CBSE Class 9 Economics - 1 || The story of village Palampur || Full Chapter || By Shiksha House

Summary

The script explores the diverse production activities in the fictional Indian village of Palampur, highlighting agriculture as the main occupation. It discusses the importance of land, labor, and capital in production, the impact of modern farming methods, and the challenges faced by small farmers. The script also touches on non-agricultural activities like shopkeeping and small-scale manufacturing, illustrating the village's economic diversity.

Takeaways

• 🌟 Production is fundamental to a country's economic development, encompassing both agricultural and industrial sectors.
• 🏡 The village of Palampur, representative of many in India, is used as a case study to understand local production concepts.
• 🛣️ Palampur is well-connected by a 3-kilometer road that facilitates the transportation of people and goods using a mix of various vehicles.
• 🏘️ Palampur is home to about 450 families with diverse living conditions, from brick houses to those made of mud and straw.
• 🔌 The village has access to electricity, which is used for household needs, agricultural activities, and supporting local businesses.
• 🏫 Children in Palampur have access to education with two primary schools and one high school within the village.
• 🏥 Health care services are available, with both government and private facilities catering to the health needs of the residents.
• 🌾 Agriculture is the primary occupation in Palampur, but land ownership is unevenly distributed among the villagers.
• 🚜 Non-farming activities such as shopkeeping, dairy, small-scale manufacturing, and transport services also contribute to the local economy.
• 🌱 Modern farming methods introduced in the 1960s, like high-yielding varieties (HYV) of seeds and chemical fertilizers, have significantly increased crop yields but at a higher cost.
• 🛠️ The script highlights the importance of land, labor, physical capital, and human capital as the four main factors of production in any activity.
• 💡 Sustainable farming practices are emphasized to address the environmental and economic challenges associated with modern farming methods.

Q & A

What is the significance of production in the economic development of a country?

Production is key to a country's economic development as it encompasses both agricultural and industrial activities, which are essential for meeting the needs of the population and driving economic growth.

Why is Palampur chosen as the study location for understanding production concepts?

Palampur is chosen as it represents a typical small village in India, providing a good place to understand various concepts related to production, including the mix of local goods and services required by people living in villages.

What types of transport are commonly used on the road from Shampoo to Palampur?

The road from Shampoo to Palampur features a mix of transport types, including congas, bullock-carts, bicycles, motorcycles, jeeps, trucks, and tractors, reflecting the diversity of transportation methods in rural India.

How does Palampur's infrastructure support its residents' needs?

Palampur has infrastructure such as an all-weather road for connectivity, electricity for various uses including irrigation and powering local businesses, and access to education and healthcare services, which support the residents' daily needs.

What is the primary occupation in Palampur and how does it vary among the population?

Agriculture is the primary occupation in Palampur, but the distribution of land ownership varies, with upper caste families owning most of the cultivated land, while other farmers either own small plots or are landless laborers.

What are the four main requirements for production activities as described in the script?

The four main requirements for production activities are land, labor, physical capital (including machinery and tools), and human capital (the effort and intelligence to arrange other factors for production).

How does Palampur's access to electricity impact its farming and local businesses?

Electricity in Palampur is used to run tube wells for irrigation, which supports farming activities, and also powers local businesses, contributing to the village's economic activities.

What is the difference between fixed capital and working capital in the context of production?

Fixed capital refers to inputs like machinery and tools that can be used repeatedly over time without getting used up in the production process. Working capital, on the other hand, includes inputs that get used up in each production cycle, such as raw materials and wages for workers.

How does multiple cropping increase farm production in Palampur?

Multiple cropping allows farmers in Palampur to grow two or more crops on the same land within a year, effectively increasing the yield from the same piece of land without needing to expand the cultivated area.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of modern farming methods introduced during the Green Revolution?

Modern farming methods increased crop yields significantly by using high-yielding varieties of seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. However, they also led to environmental issues such as soil degradation, water pollution, and decreased water tables, as well as increased costs for farmers.

