Grand Challenges in Materials Science: Innovators in Bioengineering Webinar
Summary
TLDRThe webinar featured renowned innovators Molly Stevens and Ali Khadem Hosseini, discussing the grand challenges in biomaterials and their impact on therapeutics and bioengineering. They highlighted advancements in bioprinting, nanoparticle analysis with SPARTA technology, and the development of smart materials for regenerative medicine. The discussion underscored the importance of interdisciplinary research, sustainable practices, and the role of AI in material science, aiming to democratize healthcare innovations globally.
Takeaways
- π The webinar featured Molly Stevens and Ali Khadem Hosseini, two leading innovators in the field of biomaterials and bioengineering, discussing the grand challenges in material science and their impact on therapeutics and bioengineering.
- π Molly Stevens is a professor at Imperial College London, known for her interdisciplinary research group focusing on regenerative medicine and biosensing, leveraging materials science for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and more.
- π Ali Khadem Hosseini is the CEO of the UCLA-affiliated Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, focusing on bioengineering solutions for precision medicine, including work on hydrogels, microphysiological systems, and lab-grown meats.
- π‘ The ACS Materials Gold journal, co-hosted by the webinar, aims to publish impactful research in materials science, ensuring global access to cutting-edge studies that can benefit a wide audience.
- π Stevens highlighted the importance of translating bioengineering innovations into safe and effective treatments, emphasizing the role of interdisciplinary collaboration and the incorporation of fundamental science into applied research.
- π¬ The development of the SPARC technique (Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis) by Stevens' group allows for the study of individual nanoparticles, providing insights into their composition and function for therapeutic applications.
- π The webinar underscored the potential of using mobile phone technologies for democratizing healthcare, with examples of point-of-care tests that can detect diseases like HIV and Ebola, leveraging the widespread use of smartphones for diagnostics.
- π§ͺ Hosseini discussed advances in bioprinting, emphasizing the creation of 'inks' that can be used to print with multiple cell types and materials, enabling the fabrication of complex tissue-like structures.
- π The use of hydrogel microneedles for drug delivery was a key point, with Hosseini's group developing painless methods to deliver a variety of treatments through the skin for applications in cosmetic, diabetic, and cancer care.
- π€ The potential impact of AI and machine learning on the discovery and application of new biomaterials was acknowledged, with both speakers recognizing the growing role of these technologies in analyzing complex data sets and predicting material properties.
- π The discussion highlighted the importance of academic entrepreneurship and the translation of fundamental research into practical applications, with insights into the ecosystem and support needed to make this transition successfully.
Q & A
What is the purpose of ACS Materials Gold and JAX Gold journals?
-ACS Materials Gold and JAX Gold are open access community journals launched by the American Chemical Society to provide a respected platform for publishing impactful research. They aim to conform to funding agency requirements and ensure global sharing of work, showcasing the best materials research and providing unrestricted access to cutting-edge research in the field.
Who is Stephanie Brock and what is her role in the webinar?
-Stephanie Brock is a professor of chemistry at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. She is also an associate editor of Chemistry Materials and the deputy editor of ACS Materials Gold. In the webinar, she serves as a co-host and introduces the speakers and their backgrounds.
What is the significance of Molly Stevens' research group?
-Molly Stevens' research group is multi-disciplinary, focusing on solving key problems in regenerative medicine and biosensing. Their work spans various areas including drug delivery, bioactive materials, tissue engineering, and the interface between living and non-living matter. The group's innovative approaches have led to significant contributions in the field.
What is the UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Smart Materials Hub and its role?
-The UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Smart Materials Hub is a program that brings together expertise from 10 different UK universities to develop smart materials for regenerative medicine. Molly Stevens serves as the director of this hub, which aims to facilitate the translation of scientific materials into clinical applications.
What is the technique called SPARTA and how does it work?
-SPARTA (Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis) is a technique invented in Molly Stevens' lab. It uses an optical trap to capture individual nanoparticles and measure their chemistry, allowing researchers to understand their composition and functionality at a single-particle level without needing to perform bulk measurements.
What is the importance of understanding single nanoparticles in therapeutics?
-Understanding single nanoparticles is crucial for designing better therapeutic agents. It helps in optimizing the composition, size, and surface properties of nanoparticles, which can lead to improved drug delivery, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced side effects.
What is Ali Khadem Hosseini's background and his current role?
-Ali Khadem Hosseini obtained his undergraduate and master's degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Toronto and a PhD in bioengineering from MIT. He is currently the CEO of the UCLA-affiliated Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation and is recognized worldwide as an innovator in bioengineering solutions for precision medicine.
How does Ali Khadem Hosseini's work focus on precision medicine?
-Ali Khadem Hosseini's work focuses on developing personalized remedies for various disease states by closely collaborating with clinicians. His research aims to create practical and affordable solutions tailored to an individual's biomechanical and biochemical needs.
What are the challenges in material science that Ali Khadem Hosseini's research addresses?
-Ali Khadem Hosseini's research addresses challenges in controlling cell behavior using material architecture and properties. His work includes developing materials for surgical applications, flexible electronics, sensors, and devices, as well as using materials in combination with cells for regenerative medicine and other applications.
What is the significance of the work on hydrogel microneedles for drug delivery?
-Hydrogel microneedles offer a painless method for drug delivery through barriers like the skin. They can encapsulate various drugs, including hydrophobic ones, and deliver them directly to the target site, improving the efficacy and convenience of drug administration.
How does the use of AI and machine learning impact the discovery and application of new biomaterials?
-AI and machine learning can significantly impact the discovery and application of new biomaterials by analyzing vast amounts of data to predict material properties, optimize material design, and understand complex biological interactions. This can accelerate the development of novel materials and their applications in medicine.
What are the key considerations for translating fundamental research into societal applications?
-Key considerations include identifying impactful research areas, understanding the needs and challenges of the target application, and having an ecosystem that supports academic entrepreneurship. It also involves collaboration with industry partners, regulatory bodies, and clinical experts to ensure the practicality and safety of the developed materials and technologies.
