitalized so

infants whenever we look at erickson's

stage of development

they are in the trust versus mistrust

stage

so i would commit that to memory and in

a nutshell what that means

is that that infant is building trust so

building trust with our caregiver that

their needs are going to be met

so as a nurse we need to help the infant

in this stage and meet those

so what can we do well an infant how do

they tell you that they need something

they

cry so it's your job to figure out

what's wrong do they need a diaper

change are they hungry are they in pain

they have gas what's going on

so you're going to respond differently

to a younger infant compared to an

older infant so to help build this

trust whenever they cry you want to

respond to that promptly and investigate

what's going on

and you want to sue them so for the

younger

infant how a young baby is soothed is

that

you rock them you swaddle them you hold

them

or you give them the ability to suck all

those things are going to help soothe

them and calm

them down now with the older infant

you're going to look at some other

things that could be causing their crime

to help keep them calm

and build that trust because remember as

they got older

they started experiencing stranger

anxiety separation

anxiety so for separation anxiety what

can we do help keep that parent there

their caregiver there

so it keeps the infant calm like

whenever we're assessing them or

something keep

the infant on the parent while we assess

that'll help calm them a little bit

also with stranger anxiety how can we

help with that

well this infant starts to recognize hey

i don't know you and i

don't trust you but to help with that

nursing the same nursing staff can be

scheduled to provide care

to that infant and also play is

starts to become really important as

this infant gets older

so um depending on their age you want to

implement certain play strategies with

them give them time out of that crib out

of that bed

to play then we have e for eating plan

how's this

infant supposed to eat well

breastfeeding is gold standard that's

the absolute best for an

infant and you want to educate the

mother about that

so the first six months that's all that

infant needs they don't need

any extra fluids or food just the first

six months

exclusively breastfeed and then after

those six months continue breastfeeding

but you can start implementing food over

time now the american academy of

pediatrics

recommends if an infant is exclusively

breastfed that's all they have they

don't have a formula or anything

that they should be supplemented with

vitamin d 400

international units on top of their

breast milk to help with those levels

now if they can't breastfeed the next

best is

formula that has iron in it and

some things that you definitely want to

tell them to avoid during those

first 12 months of life is that they

don't need any cow's milk

or honey and lastly s for social

stimulation so we're talking about play

now infants aren't big about playing

with other children of course they're

just not

there yet they're more of independent

players so they do what's called

independent play

now it starts out with observation

during the

birth to first four months of life and

then it progresses to interaction where

they want to interact with their

environment

so with observation during that birth to

four months what can you do

to play with them well you can just be

there with them because they

love to look at faces and they also love

to look at high contrast

items also they love the sound of voices

so being sung to

talk to that is how they play and then

after four months they start to break

out of that

and they start to interact with their

environment so this is where toys start

coming in handy like

letting them hold rattles hearing that

shake of that rattle and moving that

um blocks hitting the blocks together

putting them in

a bucket and just hearing that noise and

hitting them together and then the push

toys

that you can buy because remember they

like to pull up and stand and push and

that's going to help

build those muscles and that body up as

they progress for whenever they start

walking

and they love again hiding objects

playing peek-a-boo

okay so that wraps up this review over

infant developmental milestones and

don't forget to check out the other

videos

in this series and to access the free

quiz which will test you over this

content