How does the distribution of land among farmers in Palampur reflect the broader situation in India?

In Palampur, as in much of India, a small group of families owns large fields, while a majority of farmers are small and own less than two hectares each. This reflects the broader trend in India where a majority of farmers are small and cultivate only a small portion of the total cultivable land.

Outlines

00:00

🌾 Production and Village Life in Palampur

Production is vital for economic development, encompassing both agriculture and industrial manufacturing. In India, with over 70% of the population in villages, local production meets various needs. Palampur, a representative village, is well-connected by a three-kilometer all-weather road to neighboring Reagan's and further to the town of Sharper. The village, with 450 families, displays a mix of upper-caste families in large brick houses and Dalits in small mud houses. Palampur has electricity, schools, and healthcare services, showcasing improved living standards. Agriculture dominates, with 80 upper-caste families owning most of the land, while others are small farmers or landless laborers. Non-farming activities like shopkeeping and dairy also play a role in village life.

05:01

🏭 Resources and Production in Palampur

Various production activities in Palampur require natural and man-made resources, human effort, and intelligence. Future modules will explore the utilization of these resources in goods and services production. Every production activity, whether agricultural or industrial, relies on land, labor, physical capital, and human capital. Land includes water, forests, and minerals; labor involves the workforce; physical capital consists of machinery and raw materials; and human capital encompasses entrepreneurial efforts. Fixed capital, like machinery, is reusable, while working capital, like raw materials, is consumed in production. The Potter example illustrates the difference between fixed and working capital. These resources collectively drive the primary production activity in Palampur: farming.

10:03

🌾 Increasing Farm Production in Palampur

Seventy-five percent of Palampur's working population is engaged in farming. Farm production is crucial for their welfare. Increasing farm production can be achieved by expanding cultivation land or adopting methods to grow more crops on existing land. However, land is limited, and converting wasteland offers marginal increase. From 1950 to 2000, cultivated land in India grew only slightly. To boost production, farmers in Palampur practice multiple cropping, growing three crops annually: jawar and basra in the monsoon, potatoes between October and December, and wheat in winter. Modern farming methods, introduced during the Green Revolution, use high-yield seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. Though expensive, these methods significantly increase crop yield. However, modern farming's environmental impact and economic challenges necessitate sustainable practices.

15:03

🚜 Impact of Modern Farming Methods

Modern farming methods introduced during the Green Revolution in the 1960s transformed Indian agriculture, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Western Uttar Pradesh. These methods use high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, requiring substantial investment but resulting in higher yields. However, prolonged use of chemical inputs degrades soil fertility and pollutes groundwater. Additionally, increased reliance on groundwater for irrigation lowers the water table. While modern farming boosts crop production, it also raises costs, reducing farmers' profits. Sustainable farming practices are essential to mitigate these adverse effects. Land distribution in Palampur, reflecting India's situation, shows many small farmers with limited land, making it difficult to produce surplus crops for sale. Larger landowners profit more, exacerbating economic disparities.

20:05

👩‍🌾 Challenges of Small Farmers

Small farmers in Palampur struggle with limited land, often inherited and divided among family members, resulting in insufficient cultivation area. Farming demands hard work, with medium and large farmers hiring laborers. Farm laborers face challenges like low wages and irregular employment, exacerbated by mechanization reducing manual jobs. Capital is crucial for modern farming, but small farmers, producing only enough to feed their families, lack surplus for investment. They often borrow from moneylenders at high interest rates, increasing their financial burden. In contrast, large farmers profit from surplus crops, invest in new assets, and diversify into non-farming activities like transport and shops, widening the economic gap between rich and poor farmers in Palampur.