Outlines
π Introduction to the Webinar and Speakers
The script opens with an introduction to a webinar focusing on biomaterials and regenerative medicine, featuring Molly Stevens and Ali Khadem Hosseini. Stephanie Brock, a professor of chemistry at Wayne State University and editor of ACS Materials Gold, welcomes the audience and sets the stage for the enlightening session. Rodney Priestley, from Princeton University and also an editor of JAX Gold, co-hosts the event. The webinar aims to discuss the grand challenges in material science and bioengineering, encouraging the use of the Q&A feature for audience interaction, and introduces Molly Stevens as the first speaker, highlighting her impressive academic and professional background.
π οΈ The Role of Bioengineering in Material Science Challenges
Molly Stevens discusses the intersection of bioengineering and material science, emphasizing the importance of innovation in therapeutics and biosensing. She outlines three key points: safe and effective translation of research, understanding single nanoparticles for better design, and democratizing access to healthcare innovations. Stevens highlights the multidisciplinary nature of her research group and the importance of integrating fundamental science into applied research. She also touches on the challenges of translating complex material systems into safe and cost-effective treatments, mentioning the UK Regenerative Medicine Program's Smart Materials Hub as a collaborative effort to address these issues.
π¬ Innovations in Single Particle Analysis with SPARTA
Stevens introduces SPARTA (Single Particle Automated Raman Trapping Analysis), a technique developed in her lab for analyzing individual nanoparticles. SPARTA uses an optical trap to capture and measure the chemistry of nanoparticles, allowing for a better understanding of their composition and functionalization. The technology enables researchers to study cargo loading, chemistry, and real-time dynamic reactions on the particle surface. Stevens showcases the use of SPARTA in distinguishing between different types of liposomes and polymersomes, monitoring chemical reactions, and identifying the source of exosomes, which has potential applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.
π² Democratizing Healthcare Innovations with Mobile Technology
The discussion shifts to democratizing healthcare innovations, focusing on the use of mobile phones for early disease detection. Stevens points out the global disparity in access to healthcare facilities versus mobile phone coverage, particularly in low-income countries. She discusses the development of biosensors that can be read by mobile phones to enhance accessibility. The iSense center, which Stevens is involved with, works on ultra-sensitive biosensing for disease tracking. Examples provided include a point-of-care test for HIV detection using nanozymes and a test to distinguish between Ebola strains in survivors, both demonstrating the potential of mobile-integrated diagnostics.
π Transition to Ali Khadem Hosseini's Presentation
The script transitions to the introduction of Ali Khadem Hosseini, highlighting his academic and professional achievements. After obtaining degrees from the University of Toronto and MIT, and working with Dr. Robert Langer, Hosseini joined Harvard Medical School and later moved to UCLA. He is recognized for his work in bioengineering solutions for precision medicine and is currently the CEO of the Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, focusing on translational research and entrepreneurship.
𧬠Advancing Precision Medicine with Bioengineering
Ali Khadem Hosseini discusses the role of bioengineering in precision medicine, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. His work involves developing personalized remedies that are practical and affordable. He outlines the diverse research areas at the Terasaki Institute, which include materials for surgical applications, devices with flexible electronics and sensors, and combining materials with cells for additional functionality. The institute also explores lab-grown meats and environmentally friendly alternatives to animal agriculture.
π©Έ Multi-Material Bioprinting for Tissue Engineering
Hosseini delves into the specifics of bioprinting, a technique that places cells and materials in close proximity to allow cells to reorganize and mature. He discusses the development of various 'inks' for bioprinting, including photocrosslinkable gelatin and universal inks, which provide a blank slate for cell adhesion and organization. The use of microfluidic systems inspired by nature, such as a spider's ability to produce silk with unique properties, allows for the creation of complex structures with multiple materials and properties.
π Hydrogel Microneedles for Drug Delivery and Beyond
The presentation continues with the topic of hydrogel microneedles for painless drug delivery through the skin. Hosseini explains how hydrogels, typically not strong enough to penetrate the skin, can be lyophilized to acquire the necessary mechanical properties for use in microneedles. These microneedles can encapsulate a variety of drugs, including hydrophobic ones, through the use of cyclodextrin molecules. The technology has applications in gene and mRNA delivery, cell delivery for wound healing, and fluid extraction for analyzing interstitial fluid components.
π Opportunities in Materials Integration for Precision Medicine
Hosseini concludes by emphasizing the opportunities for integrating materials into precision medical applications, showcasing examples in tissue engineering and devices. He highlights the potential for the next generation of tissue engineering, enabled by complex structure creation, and the use of engineered hydrogels in drug delivery applications. The presentation ends with a philosophical note, comparing the grand challenges in the field to an egg, from which a solution should emerge, symbolized by a bird.
π€ Q&A Session and Closing Remarks
The script concludes with a Q&A session where both Molly Stevens and Ali Khadem Hosseini address questions from the audience. Topics discussed include the potential for high-throughput analysis with SPARTA, challenges in interfacial adhesion with multi-component materials, the current state of green synthesis of nanoparticles, and the impact of AI and machine learning on biomaterial discovery. The session ends with reflections on the academic landscape, the importance of translational research, and the role of entrepreneurship in bringing scientific innovations to society.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Biomaterials
π‘Regenerative Medicine
π‘Nanoparticles
π‘Bioengineering
π‘SPARTA
π‘Translational Research
π‘Machine Learning
π‘Microfluidics
π‘Hydrogels
π‘Lab-on-a-Chip
π‘Democratization of Healthcare
Highlights
Introduction of the webinar on grand challenges in material science and bioengineering, hosted by ACS Materials Gold and JAX Gold.
Molly Stevens and Ali Khadem Hosseini's discussion on the role of biomaterials in regenerative medicine and biosensing.
Molly Stevens' background and her work on multi-disciplinary research in bioengineering approaches for regenerative medicine.
Ali Khadem Hosseini's focus on precision medicine and the development of personalized remedies.
The importance of translational research in bioengineering and the challenges of moving from lab to clinical application.
Stevens' group's development of the SPARC technique for single particle analysis to understand nanoparticles better.
Hosseini's work on multifunctional materials and 3D printing for tissue engineering and drug delivery.
The potential of AI and machine learning in the discovery and application of new biomaterials.
The role of interdisciplinary collaboration in tackling key challenges in bioengineering research.
The significance of democratizing access to healthcare innovations, especially in low-income countries.
Stevens' leadership in the UK Regenerative Medicine Platform Smart Materials Hub and its impact on clinical trials.
Hosseini's establishment of the Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation and its focus on translation.
The use of bioprinting to create complex tissue-like structures for regenerative medicine.
