Roger Penrose: "Time Has No Beginning And Big Bang Wrong"

The space Wind
12 Jul 202323:52

Summary

TLDRThe script challenges the Big Bang Theory, suggesting that recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope indicate galaxies appear older and smaller than expected, contradicting the theory of an expanding universe. It delves into alternative concepts of time and space, exploring theories like conformal cyclic cosmology, emergent gravity, and the block universe. The debate between string theory and loop quantum gravity highlights the ongoing quest for a unified theory reconciling quantum mechanics with general relativity, with implications for our understanding of the universe and future technologies.

Takeaways

  • πŸ”΄ The Big Bang Theory, which suggests the universe emerged from nothing, is being challenged by new evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope.
  • πŸ•’ The concept of time as a human construct is gaining support, with some scientists arguing that time doesn't exist and everything happens simultaneously.
  • 🌌 The James Webb Space Telescope's images of galaxies contradict the Big Bang Theory, showing galaxies that are smaller, smoother, and older than expected.
  • 🌟 Galaxies in the JWST images appear to defy the expected expansion, becoming smaller with increasing distance, which challenges the idea of an expanding universe.
  • 🌌 The red shifts observed in these galaxies are also greater than expected, suggesting that distant galaxies must be exceptionally tiny, which is implausible.
  • 🌠 The age and abundance of galaxies in the JWST images pose problems for the Big Bang Theory, with some galaxies showing stellar populations over a billion years old, contradicting the theory's timeline.
  • 🌐 The number of galaxies observed at high red shifts is much greater than predicted, challenging the theory that there should be fewer galaxies in the early universe.
  • πŸ”„ Some scientists propose that time might reverse during a Big Crunch, leading to a reversal of the cooling and expansion observed in the Big Bang.
  • πŸ”¬ Theories like string theory and loop quantum gravity are being explored to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics, but they face challenges in experimental verification.
  • 🌐 Alternative theories such as causal dynamical triangulation, emergent gravity, and non-commutative geometry offer fresh perspectives on the fundamental nature of the universe.

Q & A

  • What is the Big Bang Theory and why has it been challenged recently?

    -The Big Bang Theory suggests that the Universe emerged out of nothing, signifying the beginning of the universe with no time, space, or matter before it. It has been challenged recently due to evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope that suggests the Big Bang may not have been the beginning of the universe and that time itself may not exist.

  • How do the images from the James Webb Space Telescope contradict the Big Bang Theory?

    -The images show galaxies that appear unusually small, smooth, and surprisingly old. According to the Big Bang Theory, galaxies should appear larger as they move away from us due to the stretching of light, but the JWST images show the opposite, with galaxies becoming smaller as the distance increases.

  • What are the implications of the galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope being older than expected?

    -The presence of galaxies with stellar populations over a billion years old contradicts the assumption that nothing could have existed before the Big Bang, suggesting that the universe might be older or that the Big Bang Theory needs revision.

  • What is the concept of time being an illusion, and how does it relate to the Big Bang Theory?

    -The idea that time is an illusion suggests that everything that has ever happened or will ever happen is occurring simultaneously. This challenges the idea that time must move strictly in a forward direction and implies that the Big Bang Theory's linear timeline might be flawed.

  • What is the Big Crunch Theory and how does it relate to the concept of time?

    -The Big Crunch Theory suggests that when the universe stops expanding and starts contracting, time may reverse, leading to a reversal of the cooling and expansion observed in the Big Bang. This theory challenges the fundamental nature of time and its directionality.

  • What is the block universe concept and how does it differ from the traditional view of time?

    -The block universe concept posits that space and time are interconnected in a four-dimensional structure where each event has its position in space-time, implying that everything including the past and future coexist, making them equally significant alongside the present. This contrasts with the traditional view of time as a linear progression.

  • How does the theory of space-time as an artifact of the quantum world challenge Einstein's theory of space-time?

    -The theory suggests that space-time does not exist independently of the objects within it but is defined by the interactions of objects. This challenges Einstein's theory of space-time as a continuous, smooth fabric that exists independently of matter and energy.

  • What is string theory and how does it attempt to reconcile general relativity with quantum physics?