25:05

🏪 Non-Farming Activities in Palampur

Non-farming activities play a significant role in Palampur's economy. Shopkeepers sell daily necessities, sourced from wholesalers in Sharper. Entrepreneur Kareem started a computer training center, hiring local women and attracting students. Dairy farming is also prominent, with milk transported to Reagan's for distribution. Small-scale manufacturing includes making handicrafts, weaving, and producing jaggery using simple machines. Transport services are vital, with various vehicles moving goods and people. Kishora, a landless laborer, improved his family's condition by taking a government loan to buy a buffalo for dairy production and transport services. These activities, alongside farming, contribute to Palampur's diverse and dynamic economic landscape.

Keywords

💡Production

Production is the process of creating goods and services and is fundamental to the economic development of a country. In the context of the video, it refers to both agricultural and industrial activities that take place in the village of Palampur, India. Examples include the cultivation of crops and the manufacturing of goods, which are integral to the village's economy and the livelihood of its inhabitants.

💡Agriculture

Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock for food, fiber, and other products. It is the main occupation in Palampur, with the majority of the working population engaged in farming activities. The script discusses the importance of agriculture in the village's economy and how different farming methods, such as multiple cropping and modern farming techniques, are used to increase production.

💡Multiple Cropping

Multiple cropping is a farming practice where two or more crops are grown on the same piece of land within a single year. The video script illustrates this concept with the example of Palampur farmers growing different crops like jawar, basra, and potatoes in the same field throughout the year, which helps to maximize the use of land and increase agricultural output.

💡Modern Farming Methods

Modern farming methods refer to the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds (HYV), chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation systems to increase crop yields. The script contrasts these methods with traditional farming, highlighting the higher costs and yields associated with modern practices. It also discusses the Green Revolution in India, which introduced these methods and significantly increased food production.

💡Land Ownership

Land ownership is the legal right to possess and use land. The script describes the distribution of land in Palampur, where a small group of upper-caste families own the majority of the cultivated land, while many others are small farmers or landless laborers. This disparity in land ownership affects the economic opportunities and living standards of the villagers.

💡Caste System

The caste system is a social stratification system that categorizes people into different social groups based on their birth. In the context of the video, the caste system influences the living conditions and economic opportunities of the villagers in Palampur, with upper-caste families living in brick and cement houses and Dalits living in less affluent areas with houses made of mud and straw.

💡Non-Farming Activities

Non-farming activities refer to occupations and businesses that are not directly related to agriculture. The script mentions various non-farming activities in Palampur, such as shopkeeping, dairy, small-scale manufacturing, and transport services, which contribute to the village's economy and provide alternative livelihoods for its residents.

💡Human Capital

Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or workforce, which contribute to economic output. The video emphasizes the importance of human capital in production activities, including the need for education and technical skills in modern farming and other industries, as well as the entrepreneurial spirit of individuals like Karim and Lila who start their own businesses.

💡Physical Capital

Physical capital, or simply capital, refers to the physical inputs used in the production process, such as machinery, tools, and buildings. The script discusses the role of physical capital in farming, such as the use of tractors and harvesters, and in small-scale manufacturing, like the electric sugar cane crushing machine used by Miss Lila.

💡Sustainable Farming

Sustainable farming is an approach to agriculture that aims to use resources efficiently while minimizing environmental impact and preserving the health of ecosystems. The video script touches on the environmental and economic challenges associated with modern farming methods, such as soil degradation and water pollution, and suggests the need for sustainable practices to ensure long-term productivity.

💡Landless Laborers

Landless laborers are individuals who do not own land and work on the land of others for wages or a share of the crop. The script describes the plight of landless laborers in Palampur, who face difficult living conditions, low wages, and job insecurity, especially with the advent of farm machinery that reduces the demand for manual labor.

Highlights

Production is key to a country's economic development, encompassing both agricultural and industrial sectors.

Over 70% of India's population resides in villages, making them a microcosm of the country's production activities.

Palampur, an imaginary Indian village, serves as a case study for understanding local production concepts.

Transport in Palampur includes a diverse mix of vehicles from bullock-carts to tractors, reflecting the village's connectivity.