The development of hydrogel microneedles for painless drug delivery and their potential applications.
The importance of green synthesis in nanomaterial development and the push for sustainable practices in science.
Insights on academic entrepreneurship and the translation of fundamental research into societal impact.
The closing thoughts on the future of bioengineering and the potential for integrated materials in precision medicine.
Transcripts
[Music]
okay
it's time to get started
i would like to thank you so much for
joining us for what promised to be an
enlightening hour with two stellar
innovators in biomaterials molly stevens
and ali khan
my name is stephanie brock and i'm a
professor of chemistry at wayne state
university in detroit michigan i'm also
an associate editor of chemistry
materials and the deputy editor of the
new gold open access community journal
acs materials gold
acs materials gold is one of nine
community journals recently launched by
the acs to ensure that you have the
opportunity to first of all publish in
respected and impactful journals while
conforming to any funding agency
requirements and second of all to share
your work globally ensuring anyone who
wants to read it can do so as such we
are committed to showcasing your best
work in materials research to the global
community and providing unrestricted
access to cutting-edge research at the
forefront of the discipline
i'm pleased to be co-hosting here today
with rodney priestley representing jax
gold rodney
excellent thank you good morning good
afternoon good evening from princeton my
name is rob priestley i'm also an
associate editor of jax gold i'm also
the dean of the graduate school and the
pomeran betty perry smith professor of
chemical and biological engineering at
princeton university
i'd like to welcome you to the grand
challenges in material science
innovators in bioengineering again
hosted by jax gold nacs materials gold
in brief jack's gold seeks to build upon
the greatest attributes of the journal
of the american chemical society
however jack's gold is open access
meaning that all articles are open to
the community despite subscription
status
we seek to publish articles in the broad
field of chemistry including new
materials development to advance
technologies and bioengineering
is why we are so excited to be
co-hosting this webinar and we certainly
hope that you will enjoy it
now before we get started i'd like to
remind
all of the uh members in attendance
to please use the q a function at the
bottom of the zoom to post your
questions
and we will ask questions after both
molly and ali have made their
presentations
it is now my distinct pleasure to
introduce the first speaker of this
grand challenges and materials webinar
molly stevens is professor of biomedical
materials in regenerative medicine in
the department of materials
and department of bioengineering and the
research director of biomedical
materials sciences at the institute of
biomedical engineering at imperial
college london
she joined imperial college in 2004 as a
lecturer
after post-doctoral training in the
laboratory of professor langer in
chemical engineering at mit
prior to that she graduated from bass
university with first class honors the
pharmaceutical sciences and was then
awarded a phd from the laboratory of
biophysics and surface analysis
from the university of nottingham in
2000
the stevens group is a
multi-disciplinary research group of
students post-docs and research fellows
they use innovative bioengineering
approaches to pursue their vision of
solving key problems in regenerative
medicine and biosensing their research
spans drug delivery
bioactive materials
tissue engineering biosensing materials
characterization
soft robotics and the interface between
living and non-living matter
professor stevens is a fellow of eight
uk societies including the royal society
and the royal academy of engineering
and in 2019 she was an elected foreign
member of the national academy of
engineering in the us
she holds numerous leadership positions
too many to name but i'll highlight a
few including director of the uk
regenerative medicine platform smart
materials hub
and is an editor of acs nano
professor stevenson has also been
recognized
quite extensively for her research
including 30 or more prestigious awards
including the act of biomaterial civil
medal and 2020 and the imperial college
president's award and medal for
outstanding research team
molly it is a pleasure to welcome you
the floor is now yours
thank you so much uh rodney and thanks
so much for uh
inviting me to this um
event i'm really really excited to be
here uh
and i guess uh
one of the the uh advantages of having
it virtual actually is we can have
people from all around the world
attending which is um
uh also great
so um
i've been uh asked to um speak a little
bit uh from a quite a personal
perspective about some of the uh
challenges that we're facing um in
material science and in particular how
innovations in bioengineering could
impact on those
um and my group
really is is pretty broad um and i
thought what i do today is focus on a
couple of examples of why this is
important in therapeutics and bio
sensing
and so i i've picked really just just
three kind of um points really that i
wanted to make uh in this talk and the
first one that i see is a sort of
challenge where we can impact through
through bioengineering and through new
material systems
is is really thinking about how we can
do very safe and effective translation
and so
really being able to impact on the
patient well-being
secondary i'll touch on uh in this
really brief talk is uh thinking about
how we can understand single
nanoparticles better because i think if
we can do that we can design that much
better and that's important for loads
and loads of different therapeutic
applications
and then third point which is something
that's really important to me is how can
we actually make technologies that can
benefit the most people possible so how
can we help
in thinking right from the start of the
design about how we're going to
democratize that access to the
healthcare innovation
so so this is my group you can see
they're really uh diverse in that they
come from all around the world but
actually they're very multidisciplinary
as well so even though i'm joined
between a materials department and a
bioengineering department we also have
lots of chemists in the group we have
surgeons in the group mathematicians
physicists
all those different backgrounds i think
are one of the things that enables
actually us to tackle key challenges in
research
the other the other thing that i think
is really important in making sure that
research can have really
good impact
is to make sure that we don't stray too
far from incorporating fundamental
science impacts into that research and
so within our group we work both on
fundamental science but also right
through to applied innovations
and if we think about therapeutics and
whether that's regenerative medicine or
just therapeutics more broadly there's
groups all around the world
working on repairing for example
different tissues and also tackling many
different
diseases
in our
group focuses mostly on the
musculoskeletal system and also
cardiovascular and the eye
but really a lot of the work we do
around materials platforms can be
applied to many different organ systems
um and one of the things particularly if
we look at regenerative medicine and one
of the things that materials scientists
like like people within my group but
also more broadly struggle with is is
thinking about how much complexity do
you encode into a material system
because you could start with a rather
simple system
uh but that might not provide enough
information for cells and you can
include more complexity but that might
make it more difficult to translate and
we have also
had some examples from within the field
of materials that have translated in in
slightly unsafe ways and so we want to
um really um be thinking about how
can we make the best possible
materials to regenerate the most
life-like tissue in the best possible
way
but in a way that's going to be cost
effective and also really safe for the
patient so that's quite a complicated
challenge to do particularly if you're
based within a university department and
so we bring on help to do that what
we've done in the uk is we've set up
this uk
regenerative medicine program
smart materials hub and that enables us