    -String theory proposes that tiny, vibrating strings make up subatomic particles like electrons and quarks. It attempts to reconcile general relativity with quantum physics by suggesting that different combinations of strings create various particles, potentially explaining the fundamental nature of the universe.

  • What are the challenges faced by string theory and how does loop quantum gravity (LQG) offer an alternative?

    -String theory faces challenges such as the need for experimental evidence for extra dimensions and mathematical inconsistencies when merged with quantum theory. Loop quantum gravity offers an alternative by suggesting that space-time consists of interwoven loops, providing structure at the smallest scale and potentially reconciling general relativity with quantum theory.

  • What are some alternative theories proposed to understand the nature of space-time and gravity?

    -Alternative theories include causal dynamical triangulation (CDT), emergent gravity, asymptotic safety, quantum graphity, and non-commutative geometry. These theories offer fresh perspectives on the fundamental nature of the universe, challenging conventional notions of space-time and gravity.

Outlines

00:00

🌌 Challenging the Big Bang Theory

The first paragraph discusses the Big Bang Theory, traditionally considered the beginning of the universe from absolute nothingness. However, recent findings from the James Webb Space Telescope suggest that the universe may not have originated from a singular event. The galaxies observed appear smaller and older than expected, contradicting the theory's predictions of an expanding universe. The paragraph also mentions the concept of time as potentially non-existent and the idea of 'Mighty Mouse' galaxies that should have grown larger through collisions or expansion, which the new data disputes. This has led to a significant upheaval in the scientific community and a reevaluation of the universe's origin and evolution.

05:01

πŸ•° The Nature of Time and Theories of the Universe

This paragraph delves into the concept of time, questioning whether it is a human construct or a fundamental aspect of the universe. It explores the idea that all events might be occurring simultaneously, challenging the linear progression of time. The Big Crunch Theory is mentioned, suggesting a possible reversal of time when the universe begins to contract. The paragraph also discusses the block universe concept from Einstein's theory of relativity, where past, present, and future coexist. Various physicists, including Max Tegmark and Julian Barb, offer perspectives on the nature of time and memory, leading to debates on the fundamental nature of time and the potential implications for understanding the universe.

10:03

🌐 The Clash of General Relativity and Quantum Theory

The third paragraph examines the conflict between general relativity and quantum theory, two fundamental yet incompatible frameworks in physics. It discusses the peculiarities of quantum superposition and the challenges it poses to the continuous fabric of space-time as described by Einstein. The paragraph highlights the difficulty of merging these theories, resulting in mathematical inconsistencies. The search for a unified theory of quantum gravity is introduced, with string theory and loop quantum gravity (LQG) presented as leading proposals. While string theory suggests a higher-dimensional space-time with vibrating strings, LQG proposes a space-time made of interwoven loops at the smallest scales, challenging the concept of continuous space-time.

15:04

πŸ”¬ Exploring Quantum Gravity and Space-Time Defects

This paragraph continues the discussion on the quest for a unified theory, focusing on experimental approaches to test theories like LQG. It mentions the use of Bose-Einstein condensates to investigate quantum properties of gravity and the analysis of light from distant gamma-ray bursts for evidence of space-time defects. The paragraph introduces alternative theories such as causal dynamical triangulation (CDT), emergent gravity, asymptotic safety, quantum graphity, and non-commutative geometry, each offering unique perspectives on the nature of space-time and gravity. The potential impact of these theories on future technologies and our understanding of the universe is also highlighted.

20:06

🌟 Contrasting Viewpoints in Theoretical Physics

The final paragraph presents contrasting viewpoints from notable scientists Roger Penrose and Michio Kaku on the nature of space-time and gravity. Penrose's conformal cyclic cosmology suggests infinite cycles of expansion and contraction, while Kaku supports string theory but acknowledges its challenges and remains open to alternatives like LQG. The paragraph emphasizes the importance of diverse perspectives in the scientific community and the ongoing pursuit of a theory that can unify general relativity and quantum mechanics, potentially leading to a revolution in theoretical physics.

Mindmap

Keywords

πŸ’‘Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang Theory is the prevailing cosmological model that explains the origin of the universe as emerging from an extremely hot and dense state around 13.8 billion years ago. It suggests that space and time began with the Big Bang, marking the start of the universe. In the video, this theory is challenged by new evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope, which suggests that the universe may not have had a singular beginning, thus casting doubt on the traditional understanding of the Big Bang Theory.