Palampur's population of 450 families represents the caste diversity and socio-economic disparities found in Indian villages.

Electricity in Palampur supports local businesses and agriculture, a luxury not available in many Indian villages.

Palampur's educational facilities include primary schools and a high school, providing better access to education for its residents.

Healthcare services in Palampur, including a government health center, are vital for the well-being of its inhabitants.

Agriculture is the main occupation in Palampur, with land ownership disparities affecting farming equality.

Non-farming activities in Palampur, such as shopkeeping and transport services, diversify the local economy.

Natural and man-made resources are essential for production activities in Palampur, including land, water, and human effort.

The concept of physical capital, including machinery and tools, is crucial for the production process in Palampur.

Human capital and effort are vital for organizing resources and initiating production activities in Palampur.

Farm production in Palampur can be increased through multiple cropping or modern farming methods.

Modern farming methods post-Green Revolution have significantly increased crop yields but at a higher cost.

Environmental concerns arise from the intensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in modern farming.

Land distribution in Palampur reflects the broader issue of land inequality among Indian farmers.

Labor is a critical component of farming in Palampur, with a distinction between landowning farmers and landless laborers.

Capital requirements for farming have increased due to the adoption of modern farming methods.

Non-farming activities in Palampur, such as small-scale manufacturing and services, contribute to the village's economy.

The story of Palampur illustrates the interplay between production activities, resource availability, and socio-economic dynamics in rural India.