to bring
expertise from across 10 different
universities in the uk i'm currently
serving as the director of this
and we make different materials
whether we're using 3d printing
approaches which i know ali will talk a
little bit about later in this session
or gel type systems or gradient
materials or
indeed nano scale structured materials
all of these different material
structures we make but we also have set
up panels within this hub to bring on
regulatory experts and
safety and immunology experts and people
that can advise us around manufacturing
and so really thinking about how we
train our early career researchers from
being great scientists um right to
thinking about the target product
profiles of the kind of materials
they're going to end up using so that
these can translate and i'm really
delighted that the hub is involved now
in a number of human
setting up a number of human clinical
trials to
make sure that materials that are
designed with great science in mind also
make it through to helping patients
so
a second point i want to
mention is about
understanding single nanoparticles
better now why does this matter so you
can see here
a number of different nanoparticles that
are used um at the moment in lots of
research fields and also start to be to
be translated to the clinic
so you have for example viral vectors
you have
lipid based nanoparticles we have a few
of these now also
becoming really interesting candidates
for vaccines for example
and you also have tiny particles that
are released from cells these are called
exosomes all cells release these and
they're really interesting for therapy
but also for diagnosis
and then you can have other polymer
particles and really lots of different
types of nanoparticles available to
deliver therapeutics or to be used in
biosensing
and on the right you can just see
some of those particles that we've
been developing within our own group
just in the last couple of years i've
just put some very recent publications
to show that
this is an active area for us and so
with this being an active area one of
the frustrations we were getting was how
can you actually
study these particles better uh at the
single particle
excuse me level to understand for
example cargo loading or chemistry and
and really be able to design ultimately
these particles better and we were
quite frustrated
about not having a technique available
that could do this for us
and so we invented a technique within
our own lab
this is called sparta single particle
automated raman trapping analysis
and what sparta can do is it can use an
optical trap to trap an individual
nanoparticle and measure its chemistry
and so we can then learn about its
composition and how the particles
functionalized and we can correlate that
to the size of individual particles as
well so do a simultaneous size
measurements and even measure real-time
dynamic reactions on the surface
and this is all powered by our own
software and coding that we've written
um in an instrument that you can now use
at the touch of a button
and so this enables us essentially to
measure
chemistry within single particles that
you would never normally be able to
distinguish if you were performing a
bulk measurements and so you can really
pull out heterogeneity that you wouldn't
normally be able to and you can see what
the the prototype instrument looks like
in the the top right there but i'll just
show you a couple of things that we can
do with it um
so here we have on the top uh
row we have
two different types of liposomes some
deuterated ones and some non-deuterated
and you can look at a mixed population
of these with the sparta and without
having to label them or anything you can
pull out
[Music]
differences in their chemistry
and then at the bottom we have two
different types of polymersomes made
from polymer chains that are rather
similar except the blue one also
incorporates a heparin group and again
without having to label these you can
measure that mixed population and
distinguish between those two different
kinds of
particles
um
what we're showing
in this image here is how we can also
measure dynamic reactions
dynamic processes on individual
particles
which i think is really really exciting
um in terms of some of the things we can
now study using this approach
and the exemplar that i've shown here is
where we're trapping um
at the top left in panel a um an an
individual polystyrene particle and we
perform the first chemical reaction to
introduced an alkyl introduce an alkyne
group and this shows up with really nice
characteristic peak in the raman spectra
and then we can do a second reaction to
convert this to a triazole and so you
then see a decrease in the alkyne peak
and an increase in the triazole and you
can monitor that for individual
particles and really follow those
reactions
which is very
very exciting
[Music]
yes so
this is just showing you also how you
can
use sparta to identify um where exosomes
are coming from so these are these small
v-schools that are released from cells
they're also released from cancer cells
and actually know that their
biochemistry is different if they come
from a cancer cell or from a healthy
cell
and so it's really
interesting to be able to trap these
with the sparta and analyze their
chemical composition and we've done this
for many different types of exosomes
from different types of cancers
versus healthy cells and also cancers
that have a particular drug resistance
for example
and this has recently been published
in this acs uh journal acs nano in fact
um and you can get down to about 95
sensitivity and specificity so this is
interesting in terms of diagnosis but
also potentially because people are
really interested in using these
exosomes
for therapy because they can contain
really interesting biological
information to help in signaling within
cells
and then final
example i'm going to show you for sparta
is this one here which has just been um
accepted
so this has just appeared um online
and this is where we can use spa to
trap
lipid nanoparticles
and this is really interesting because
these um including uh in some of the
covid vaccines are emerging it's really
uh interesting uh new um
or at least newly uh applied in the
clinic um nanoparticle systems
um and there's still a need really to
understand how the composition of these
relates to their function uh in vivo so
we can do even better design
and so what we did in this study here
was to look at lipid nanoparticles that
had different
compositions
and also to look at their interaction
with an enzyme called phospholipase d
and that's interesting because
phospholipase d is um uh
produced with it within the body uh also
in particular sites and in relation to
particular uh diseases and so we can
start to understand how these kind of
particles that would have a biological
function in the body would be affected
by this enzyme and actually monitor that
in real time
and see how the lipids on these
particles are converted in this case
from dopc to
dopa
um so if you're interested in that sort
of field um this is yeah very recently
um published work
and and so we see this kind of
technology actually being really
transformative for the way that you can
study
nanoparticles that are going to be used
in therapy um it could be used early in
formulation development but also
throughout the manufacturing process
development and ultimately also within
manufacturing quality control
so very last thing that i want to touch
on just in a a couple of minutes is
democratization of access to healthcare
innovations
now
access to innovations that can tell us
about early disease detection are
important for pretty much every disease
so from cancers to heart disease to
viruses and antimicrobial resistance
and we can use nanoparticles in the
context of biosensing we do a lot of
work on this and we particularly think
about how we functionalize the surface
of these
biomarker
nanoparticles
and
we really want to
be able to have these technologies have
the most impact possible across the
world and infectious disease actually is
really disproportionately affecting um
low-income countries at the moment as
i'm sure you'll be aware
and so one of the ways
uh one of the challenges the challenge
is uh this um sort of unfairness really
of the way that technologies are
deployed across the world but the
kind of innovation that can help with
that is thinking about how we can also
use technologies that can be read