πŸ’‘James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, space-based observatory that has provided new insights into the universe. It is known for its high-resolution images and spectra, which have been used to study distant galaxies and stars. The script mentions that recent images from the JWST have contradicted the Big Bang Theory, showing galaxies that appear smaller and older than expected, challenging the idea of an expanding universe.

πŸ’‘Time

Time, as discussed in the video, is traditionally viewed as a dimension that moves forward and is a fundamental aspect of our universe. However, the script introduces the idea that time may not exist in the way we perceive it, suggesting that all events might be occurring simultaneously. This concept is supported by some scientists who argue that time is a human construct and that our perception of past and future is an illusion.

πŸ’‘Roger Penrose

Sir Roger Penrose is a renowned British mathematician and theoretical physicist known for his work in general relativity and cosmology. In the context of the video, Penrose supports the idea that the Big Bang Theory might be incorrect and that time may not exist as we understand it. His concept of conformal cyclic cosmology suggests an infinite cycle of universes, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a big crunch.

πŸ’‘Expansion of the Universe

The expansion of the universe is a key concept in cosmology, which posits that galaxies and other objects are moving away from each other due to the stretching of space. This concept is central to the Big Bang Theory. However, the video mentions that the JWST images show galaxies becoming smaller with increasing distance, which contradicts the expected behavior of an expanding universe.

πŸ’‘Red Shift

Red shift refers to the phenomenon where the wavelength of light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased, or shifted, to the longer-wavelength (red) end of the spectrum. In the context of the video, the red shifts observed in galaxies are greater than expected, suggesting that these galaxies are farther away than predicted by the Big Bang Theory, which challenges the assumptions of an expanding universe.

πŸ’‘Mighty Mouse Galaxies

Mighty Mouse galaxies, as mentioned in the script, are small and dense galaxies that were hypothesized to exist based on the Big Bang Theory. These galaxies were expected to grow into larger galaxies through collisions or expansion. However, the JWST images show well-formed galaxies that do not support the idea that these small galaxies could grow significantly, thus challenging the traditional understanding of galaxy formation and evolution.

πŸ’‘Block Universe

The block universe concept is a model of the universe in which past, present, and future all exist simultaneously within a four-dimensional space-time structure. This idea, supported by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, is discussed in the video as a way to understand the nature of time and space. It implies that everything, including the past and future, coexists in space-time, which contrasts with the traditional linear perception of time.

πŸ’‘Quantum Theory

Quantum theory, also known as quantum mechanics, is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the behavior and interactions of particles at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles. The video discusses the conflict between quantum theory and general relativity, particularly in the context of reconciling the discrete, probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics with the continuous, deterministic space-time of general relativity.

πŸ’‘String Theory

String theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. It is one of the leading candidates for a theory of quantum gravity, attempting to reconcile general relativity with quantum mechanics. The video mentions string theory as a proposal that requires additional dimensions for its mathematical consistency, but it currently lacks experimental evidence to support the existence of these extra dimensions.

πŸ’‘Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG)

Loop quantum gravity is a theoretical framework for unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics, which suggests that space-time is composed of discrete, interconnected loops rather than a continuous fabric. The video discusses LQG as an alternative to string theory, proposing a different approach to quantum gravity that does not require extra dimensions and offers a different perspective on the fundamental nature of space-time.

Highlights

The Big Bang Theory suggests the universe emerged out of nothing, signifying its beginning, but recent evidence challenges this notion.

James Webb Space Telescope's images contradict the Big Bang Theory, showing galaxies that are unexpectedly small, smooth, and old.

Galaxies in JWST images appear to become smaller with increasing distance, contradicting the theory of an expanding universe.

The red shifts observed in galaxies are significantly greater than expected, challenging the assumptions of an expanding universe.

JWST images show well-formed spiral structures and smooth discs in distant galaxies, contradicting expectations of mangled galaxies from collisions.

The age and abundance of galaxies in JWST images pose problems for the Big Bang Theory, showing stellar populations over a billion years old.

The number of galaxies observed at high red shifts is far greater than predicted, indicating a challenge to the rapid formation timeline postulated by the Big Bang Theory.