Transcripts

production is the key to the economic

development of a country

production can be agricultural

crops

or industrial

like manufacturing of goods

over 70% of the Papa

in India still lives in villages

people living in villages require

various goods and services

which are produced locally

thus a village is a good place to

understand various concepts related to

production

we have chosen Palampur as the place to

study production

who could be in any part of India from

Jammu and Kashmir to Kerala

gujarat or assam

this imaginary place called Palampur

represents a small village in India

Balam pool is pretty well connected by

road

a three kilometer long all-weather road

connects Palampur

to a bigger neighboring village called

Reagan's

from Reagan's

the same Road continues to the nearest

town of sharper

if you travel on the road from shampoo

to Palampur

you will find an amazing mix of

transport

congas

bullock-carts

Bogey's

motorcycles

jeeps

trucks and tractors are all used to

transport people and goods on this road

Balam pool is a small village inhabited

by about 450 families

as in most villages in India

people in pollen pool belong to many

different castes

the AP upper-caste families in pollen

pool hath baka houses made of brick and

cement plaster

if you visit them

that some of these houses are quite

large

the Dalits account for about

third of the total population of Palin

pool

they live in a corner of the village in

small houses made of mud and straw

Pilon pool is one of the increasing

number of villages in India that have

electricity

most houses in Palampur have electricity

connections

electricity is also used to run tube

wells in the fields and support local

businesses

you may be surprised to know that in

many villages in India

walk several kilometers to reach their

school

children in Palampur are lucky

Balam poor has two primary schools and

one high school where the children can

study

the residents of Palin pool also have

access to good health care services

a government-run primary health care

center and a private dispensary take

care of the sick

so you see

while impor is a pretty little village

where people have good access to road

connectivity

education electricity and healthcare

services

now let us take a look at the production

activities that people in pollen pool

are engaged in

like most villages in India

agriculture is the main occupation in

pollen pool

however

all farmers in Palampur are not equally

fortunate

the 80 upper caste families own a

majority of the cultivated land in

pollen pool

the other farmers either own small plots

of land or at landless

laborers in the fields of the wealthy

landowners

if you think all people in villages are

farmers

you are not quite correct

just like other villages in India

people in pollen poof are engaged in

several non farming activities like

shopkeeping

Darry

small-scale man

and transport services

all these production activities require

natural resources like land and water

man-made resources like raw material

human effort and intelligence

and of course

in the subsequent modules

we will see how these resources are used

to produce goods and services in pollen

poor we use a number of goods and

services every day

all these goods and services

the food we eat

the clothes we wear

and the appliances we use

and services like the bank we have an

accountant

sport we used to travel

are made available to us through

production

suppose you have a great idea about

making a product or service required by

people

before you can put your idea into action

consider the factors required for its

production

you want to produce a crop

set up an office or build a factory

you will need some place to do so

thus

the first requirement for

is land

land as a production factor also

includes other natural resources like

water

forests

and minerals found in the Earth's crust

the second requirement for production is

labor or workforce

these are the people who do the

different tasks involved in production

as is clear from the pictures

some tasks with

the manual labor

while others require higher education

and technical skills

Russian activity needs certain inputs to

produce an output in the form of the

desired goods and services

the third requirement for production is

the inputs required for the different

stages of production

these inputs are called physical capital

or simply capital

the most important factor here is the

entrepreneur

who is willing to risk his capital to

start a production activity

physical capital includes inputs like

machinery and tools

all material required for production

some inputs like the building of a

factory and the tools and machinery

installed in it can be repeatedly used

for production year after year

not get used up in production

such inputs are called fixed capital

that fixed capital can vary from a

simple plow used by a farmer to a

sophisticated laptop computer inputs

like raw material and the money used for

buying it

paying electricity bills and the wages

of workers etc get used up in the

production activity these inputs are

called working capital and are required

every time the production activity takes

place

let us take the example of a Potter to

understand the difference between

working capital and fixed capital

the Potter uses money to buy clay

Potter uses the clay to make pots

money and clay gets used up in the

production of BOTS

hence these are his working capital

however

the potter's wheel can be used again

again to make pots

used up in the production of parts

thus he

fixed capital

the fourth requirement of production is

human capital

and effort that is put in

arrange for the other factors like land

labor and

capital to start the production of goods

or services

thus

land

labor

physical capital

and human capital are the four

requirements of factors of a production

activity

as is the case in most Indian villages

the main production activity in pollen

poor is farming

seventy-five percent of the working

population in Balham poor is engaged in

farming

include farmers and farm laborers

the welfare of the farming community is