by mobile phones
and this is because um
there's about seven billion uh global
mobile
phone subscriptions now is really a very
interesting way of thinking about how we
can connect and empower people across
the world
you can see here from
our recent
nature paper that we looked at growing
smartphone adoption across the world
um and uh
as you'll
know uh the the number of smartphones
available are increasing across the
world but actually also in sub-saharan
africa and it's not just the number of
phones it's also the quality of those
phones and how well they can take
photographs
[Music]
and so we looked for example here at
this study
in
looking at data from uganda
at how easy it was for people to get
access to a healthcare facility versus
to mobile phone coverage and not
surprisingly you're going to be able to
access far more people
and bring technology to them if that
technology can be read by mobile phone
out in the community rather than need to
be done in a more centralized healthcare
facility so it can really help us with
access
of democratization of access to
healthcare
and we've set up this center called
isense that looks right at tracking of
diseases this is led by uh professor
inger malcox
ultra sensitive biosensing and
integration into online care pathways
i'm currently the deputy director of
that center and i'm just going to show
you just two examples of how we've
applied this
one is to detect hiv very early on and
to do that you need to detect the virus
itself in this case
protein from the virus called p24
we use state-of-the-art nanoparticles
that we develop um in my lab that have a
gold core and a porous platinum shell
and these can act essentially as
artificial a bit like artificial enzymes
they're called nanozymes and they can
create this really vibrant color when
you add some chemicals to them
or dark color i should say when you add
some chemicals to them and you can
functionalize them with antibodies that
will recognize that p24 and we then have
a separate tiny uh binder called the
nanobody that has a biotin group on it
and that can also bind to p24 so when
you mix these together and then you run
them up a test strip so this is like a
lateral flow test like you'll have seen
for the covid lateral flow test
um that biotin binds very quickly to
streptavidin at the surface and we can
then capture those nanoparticles add the
chemicals and actually get a hundred
fold amplification so this is a hundred
fold better than the gold nanoparticle
based lateral flow tests and actually at
the time we published this back in 2018
was the
most sensitive point of care
test that had been developed for hiv and
you can see it gets right into that
acute stage
so we're working closely with partners
in africa to look at how we can
deploy these technologies and this video
will just show you um you know these are
some of the readers that have been made
by the mckendree group in license where
you can essentially take
tests um put them in with these facial
markers take photographs of them get
really robust output and then we can
create again within our sense these data
dashboards that look at mapping of
uh technology so that we can get people
quickly into online care um pathways
and then very final um slide that i want
to show you just to be respectful of the
the time that i've been allocated is
this one here
which is um
where we developed a point of care test
that could
distinguish between three
different strains of ebola
in survivors of ebola so this is looking
at serological surveillance so looking
at the antibodies
produced by the patients
and we took this out to uganda this is
again um
back a few years ago now so kind of
pre-pandemic
and um
or pre-covered pandemic i should say uh
and you can see the um
the mapping here um within about a
hundred looked at about a hundred
survivors here and could just
distinguish really well uh between them
and also do a geotagged mapping of of
where they were
located and
i'm just so delighted really to see how
um this kind of approach and technology
has now become much more routine uh with
the current pandemic because i i think
it's so incredibly important in terms of
being able to track infectious disease
spread and to much better control
the
um
the way that we respond to that as we've
seen so it's it's wonderful
to see more and more people now adopting
these kind of
approaches
and i'll um stop there and just again
thank my group and collaborators and
also
all of you for the opportunity to talk
to you today thank you
[Music]
thank you molly um it's really exciting
to see how we can sort of exploit uh
some of these new technologies um that
you've developed with with uh robust
cell phone technologies um to really
sort of globalize uh the impact of the
of the work that's being done thank you
very much
at this time i would like to take a
moment to introduce our second speaker
ali khadem hosseini dr karem hosseini
obtained his undergraduate and master's
degrees in chemical engineering from the
university of toronto
uh he went to mit and also worked with
dr langer where he secured a phd degree
in bioengineering in 2005.
basically immediately after he was
snapped up at harvard medical school so
he didn't have to go very far with
additional appointments at harvard mit's
division of health sciences and
technology brigham and women's hospital
and the vice institute for biologically
inspired engineering
in 2017 he was lured across the country
to ucla as the levi knight professor of
bioengineering chemical engineering and
radiology and he founded and served as
director of the center for minimally
invasive therapeutics
presently dr karmuseni is the ceo of the
ucla-affiliated terasaki institute for
biomedical innovation
dr katherine husseini is recognized
worldwide as an innovator in
bioengineering solutions to precision
medicine he does this by working closely
with clinicians who are patient facing
in order to develop personalized
remedies that are both practical and
affordable to a variety of
disease states so that echoes some of
the some of the work that molly is doing
in terms of democratization
in the interest of time i will not go
through the 60 plus major awards that
he's received in acknowledgement of his
achievements but we'll point out that he
is perpetually on thomson reuters list
of highly cited researchers and the
world's most influential minds
ali thanks again for joining us the
floor is yours
thank you very much dr brock uh and
thank you everyone really appreciate the
opportunity for um presenting some of
our work particularly in what i see as
some of the grand challenges in material
science as it pertains to applications
related to tissue engineering and drug
delivery
these are my conflicts of interest and
as molly mentioned we have we have a lot
of um
we have a lot of interdisciplinary work
in our lab and uh at the institute um so
this is a typical um
typical meeting that we have and uh you
can kind of just see from the
uh from the close that we have a lot of
different backgrounds of course we have
clinicians and scientists whether
they're chemists or physicists um as
well as
as well as many other uh types of folks
engineers of different sorts um and um
and i i think that we're uh where we're
really benefit is having this
interdisciplinary interactions um to
address a range of problems and um and
similar to molly's our group is also uh
very international um from all over the
place and we are we pride ourselves um a
lot based on that diversity uh before i
start i also like to thank our funding
sources and encourage every guy everyone
to
connect with us through different uh
sorts of platforms whether it's twitter
or or
etc
um so the institute that i'm currently
running is uh is an institute that's
located in los angeles uh which is a
beautiful area this is our third
building which is going to be up and
running in the next few months and
really the focus of the institute is
translation and our pet peeve is to
become the world's best place for
academic entrepreneurs so really
focusing on trying to uh develop
technologies that can be translated into
companies that actually have impact in
human life
one of the things that um
we we are
we do is a very diverse area of research
all related to materials and
using materials to to
really push forward a lot of different
applications and these are
from areas related to making materials
that can be used for
surgical applications and different
types of medical