Some scientists argue that time is a human construct, proposing that all events occur simultaneously, challenging the forward movement of time.

The Big Crunch Theory suggests that time may reverse when the universe starts contracting, leading to a reversal of the Big Bang's cooling and expansion.

The block Universe concept supported by Einstein's theory of relativity implies that past, present, and future coexist in a four-dimensional space-time.

Julian Barb proposes that our perception of time and past is an illusion created by our brains and memories.

The possibility of Einstein's space-time theory being incorrect prompts contemplation of what would happen if it were disproven.

String theory proposes that subatomic particles are tiny vibrating strings across 11 dimensions, attempting to reconcile general relativity with quantum physics.

Loop quantum gravity (LQG) challenges the continuous fabric of space-time, suggesting it consists of interwoven loops at the smallest scale.

Physicists are exploring the possibility of space-time defects in the universe, which could be observable over vast cosmic distances.

The modulus space-time theory redefines the concept of separation, suggesting space-time emerges from quantum interactions rather than existing independently.

Alternative theories such as causal dynamical triangulation, emergent gravity, asymptotic safety, quantum graphity, and non-commutative geometry offer fresh perspectives on space-time and gravity.

Distinguished physicists like Roger Penrose and Michio Kaku offer contrasting viewpoints on the nature of space-time and the quest for a unified theory.

The scientific community thrives on diverse theories and ideas, contributing to the vibrant landscape of theoretical physics and paving the way for future breakthroughs.

Transcripts

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well first of all it is a Big Bang model

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and if otherwise there is a big bang

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but the big bang was not the beginning

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The Big Bang Theory suggests that the

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Universe emerged out of nothing

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signifying the beginning of the universe

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before this there was nothing no time no

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space

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however what if I told you that time

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doesn't exist and that the Big Bang

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Theory is incorrect

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recent discoveries made by the James

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Webb Space Telescope provide evidence

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that challenges the validities of The

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Big Bang Theory

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it turns out that the Big Bang wasn't

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the beginning of the universe and in

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fact time itself may not exist

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what's interesting is that this idea is

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supported by the renowned British

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physicist Roger Penrose

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now you may wonder how the James Webb

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Space Telescope proves that time doesn't

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exist and if the Big Bang Theory is

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flawed What alternative theories have

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been proposed to explain the origin and

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evolution of the universe

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let's delve in to find out

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the idea that our universe has been

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expanding since its beginning over 13.8

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billion years ago in a hot and dense

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state known as The Big Bang Theory has

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faced challenges with recent images from

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the James Webb Space Telescope

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while these images are captivating to

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the Layman they have caused concern

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among cosmologists and astronomers the

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surprise felt by experts stems from the

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fact that these images contradict the

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Big Bang Theory this theory has long

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been upheld as true by many scientists

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so the new data has caused a significant

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upheaval in the scientific community

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astronomers like Alison Kirkpatrick from

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the University of Kansas are troubled by

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this development questioning the

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validity of their previous work

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the issue lies in the characteristics of

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the galaxies depicted in the jwst images

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these galaxies appear unusually small

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smooth and surprisingly old

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according to the Big Bang Theory as

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space expands galaxies and other objects

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should appear larger as they move away

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from us due to the stretching of light

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however the jwst images show that the

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galaxies become smaller as the distance

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increases which contradicts the theory

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even galaxies with greater mass and

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brightness than our own Milky Way appear

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two to three times smaller in the jwst

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images compared to previous observations

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by the Hubble Space Telescope

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Additionally the red shifts observed in

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these galaxies are also two to three

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times greater further challenging the

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assumptions of an expanding Universe in

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The Big Bang Theory

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these facts suggest that distant

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galaxies must be exceptionally tiny to

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account for this optical illusion which

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is implausible

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the presence of these small and smooth

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galaxies undermines the notion of

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expansion thus casting doubt on The Big

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Bang Theory

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supporters of The Big Bang Theory were

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aware that their assumptions required

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the existence of these small and dense

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galaxies often referred to as Mighty

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Mouse galaxies based on previous

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observations from the Hubble Space

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Telescope

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however the jwst images have worsened

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the situation by refuting the idea that

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these tiny galaxies could grow into

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larger galaxies through collisions or

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expansion

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the jwst images show well-formed spiral

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structures and smooth discs similar to