directly dependent on farm production

the more the production the happier the

farmers and farm laborers

so how do we increase farm production

well there are two ways of doing it

one way to increase farm production is

to increase the land area under

cultivation the other way to increase

farm production is to adopt methods that

allow you to grow more crops on the same

land

let us explore both these possibilities

let us start with the possibility of

increasing the land resource for

cultivation

land is a limited resource

we require land not just to grow crops

but to build houses

industries public spaces

spittoons etc

thus it is difficult to increase the

land area under cultivation

the only way to increase land under

cultivation is to convert waste lands

into cultivated land however

so limited so this method can only

increase the farmland marginally

what is true verbal Ambu

true for the whole of India

observe in this graph how total land

under cultivation in India increased

only marginally between 1950 and 1970

between 1970 and 2000 the land area

under cultivation remained unchanged

in the table is mentioned in million

hectares

hectar is the standard unit of measuring

land area and is equal to the area of a

square having a side of 100 meters

thus one hectare is equal to 10,000

square meters

since we cannot substantially increase

the land area under cultivation let us

see how we can grow more crops on the

same land to increase farm production

you can grow more crop

on the same land in two ways

you can either adopt multiple cropping

or use modern farming methods

let us discuss both these ways in detail

let us start with multiple cropping

farmers in pollen pool grow jawar and

basra during the monsoon or harif season

these crops are used as cattle feed

after harvesting Java and Basra the

farmers grow potato in their fields

between October and December

after the potato harvest

so heat in the winter season which they

harvest before the monsoon the next year

a part of the land in Balham pool is

used to grow sugar cane that takes about

a year to grow

in a period of one year farmers in

pollen

grow three crops on the same land

this method of growing two or more crops

on the same land in a year is called

multiple cropping

farmers in pollen pool can grow multiple

crops in a year because they are not

dependent on drains for irrigation

they have access to electric powered

tube wells to irrigate their fields

all villages in India are not as

fortunate as pollen pool

percent of the cultivated area in India

is irrigated and is primarily in the

northern and coastal plains in regions

like the Deccan Plateau farmers are

still largely dependent on rainfall for

cultivation

now let us learn about modern farming

methods to increase farm production and

how these methods are different from

traditional methods of cultivation

before we proceed let us understand how

farm production is measured

farm production is measured as yield

which is the total quantity of crop

produced on a piece of land in one year

to the 1960s

additional seeds that required less

irrigation and grew well with natural

manure made from cattle dung

traditional farming is less expensive as

the farmer does not have to buy too many

things but it produces a lower yield of

crop

the Green Revolution in the 1960s

introduced modern farming methods that

used high yielding varieties or hy-vee

of seeds that required a lot of water

and the application of chemical

fertilizers and pesticides

modern farming is more expensive as the

farmer has to purchase hy-vee seeds

fertilizers and pesticides

so has to pay for electricity and for

the installation of tube wells for

irrigation

however the crop yield is very high as

compared to traditional farming

with increasing yield big farmers

invested in farm machinery like tractors

and harvesters

these machines speeded up the work

but increased the farmers expenditure on

fuel and maintenance

the high-yield seeds used in modern

farming produce more grain on each plant

as compared to traditional seeds

this is how farmers get a higher yield

through modern farming

farmers in Punjab

Rhianna and western Uttar Pradesh were

the first to adopt modern farming

methods in India

and they yield got more than doubled

the Green Revolution in India was more

successful for some crops than the

others

chart clearly shows that while wheat

production in India has increased

manifold the production of pulses has

not changed much

of late people have started associating

several adverse environmental and

economic effects with modern farming

methods let us take a look at them

prolonged use of large quantities of

chemical fertilizers and pesticides

kills useful bacteria in the soil

leading to soil degradation and a

decrease in the natural fertility of

soil

chemical fertilizers and pesticides

percolate through the ground to pollute

the precious groundwater resources

of use of groundwater for irrigation

through tube wells has reduced the water

table in many areas

with decreasing soil fertility farmers

are forced to use more and more

fertilizers to maintain their production

levels

this is increasing the cost of

production for farmers and decreasing

their income

thus we need to adopt modern farming

methods with care for sustainable farm

production

we have discussed multiple cropping and

modern farming as two ways to increase

farm production

however farm production all

depends on how much land a farmer has

let us see how cultivable land is

divided amongst farmers in pollen pool

third of the families in pollen poor are

landless

an aerial view of the farms in pollen

pool observe that there are a large

number of small fields and a few large

ones over 50% of the farmers who own

land cultivate small fields less than

two hectares an area these farmers find

it difficult to produce surplus crops

that they can sell in the market the

large fields that comprise a major

portion of the cultivable land in pollen

poor are owned by a small group of

families some of them have feels in

excess of 10 hectares in size

the situation in pollen poor reflects

the general situation of land division