types of
materials
and these materials are designed to
tailor to an individual's need whether
that's a biomechanical or a biochemical
um
stimuli and become um
to some degree responsive to what that
individual needs we also work a lot on
another aspect of materials which is
really using materials for devices and
using things like flexible electronics
and sensors to enable advances to
existing medical uh devices whether they
would be wound healing
patches or catheters or other types of
things we combine these different
materials with cells particularly immune
cells and stem cells that can be used to
add additional functionality and we use
these types of technologies in different
test beds whether they're in making
different types of implants or tissues
for um for patients as needed
being able to make different sorts of
lab on a chip organonic chip models or
what we call microphysiological systems
as well as something that i've become
particularly interested in is using
these sorts of technologies for um
nutrition applications things like using
these techniques for making lab-grown uh
meats as well as other sorts of uh more
environmentally friendly alternatives to
animal agriculture
so um
what i'm gonna quickly talk about is
one of the challenges which is i see
that ability to use materials
in
controlling cell behavior and
by doing that being able to use the
architecture of the materials as well as
its um its chemical uh and biological
properties so over the years we've been
very much interested in this
architecture whether this that would be
through making porous scaffolds or
lithographic and micro
engineering approaches fluidics systems
to make um structures fibers and stealth
assembly but over over the past few
years really bio printing has taken
taken off and has become a particularly
uh a useful approach to do this
when it comes to bioprinting i think
what i want to mention is that
bioprinting is a approach where we put
the cells and materials in close
proximity to each other we actually
print them so that they can actually the
cells can actually do the rest of the
work so
what the goal is to not necessarily make
the tissue at time zero but allow the
cells to reorganize and become more
mature and functional
through this process and be able to make
tissues that are more and more like
real tissue architectures
so we worked on a couple different areas
here one is actually the materials the
inks that are used to
make this process more efficient and
effective and there's a variety of
different materials that we've been
working on um
all of them involve to some degree
hydrogen materials these are hydrated
polymers
um and what we see
for example is we can make
inks that are to some degree very simple
but act as a very powerful
baseline to be able to have cells
reorganize their environments so these
materials for example photocrossing
cable gelatin are now very widely used
because of its ability to provide a
blank slate that the cells can degrade
and um actually they can adhere to
the other thing um
is to use um techniques like um
universal inks these are inks that can
be printed with many different types of
printers and allows us to again have
this diverse ability to control the
material properties and other types of
inks that are conductive or oxygen
generating so that we can actually
control uh different aspects of material
properties
now what i've told you so far are
basically one category of
inks and typically bio printers or 3d
printers in general are designed to
print one material
and if you're trying to make more
more complex structures you have to have
multiple nozzles typically which makes
it a lot more complex
a few years ago we started to think
about these processes and we were bio um
we got uh bio inspired by uh looking at
how nature generates complexity in the
tissues that it's it's generating any
materials that it's making so for
example one of the fascinating things is
a spider and how it can basically take
uh the components of different glands
that it has in its back
and be able to spin out
basically a silk of a unique property
that it wants
we can get this inspiration and build
microfluidic systems that mimic this
for example here being able to make
these
channels which are all um pneumatically
controlled with a
computer controlled system
and based on which of these materials
are being expressed based on which
channels are open we can start
controlling what
materials are expressed and be able to
have lots of control over the
these types of systems
so just to
give you an example if you have like
three different materials with um red
green and blue inside them and you open
them sequentially then all of these will
be open in the same region of the fiber
if you if you open them all
simultaneously then they all will be
expressed in the same region so by doing
this you can now start making lots of
controlled architectures you can um get
more um
deep in your engineering you can by
having the same channels but having
different flow regimes you can change
not only the chemical composition but
also the topography
of these structures you can make
layers or systems that have controlled
architectures and even have multi-phase
systems where you can have air bubbles
oil droplets or even cells embedded in
these architectures
so one of the things we're very much
interested is to actually use this in
different applications and one of the
obvious ones is to be able to make these
um
fibers
embedded with cells of different kinds
and be able to use them in a minimally
invasive regenerative applications so
here for example
we can make these fibers so that they
have cells particularly in this case
this the core can have hepatocytes liver
cells and the shell here can have
support cells that which maintain the
functions of these liver cells and we
can
test these and we can deliver them
inside
inside different
cases through a pinhole um the other
thing we can do is actually have these
fibers be coded in a way that they can
control the surrounding biology here um
these fibers can release some particular
molecule that can be a chemoattractant
for example here to neutrophils
and many other sorts of things
and of course this doesn't take too much
now to take this and put it upstream
from bioprinters uh the nozzles and be
able to generate complexity so here
through a single nozzle you can have
multiple
different inlets which can have
different materials so you can build
these structures in a layer by layer
manner not just with particular
architecture but with particular
chemical or biological
composition as well
so we can actually add on to these types
of approaches here you can have
a printer with seven inlets
where in in this case you can actually
combine these different inlets in
different combinations whether they're
individual or binary or tertiary etc so
you can literally get hundreds and
thousands of combinations
through this simple process where you
can mix these
individual components and where you can
push this is actually now take these
types of technologies
and
build
more complex architectures out of them
here you can see some examples of where
we're heading where we're actually
trying to uh generate more complex
structures that can be down the road be
used for making more advanced biological
uh structures that can help the cells
reorganize themselves further
so what i've shown so far are basically
these um extrusion or nozzle based
printers but there's a whole category of
materials which are also more based on
light patterning or stereo orthographic
systems and we can use the same kind of
principles to make these materials these
printers also multi-material so here
what you can see is that
we can
pattern a light
in a particular shape onto a surface and
cross-link this material but
while we do that we can also change
the um the ink that is exposed to that
plane
so that once we have a particular shape
printed then we can bring in a second
ink and then be able to subsequently
make a second um
second material there with a different
composition
so by using this approach again we can
build in a layer by layer manner be able
to build the layer and then change the
material and then build um a second
layer and generate the same kind of
complex structures that i mentioned in
these 3d printers and where we think
this addresses a lot of challenges is
that when you're trying to build
particularly tissues
you need to build with a certain level