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the galaxies we observed today

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this contradicts the expectation of

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mangled and distorted galaxies resulting

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from collisions

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without significant mergers the tiny

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galaxies cannot become a hundred times

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larger indicating that they were not

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initially small

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this finding challenges the optical

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illusion predicted by the expanding

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universe theory suggesting that there is

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no expansion and consequently no big

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bang

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the age and abundance of galaxies in the

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jwst images also pose problems for the

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Big Bang Theory

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by using infrared filters the jwst can

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capture the colors of distant galaxies

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allowing astronomers to estimate the age

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of the Stars within them

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according to the theory these far-off

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galaxies should represent a time around

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400 to 500 million years after the big

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bang

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however some of these galaxies show

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Stellar populations that are over a

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billion years old contradicting the

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assumption that nothing could have

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existed before the Big Bang

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moreover theorists expected that as the

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jwst peered deeper into space and

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farther back in time there would be

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fewer galaxies and eventually no Dark

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Age

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however the images reveal galaxies as

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large as The Milky Way even just a few

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hundred million years after the

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theorized big bang

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furthermore the number of galaxies

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observed at Red shifts above 10 is at

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least one hundred thousand times greater

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than predicted by theorists

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it is implausible for so many large

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galaxies to form in such a short period

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challenging The Big Bang Theory once

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again

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these findings have led to the

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questioning of the concept of time

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itself

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some scientists argue that time is

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merely a human construct a way to

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differentiate between the present and

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our perception of the past

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they proposed that time is an illusion

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created by human memories suggesting

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that everything that has ever happened

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or will ever happen is occurring

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simultaneously

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this perspective challenges the idea

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that time must move strictly in a

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forward Direction

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some adherents of the Big Crunch Theory

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even suggests that when the universe

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stops expanding and starts Contracting

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time May reverse leading to a reversal

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of the cooling and expansion observed in

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the Big Bang

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eventually the universe would collapse

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back to the point where it began

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the implications of what comes after a

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big crunch remain uncertain with various

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theories proposed

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some speculate that the universe may

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undergo a fresh start with another big

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bang While others suggest the universe

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may simply cease to exist

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certain ideas propose a cyclical nature

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with a process repeating multiple times

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creating multiple universes

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this ongoing debate about the direction

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of time has prompted scientists to

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question its fundamental nature

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some argue for a block Universe concept

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where space and time are interconnected

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in what is known as space-time

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according to a theory supported by

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Albert Einstein's theory of relativity

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time and space are part of a

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four-dimensional structure where each

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event has its position in space-time

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this implies that everything including

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the past and future coexist in

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space-time making them equally

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significant alongside the present

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physicist Max tegmark from the

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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aims to address this concept

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He suggests that reality can be depicted

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as either a three-dimensional space

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where events unfold over time or a

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four-dimensional space where nothing

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changes

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if the latter is true then it implies

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that everything already exists at any

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given moment encompassing the past

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present and future

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however we have an illusion that the

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past has occurred and The Future Is Yet

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To Come leading us to perceive change

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Julian Barb a British physicist who has

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written extensively about time offers

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his perspective on this matter

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he describes our experiences as a series

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of nails and points out that we are only

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aware of our brain state

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our perception of the past arises from

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our brain storing memories

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Barb refers to the space-time Theory

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where each point in this conceptual

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country which he calls plutonia

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represents a now

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He suggests that what we believe is a

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past is merely an illusion created by

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our brains

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this discussion brings us back to Albert

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Einstein's theory of space-time which

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has caused some confusion in the field

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of physics

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scientists are now contemplating what

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would happen if Einstein's theory were

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proven incorrect

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would discarding the theory of

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space-time help us gain a better

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understanding of the universe

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this would be a significant development

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throughout history scientific

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revolutions have been crucial for

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progress

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dissatisfaction and doubts eventually

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lead to the emergence of new theories

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that replace the old ones

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this pattern has occurred numerous times

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in the fields of astronomy and physics

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initially Humanity believed that Earth

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was at the center of the solar system a

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belief that persisted for over a

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millennium

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however Nicholas Copernicus proposed a

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different Theory suggesting that it

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would be simpler to consider Earth as

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just another planet orbiting the Sun

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despite initial resistance this

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heliocentric model gained support with