across India as shown by these figures

across India eighty percent of the

farmers are small farmers who cultivate

only 36% of the total cultivable land in

the country

comparison 20% of medium and large

farmers own 64 percent of the total

cultivable land in India

division of land through succession and

inheritance is another reason for many

farmers having smaller fields

take the example of sujin Singh he owned

a field of five hectares in size

sujin Singh produced enough on his land

to live a comfortable life

sujin Singh had four sons Harry Shum

sunder and Pola

sujin sings death his land was equally

divided between his four sons thus

Harry Shum sundar and Paula each got a

field just one point two five hectares

in size

today none of them can sustain their

family with such a small fields to

cultivate

farming requires hard work

after land labor is the most important

requirement for cultivation

farmers work in their own fields with

the help of their families

medium and large farmers hire landless

workers or small farmers to work in

their fields in exchange for small wages

or a small share of the crop

farm workers find different kinds of

work like sowing planting harvesting and

threshing at different times of the year

they may be employed on daily wages

offer a whole year farm laborers lead a

difficult life

most of them have loans to repay

security and payments are much less than

the government stipulated 60 rupees per

day

farm machines taking over most of the

manual work done in the fields farm

laborers find it increasingly difficult

to find jobs

many of them migrated to other states to

find work

along with land and labor the third

important requirement for farming is the

capital or money required for

cultivation

we have already seen that modern farming

methods require a farmer to spend more

on farming

a farmer can earn money only by selling

his produce

farmers grow just enough crops to feed

their families

they are left with little or nothing to

sell to arrange for the capital required

to grow another crop

thus

are forced to borrow money from big

farmers or local moneylenders

besides being a high rate of interest

small farmers also have to work as farm

laborers for large farmers to repay

their loan

the large farmers on the other hand

produce a lot more than their own

requirement

farmers in polymer sell their surplus

wheat to traders in Regan's at a good

profit

farmers deposit their money in banks

two small farmers

farmers also use their surplus profits

to acquire new fixed capital assets like

farm machinery

the large farmers are also investing

money in non farming activities like

transport and shops thus while the rich

are getting richer the poor are getting

poorer in pollen poor like most villages

in India farming is the main production

activity in pollen poor

however

one-fourth of the population of Palampur

is engaged in non farming activities

like shopkeeping

daring

Manufacturing

transport

let us learn more about these activities

the moment you get down at Palampur bus

stop

you will see small eatery shops and tea

stalls set up by people in open spaces

outside their houses

further into the village you will find

some shopkeepers who buy goods from

wholesalers in sharper and sell them in

pollen pool

you can get all things of daily use like

groceries

fruits and vegetables

toiletries

and stationary items in the shops at

Palampur

meet Karim

he found that a large number of students

from Palumbo

attend college at Chaput

also take computer classes there

so

kareem started a computer training

center in his house at Palampur

Karine bought a few computers and hired

two computer literate women from the

village

a good number of students attend classes

at his computer training center

let us move on to Dairy

several people in Palampur are engaged

in dairy activities

Buffalo's in these dairies effect Johar

and bara grown in pollen pour itself

milk from the dairies in pollen pool is

transported daily to Reagan's

you have set up collection centers and

chilling plants at dragons

from where milk is supplied to other

towns and cities

now let us look at manufacturing

when we talk about manufacturing

we immediately think of large factories

and production plants in industrial

towns and cities

however

in villages like Palampur

manufacturing happens at a much smaller

scale using simple and often traditional

methods

several families in Palampur are engaged

in small-scale manufacturing activities

like making handicrafts

weaving cloth and baskets

and making candles

all members of the family contribute to

the manufacturing activity and outside

labor is rarely hired

meet Miss Lila

the entrepreneur

he has set up an electric sugar cane

crushing machine on his field

this machine offers many advantages over

the traditional method of crashing

sugarcane using bollocks

mr. Lall buys sugarcane from other

farmers in Palampur and makes jaggery

from it

he sells the jaggery to traders in

sharper at a small profit

coming to transport

varam poo is connected by an all-weather

road to Riggins and sharp food

a number of people in pollen pool are

engaged in transporting goods and people

along this route

a variety of vehicles like cycle

rickshaws

dongho's

bullock-carts

jeeps

tractors and trucks

here is kishora

a man of multiple vocations

his is another interesting story

Yashiro does not own any land

till a few years ago

he worked as a farm laborer

the little money he earned was hardly

sufficient for his family

then Joshua took a loan under a

government scheme providing loans to

landless labourers

and water buffalo

he now sells dairy products for a living

Kasana also appends a guard to his

buffalo and uses it to transport

different types of material every month

earn some extra money by transporting

all kinds of material from play for the

village Potter

- jaggery for traders in shabu

you sure - fine

condition is much better now

let us conclude by looking at the table

showing the nature of capital and labor

used for the production of goods and

services in pollen pool by cream

Srila and kisara

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you