of complexity because you have different
cells and different materials and
different parts of the tissue so having
this kind of ability is going to be
really powerful for the next generation
of tissue engineering
the other thing that i want to quickly
talk about is how we can apply these
engineered hydrogels to
different types of drug delivery
applications and particularly i've
become very fascinated by
micro needle array technology because
they are painless ways of delivering
drugs through barriers like the skin
and by doing that they really allow us
to
address a lot of different challenges
everything from cosmetic and anti-aging
applications to things related to
diabetes care and many other sorts of
things
so when we think about these micro
needles they're typically made from
polymers that are not really hydrophilic
these are polymers that are often
degradable or on the other end they're
made from actual metallic components so
we've been interested in actually taking
this
existing tool set and bringing in a new
platform of hydrogels onto this so when
you think about hydrogels you don't
typically think of things that are
strong to penetrate the skin but what we
can do is that we can actually take
hydrogel
of different um
different types of gels like for example
photographical gelatins or pegs um be
able to mold them into the shape of
these micro needles and then we have
these micro needles that are basically
water swollen so normally they wouldn't
have the ability to penetrate the skin
but once we actually dry these or
lyophilize these um
then they actually get the the right
kind of
mechanical properties and we can
encapsulate many different things inside
them and they can
be used to penetrate the skin and
deliver their cargo
so here's some examples of these very
very
interesting hydrogel micro needles and
what you can see is that um they not
only have the right kind of um
architectures that we want but we can
put different types of drugs in them
these are some psychedelic drugs that
that some of our collaborators have been
interested in and we can take these
micro needle patches and
deliver them through different
epithelial tissues and when we actually
come in and
and
cross section these tissues we can see
where the tissue has been penetrated
and we can now start using them for
different applications of course when
you have hydrophilic drugs um or
or things that are can be immobilized
inside these hydrogels that's very easy
but there's also classes of hydrophobic
drugs that we want to incorporate so
there we can actually start making
different types of um
approaches in this case we can get
cyclodextrin molecules conjugate them to
our
our our background uh polymer and be
able to encapsulate drugs directly
inside them and i do apologize for the
background noise obviously my
four-year-old is
starting to learn how to sing so
yeah
um
so um
so what we can do with these now
polymers that have the ability to
encapsulate hydrophobic drugs is to also
um encapsulate them um inside these
molds and be able to make these micro
needles and here's a just a typical
example of a drug that's very
hydrophobic called curcumin and we can
actually take um these drugs
encapsulated inside these
hydrogel microneedles and then be able
to uh use it in a
sample tumor example where we can
actually
look at different controls when we have
nothing inside the micro needle where we
have just a plain sheet without the
micro needles or when we actually have
the micro needles it's the only case
that we can actually get cell death in
this tumor models
there's other types of applications we
can do and um examples of them include
being able to add a lot of
gene and gene delivery or
micro mrna
aspects and these are some other
capability which is very important um
and here we can do the same thing to be
able to deliver genes to um to different
cells um inside this um
models and again the very um powerful
examples here where we don't get
any um delivery using the um using
um other types of controls but when we
have the
the dna with the um the
cationic delivery mechanism and the
micro needle you start getting um
expression of this um
green protein
green fluorescent protein gene
and there's just want to give one quick
example at the end one is that we want
to be able to deliver other things other
than drugs and this is one approach
where we can actually deliver cells
using micro needles again because we
have hydrophilic
components in this case we can actually
encapsulate the cells inside the gel
keep the gel hydrated for the entire
process
coated with a thin layer of plga which
allows it to maintain its strength and
penetrate the skin
and then once the cells are delivered
then we can remove the back substrate
here and have the cells
get penetrated into the skin and these
are some examples showing that we can
actually deliver cells that can secrete
vegf and in this case when we have a
injury model
we can actually have
these cells
which are here be able to kind of have
significantly better outcomes
compared to all the other controls where
you don't have the cells or or other
types of controls and these are just
other biological characterizations for
this
uh we can use these also for fluid
extraction
be able to put these inside the skin and
then sample different types of
interstitial fluid components
and here we demonstrate that we can
because these are dried gels they can
wick up a solution from underneath the
skin without any pain
and we can take these samples
and extract the fluid from them and then
be able to actually use these to sample
everything from glucose to different
types of proteomics on to
antibiotics like vancomycin etc and then
be able to um analyze the interstitial
fluid and be able to actually sense
these different ingredients and to be
able to compare how their
blood versus
intercessional fluid samples are so with
that i want to end the talk and just
look back and we say that we do think
that there is a lot of opportunity to
integrate materials
into precision
medical applications and i've given some
examples in making tissues
and also
devices aspect there's a lot of other
applications here as well so with that
i'll just end off with this
picture which is a um i think is really
uh awesome painting one of my favorite
uh it's a self-portrait of renee
magritte which is a painting or a
painter around the turn of last century
he's looking at the egg and is drawing
the bird and i think
a lot of the grand challenges that we're
talking about here and other forums we
should kind of
be looking at them as uh as the egg
because we should be able to find a
solution and then
have the bird that's emerging from it
thank you very much and thank you to the
organizers and molly and for your time
all right
thank you very much alex for the
wonderful presentation i'd like to
invite
molly to to join us well and so thank
you all for adhering to the time because
we did save um enough time for some
questions and because of the outstanding
presentations we did get quite a few
questions so we'll see which ones we
have the time to go through and so i'll
start um with you molly first some a
question that came in
um
with the the sparta it's an exciting
analytical tool enabling single particle
analysis
can you expand this tool to more high
throughput analysis of an entire
nanoparticle population
yeah
so um you definitely can so so the way
it works is we trap an individual single
nanoparticle um
and if we have a good uh trap we go on
to acquire a high signal to noise uh
acquisition of the data for that but
then we release it and then we trap
another particle and you can keep doing
that for hundreds of hundreds and
hundreds of particles so you can do
actually high throughput analysis but
with single particle resolution and i
um didn't go into that in my talk but
it's a great question yeah
excellent great and we'll rotate here so
now to to you ali um
the
the work on you know kind of
multifunctional materials and 3d
printing was really exciting but one of
the questions that came in is if you can
comment on maybe challenges around
interfacial adhesion when you have
multi-uh component materials
yeah so so um excellent question i think
there's definitely
aspects in material science that needs
to be optimized for anytime you want to
do something like this
for example if you print materials that
are inherently have different
viscosities or or
different hydrophobicity there's