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the Advent of telescopes Isaac Newton

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also contributed to our understanding of

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explaining that the gravitational force

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of the Sun causes planets to orbit it

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according to Newton objects with mass

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exert gravitational attraction on each

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other which explains Earth's orbit

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around the sun and the moon's orbit

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around the Earth

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Newton's Theory dominated scientific

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thought for nearly 300 years until

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Albert Einstein introduced his general

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theory of relativity in 1915

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this new Theory successfully accounted

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for inconsistencies in the orbit of

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mercury and was famously confirmed

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during a solar eclipse observation in

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1919 off the coast of Africa

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contrary to Newton's idea of gravity as

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a pool Einstein envisioned gravity as a

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consequence of the curvature of space

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he proposed that all objects in the

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universe exist within a four-dimensional

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fabric known as space-time and massive

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objects like the sun curved this fabric

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causing planets to follow the curvature

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in their orbits

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to observers this curvature manifests as

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a Newtonian gravitational pool

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Einstein's theory of space-time has

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reigned Supreme for over a century

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overshadowing competing theories

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the discovery of gravitational waves in

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2015 further cemented its significance

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however like its predecessors it may

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soon face challenges as it clashes with

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the other prominent theory in physics

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quantum theory

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[Music]

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the quantum world is known for its

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peculiarities where particles can exist

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in multiple places simultaneously

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in the 1930s Erwin Schrodinger famously

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illustrated The Strange nature of

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quantum superposition with his

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Schrodinger's cat thought experiment

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it involved the sealed box containing a

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vial of poison connected to a hammer

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triggered by a Quantum measurement

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according to quantum physics until the

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measurement is made the particle exists

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in a superposition of both States

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leading to the paradoxical scenario

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where the cat is simultaneously alive

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and dead

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however this picture of quantum

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superposition cannot be reconciled with

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A continuous and smooth fabric of

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space-time

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even Sabine hosenfelder a theoretical

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physicist at the Frankfurt Institute for

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advanced studies acknowledges this

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conflict

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according to Einstein's theory of

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space-time a gravitational field cannot

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be in two places simultaneously

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it's influenced by matter and energy and

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is subject to curvature however quantum

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physics suggests that matter and energy

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can exist in multiple States

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simultaneously defying traditional

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Notions of locality

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this raises the question where does the

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gravitational field reside

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hosenfelder admits that there's no

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satisfactory answer to this question

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highlighting the current challenge in

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reconciling general relativity with

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quantum theory

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when attempts are made to merge these

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two theories mathematical

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inconsistencies arise

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calculations sometimes yield

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probabilities greater than one or even

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Infinity which have no meaningful

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physical interpretations

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thus the two theories are mathematically

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incompatible

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physicist akin to historical monarchs

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seeking alliances are now searching for

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unified theory of quantum gravity

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this endeavor aims to reconcile the two

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rival theories and establish Harmony

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between them

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string theory is one of the most famous

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proposals in this Quest often considered

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an outlandish possibility

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the string theory proposes that tiny

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vibrating strings make up subatomic

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particles like electrons and quarks

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just as different nodes can be produced

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by placing strings on a musical

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instrument string theorists argue that

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different combinations of strings create

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various particles this theory is

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appealing because it has the potential

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to reconcile general relativity with

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quantum physics at least in theory

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however for this Theory to work the

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strings must vibrate across 11

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Dimensions which has seven more

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Dimensions than the four dimensions in

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Einstein's space-time fabric

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currently there is no experimental

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evidence to support the existence of

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these extra dimensions

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while it is an intriguing mathematical

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concept we cannot be certain if it

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accurately describes the space-time in

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which we live without conducting

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experiments according to Jorma Luca at

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the University of Nottingham

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in response to the perceived

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shortcomings of string theory physicists

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have turned to an alternative approach

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called Loop quantum gravity or lqg with

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lqg the two theories can be reconciled

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by challenging one of the fundamental

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principles of general relativity which

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posits that space-time is a continuous

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smooth fabric

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instead lqg suggests that space-time

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consists of interwoven Loops providing

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structure at the smallest scale

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this can be likened to a length of cloth

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that appears smooth at first glance but

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reveals a network of stitches upon

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closer inspection

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alternatively it's similar to a

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photograph on a computer screen that

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consists of individual pixels when

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zoomed in

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however the challenge with lqg is that

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when physicists refer to something being

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small they mean it's incredibly

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minuscule these defects in space-time

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would only be observable at the plank

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scale which is approximately a

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trillionth of a trillionth of a

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trillionth of a meter

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the number of Loops in a cubic

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centimeter of space would surpass the

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number of cubic centimeters in the

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entire observable universe

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according to Luca if space-time

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variations are limited to the plank

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scale it would be challenging to test

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this Theory using any particle

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accelerator

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it would require a particle accelerator

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approximately one thousand trillion

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times more powerful than the Large

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Hadron Collider or LHC at CERN which

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would need to be as large as our Milky

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Way galaxy

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however a team of physicists from the UK

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France and Hong Kong May soon have an

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alternative method to test this idea

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they intend to utilize an ultra cold gas

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containing billions of cesium atoms

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existing in a state known as a

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Bose-Einstein condensate to investigate

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whether gravity exhibits Quantum

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properties

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in the meantime the universe itself

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offers another venue to search for small

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space-time defects

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light that reaches us from distant parts

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of the universe has traveled through

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billions of light years of space-time

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although the effect of each space-time

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defect would be negligible interactions

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with multiple defects could accumulate

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and potentially yield observable effects

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over such vast distances

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astronomers have been analyzing light

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from distant gamma-ray bursts over the

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past decade to search for evidence

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supporting lqg

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these Cosmic events occur when massive

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stores collapse at the end of their

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lifespan

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however there are unexplained systematic

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distortions in the spectrum of these

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distant bursts as noted by hasenfelder

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it's uncertain whether these distortions

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occur during their Journey or are

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related to the bursts themselves the

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matter is still undecided

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to make progress it might be necessary

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to go beyond the notion that space-time

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is a smooth and continuous fabric as

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suggested by Einstein

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according to Einstein space-time remains

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in a place like a stage and objects move

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within it

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even without any celestial bodies

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space-time would still exist

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however physicist Lauren friedl Robert

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Lee and George hermanic propose a

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different perspective

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they believe that space-time does not

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exist independently of the objects

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within it instead space-time is defined

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by the interactions of objects

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this perspective considers space-time as

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an artifact of the quantum World itself

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rather than something separate from it

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while this idea may seem unconventional

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minic describes it as a precise approach

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to the problem

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the appeal of the modulus space-time

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Theory lies in its potential to address

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a long-standing problem in theoretical

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physics regarding locality and a

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phenomenon in quantum physics called

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entanglement

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physicists can set up a situation where

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they bring two particles together and

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Link their Quantum properties

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even when the particles are separated by

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a large distance changing the properties

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of one particle instantaneously affects

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the other particle violating the

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principles of relativity

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Einstein famously referred to this

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phenomenon as spooky action at a

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distance the modulus space-time Theory

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can accommodate such Behavior by

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redefining the concept of separation

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if space-time emerges from the quantum

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World proximity in a Quantum sense

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becomes more fundamental Than Physical

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proximity

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Minik explains that different observers

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would have different Notions of locality

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depending on the context

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it's comparable to our relationships

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with others where we may feel closer to

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a loved one who is far away than to a

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stranger who lives nearby

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hasenfelder adds that these non-local

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connections are permissible as long as

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they remain relatively small

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friedel Lee and Minnick have been

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working on their idea for the past five

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years and believe they are gradually

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making progress

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minig emphasizes their conservative

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approach taking things step by step but

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acknowledges the tantalizing and

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exciting nature of their research

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their novel approach focuses on

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exploring a Quantum World influenced by

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gravity rather than quanticizing gravity

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itself as done in lqg

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like any scientific theory it requires

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testing and the team is currently

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working on incorporating it into their

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model

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while this may seem esoteric and only

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relevant to academics it has the

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potential to significantly impact our

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daily lives

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our existence is intertwined with space

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and time and any changes in our

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understanding of space-time would not

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only affect our comprehension of gravity

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but also quantum theory in general

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hasenfelder explains that all our

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current devices function thanks to

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Quantum Theory so a better understanding

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of the quantum structure of space-time

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would have implications for future

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Technologies

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while these effects may not manifest in

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the next 50 or even 100 years they could

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become apparent within the next 200