optimization that needs to be made um
and similarly i think um if you're if
you're um not very careful with um how
your
hardware is then that adds additional
challenges so that there are some
optimization but i think the concept um
is broadly applicable
excellent great um
we'll zoom out a little bit
here molly a question for you
in terms of you could comment on
current state of the art of
green synthesis of nano materials and
nano particles where we currently are
um i mean i i think i think it's really
important in general and you know this
is something i was also quite involved
in when i was um
a president of the um
one of the divisions within the uk royal
society of chemistry
um you know thinking about how we can
make all of the science that we do uh
essentially more more sustainable and
you know thinking not only towards
circular economy but also
um
just just not not having too many side
effects right the kind of materials we
make um
so in general the the kind of materials
that we are working on uh
for most of our biosensing are
sort of less toxic and
also you only need a very tiny amount of
them within the biosensing tests um we
definitely have done work uh in the past
on
using for example quantum dots that have
different components so cad selenide
zinc sulfide for example which
you know would have a bit more uh
constraints uh around them but um
certainly the materials that we're
thinking
about um
for use in the point of care tests are
um
are pretty well suited actually for them
so great great uh zoom out a little bit
for you too as well ali one of the
questions was
with the emergence of ai and machine
learning how do you think that's going
to impact or change
um discovery and application of new
biomaterials
oh that's that's an excellent question
um so so there's obviously a lot of
interest in that space in the past few
years i you know i think as we start
really making new materials with
different um unique properties and
particularly for biobiological aspects
when there is lots of potential
opportunity to use different types of
chemistries and different types of
proteins i think having the ability to
use this um ai machine learning is gonna
be really important and i think it's
some really exact amazing examples of it
are the kind of work that you know david
baker is doing and some of the other
folks and and really
looking at protein chemistry and then
being able to start incorporating that
into building uh from from those
building blocks so i think it's it's
just uh beginning of something really
exciting
yeah i might i might jump in as well
okay um because i'm sure ali's seen this
too but um you know now all of the sort
of grant panels that i sit on and so on
almost well it's i'm sure it's not every
proposal but it seems like an awful lot
of the proposals are incorporating some
form of machine learning you know and
really interesting um
uh the the examples ali has already
mentioned but also people you know how
people are using ai to predict kind of
how
water repulsion might occur at different
biomaterial surfaces how proteins might
adhere
differently we we're using it quite a
lot
in our own research as well to
try and understand um data sets actually
really complex data sets if you do
biosensing in a target agnostic manner
for many many patients and you have huge
data sets how can you use
machine learning approaches to
deconvolute
basically the information that you want
to gain from those
systems and so
you know it is it is also the case that
with a lot of these machine learning
approaches um actually they've been
around a
a long time right they just used to be
called different things
and people have used gaussian processes
and so on for a really long time but but
really um
the data that you put into these things
is just as important as the actual
approach in many instances
excellent excellent so before we jump
into more technical questions i'll zoom
out even a little bit more i mean and
this question addressed that both of you
posted on you know outstanding
fundamental research but with huge
technological implications and you are
involved in the translation of that work
and molly you mentioned the consortium
with 10 plus institutions and ali right
now and you're at a private um
institution right now can you talk a
little bit about just the the academic
landscape and going from research to
innovation and entrepreneurship and how
you see that evolving and say the field
of biotechnology vital materials etc any
challenges or lessons you've learned
that you can share with the audience in
translating
basic fundamental research into actual
applications that can have an impact on
society
molly you go first okay yeah and then
i'll hand over
to some of the things you're doing at
terasaki um so um i'm i'm very actively
involved in translation and i'm also
been involved in the the founding of a
number of um companies um and
um so i i think it's hugely important
actually that the knowledge we take in
the lab we translate um
into things that can actually help
people and there's there's different
ways of doing that right so we've done
that within my own group we've done that
through founding of companies we've also
done it from large uh through large
industrial uh partnerships with large uh
companies and we also
are working really closely with
organizations like the gates foundation
to
um to kind of push some of that work uh
forwards uh as well i think in general
like this is not an easy thing to do and
so um it is really important to think
about the systems that you want to have
in place um one of the ways that i've
helped to
do this for my kind of wider community
is is as i mentioned by directing this
large
multi-university hub that brings on
those kind of external um
experts and there's different ways of
doing this but um i'll hand over to ali
as well because i'm actually on the
advisory board of his terasaki institute
and i think they also have a really
interesting model there so go for it
ellie
yeah thank you molly um so i think this
is really
uh something that i've been thinking
about for the past like 20 years just
being in bob langer's lab who's like the
pioneering um academic innovator i do
think that there are some uh
basic things to follow one is that
i think the the area that you're going
after is going to be really important
the kind of impact that you're going to
make is going to be based on the kind of
questions that you're trying to answer
and how impactful those solutions will
be um and then fundamentally the whole
academic entrepreneurship is something
that's we're not trained in so it does
take a long time to really understand um
and get educated and it took me 20 years
or i'm still learning to be honest um
but but the other thing is um having a
um
ecosystem that's um tailored for that
and supports that i think is really
important um the reason the terasaki
institute was formed was to really
enable that so we asked our faculty that
um listen you know innovation is our
mission so uh we don't ask you to teach
we don't ask you to to do many other
service types of things but in return we
want you to really just solve big
problems and be able to um
be involved in the process of taking it
on to the real world so so it is
something that is a new exercise in
academic entrepreneurship but i do think
that it's something that needs to be
done more and more um at uh across the
world really
great thanks for that and and
with that question we are
officially done with the q and a part of
this webinar so i'd like to now turn it
back over to my colleagues
thank you so much rodney
thank you for that really stimulating
discussion
i appreciate the fact that we had so
many people here
in the audience checking in from from
all over the world and just a lot of
real inspiration
from these talks
so i just want to thank again our
innovators in bioengineering uh molly
stevens and ali khadem hosseini for
sharing with us their thoughts on some
of these grand challenges
that particularly are facing
materials for for therapeutics i hope
that this webinar has inspired you
as as it has me and and really broadened
your perspective
of what uh what the future of medicine
looks like
i also hope
that
in your work
resulting in novel interesting new
um bioengineered materials that you will
consider jack's gold and acs materials
gold for your next best manuscript
thank you so much have a wonderful day
[Music]
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