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years

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husenfelder uses the metaphor of a

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monarch nearing the end of their reign

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and a new successor being overdue

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once we determine the most likely

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Contender among the various theories a

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revolution in theoretical physics could

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ensue

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astronomers scientists and physicists

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are faced with the situation and must

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consider the best course of action to

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address these ideas and discoveries

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alongside string theory and loop quantum

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gravity several other theoretical

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Frameworks and ideas have been proposed

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to unravel the mysteries of space time

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and gravity

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these Alternatives seek to provide fresh

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perspectives on the fundamental nature

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of the universe

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some of these theories include causal

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Dynamic triangulation or CDT emergent

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gravity asymptotic safety Quantum

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graphite and non-commutative geometry

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causal dynamical triangulation or CDT

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offers a quantum gravity approach that

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represents space-time as a network of

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triangles this Theory aims to describe

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the emergence of space and time through

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discrete building blocks and focuses on

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the causal structure of events within

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space time

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emergent gravity is a perspective that

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challenges the notion of gravity as a

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fundamental Force

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instead it suggests that gravity emerges

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as an effective description of more

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fundamental Quantum interactions

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the holographic principle inspired by

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string theory is an example of emergent

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gravity where a lower dimensional Theory

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can accurately depict a higher

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dimensional space-time

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asymptotic safety proposes that gravity

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might be a safe Quantum field Theory at

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the fundamental level

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unlike conventional expectations that

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gravity becomes uncontrollable at high

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energies this Theory suggests that

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gravity remains well-defined and

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predictive even at extreme scales

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Quantum graffiti presents a theoretical

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framework in which space-time is

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represented by a graph with nodes and

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edges dynamically interacting to give

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rise to the familiar properties of space

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and time

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this idea explores the possibility of

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understanding space-time as a

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network-like structure

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non-commutive geometry challenges the

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conventional notion that space-time

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coordinates commute at the smallest

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scales Instead This Theory suggests that

play21:40

space and time exhibit non-commutative

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properties which could lead to a

play21:44

fundamentally different description of

play21:46

the fabric of the universe

play21:48

while string theory and loop quantum

play21:50

gravity remain prominent contenders and

play21:52

the Quest for a unified theory

play21:54

scientists have diverse perspectives and

play21:56

ideas about the nature of space time and

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gravity

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two notable figures within the

play22:02

scientific Community who offer

play22:03

contrasting viewpoints on the matter are

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Roger Penrose and Michio Kaku

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Roger Penrose a distinguished physicist

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and mathematician has made substantial

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contributions to our understanding of

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general relativity and black holes

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his concept of conformal cyclic

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cosmology posits that the Universe

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experiences infinite cycles of expansion

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with each cycle beginning with a big

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bang and concluding with a big crunch

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Penrose has also introduced the concept

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of gravitational collapse as the

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mechanism behind the formation of black

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holes shedding light on the intricate

play22:38

dynamics of these celestial objects

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in contrast Michio Kaku has played a

play22:43

crucial role in the development and

play22:45

popularization of string theory

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while acknowledging the significance of

play22:49

string theory Kaku also recognizes the

play22:52

challenges it faces in terms of

play22:54

experimental verification

play22:56

he emphasizes the need for technological

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advancements such as more powerful

play23:00

particle accelerators to test their

play23:03

predictions and implications of string

play23:04

theory

play23:05

Haku remains open to alternative ideas

play23:07

and approaches including Loop quantum

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gravity emergent gravity and other

play23:12

theories that may offer new insights

play23:14

into the nature of space time and

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gravity

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the scientific Community thrives on the

play23:20

exchange of ideas and the exploration of

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diverse theories as researchers continue

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to delve into the mysteries of the

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universe debates and discussions

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surrounding the most promising approach

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to unified general relativity and

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quantum mechanics persist

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each scientist brings their unique

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expertise and perspective to the table

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contributing to the vibrant landscape of

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theoretical physics and Paving the way

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for future breakthroughs

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so what are your thoughts now on this

play23:47

matter let us know in the comments

play23:49

section and thanks for watching

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Related Tags
Big BangCosmologyJames WebbSpace TelescopeTime IllusionQuantum GravityEinstein TheoryScientific DebateUniverse ExpansionCyclic UniverseString Theory