Vegetation and wildlife Impact Assessment
Summary
TLDRDr. Sushmita Bhaskar's module MEVE001 delves into environmental impact assessment, focusing on vegetation and wildlife. It discusses the threats posed by human activities to these resources, the importance of vegetation in biogeochemical cycles, and the alarming rate of wildlife loss. The module outlines techniques for impact assessment, including biological surveys, indicators, and mitigation strategies, emphasizing the need for conservation to ensure environmental and ecological sustainability.
Takeaways
- π³ Dr. Sushmita Bhaskar introduces herself as a specialist in environmental studies, focusing on the impact of human activities on vegetation and wildlife.
- πΏ The rapid growth of the human population is causing significant stress on the environment and its resources, affecting both plants and animals.
- πΎ Anthropogenic activities such as fishing, hunting, deforestation, and urbanization are major threats to vegetation and wildlife resources.
- π By 2150, the global population is expected to reach 10 billion, exacerbating issues like global warming, food scarcity, and environmental health.
- π± Vegetation is crucial for life as it regulates biogeochemical cycles and serves as a habitat and energy source for wildlife, playing a critical role in the biosphere.
- π Environmental degradation and pollutants can lead to a decline in biodiversity, with an estimated 50% loss of wildlife in the past 40 years.
- π Biological concepts and terms like biological assessment, biological survey, and biological indicators are essential for analyzing environmental impacts.
- ποΈ Reference sites provide a benchmark for assessing the biological condition of surveyed sites, representing natural conditions undisturbed by human activities.
- π οΈ Impact assessment helps in decision-making to ensure projects are environmentally and socially sound, identifying and evaluating potential impacts of development activities.
- π³ Baseline studies are crucial for understanding how a proposed project might change the existing environmental conditions and for predicting and monitoring impacts.
- π Biotic assessment uses the presence, condition, and abundance of various species to determine the health of an ecosystem and assess environmental impacts.
Q & A
Who is the speaker in the module MEVE001?
-The speaker is Dr. Sushmita Bhaskar, working in the discipline of environmental studies at the School of Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi.
What is the main focus of the module MEVE001?
-The module focuses on environmental impact assessment, specifically discussing the impact on vegetation and wildlife.
What are the main anthropogenic activities threatening vegetation and wildlife resources mentioned in the script?
-The main anthropogenic activities mentioned are fishing, hunting, ecosystem fragmentation, deforestation, gathering firewood, overgrazing, and human settlement.
What is the expected human population by 2150 according to the script?
-The script suggests that by 2150, the human population is expected to reach an alarming level of 10 billion.
How does the script describe the role of vegetation in the biosphere?
-The script describes vegetation as a most copious biotic element of the biosphere, playing a critical role in regulating biogeochemical cycles, being a primary source of oxygen, and serving as a habitat and energy source for wildlife.
What is the estimated percentage of wildlife lost in the past 40 years according to the script?
-The script estimates that 50 percent of the total wildlife has been lost in the past 40 years.
What are biological indicators in the context of environmental impact assessment?
-Biological indicators are a group of organisms that can be employed to assess the condition of an ecosystem or environment, providing insights into the health of the ecosystem based on their presence and condition.
What is the purpose of impact assessment in environmental projects?
-The purpose of impact assessment is to help in decision-making, ensuring that projects and programs are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable, by identifying, predicting, and evaluating the foreseeable impacts of these activities.
What are some of the mitigation measures mentioned in the script for the conservation of flora and fauna?
-Some mitigation measures mentioned include preservation measures like land purchase or conservation easements, management practices like controlled grazing and pollution control, restoration efforts like reforestation and wetland creation, and compensation like purchasing lands of comparable habitat size and quality.
How does the script explain the process of selecting alternatives for addressing environmental impacts?
-The script explains that alternatives for addressing impacts should be identified through brainstorming, stakeholder dialogues, and surveys of similar impacts. Innovative solutions should be encouraged and assessed for their cost and benefits, considering socioeconomic and ecological expertise, and public participation.
What is the importance of baseline studies in environmental impact assessment according to the script?
-Baseline studies are important for understanding how the system might be changed by the proposed project. They provide information about the existing conditions and the components of biodiversity that may be affected, establishing a foundation for impact prediction, monitoring, and evaluating the success of mitigation measures.
Outlines
πΏ Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment
Dr. Sushmita Bhaskar introduces the module MEVE001, focusing on the environmental impact assessment for environmental health. She discusses the growing human population and its stress on the environment, leading to threats to vegetation and wildlife due to anthropogenic activities like fishing, hunting, deforestation, and urbanization. The module aims to teach viewers how to describe and analyze the impact on vegetation and wildlife. The importance of vegetation in the biosphere, including its role in biogeochemical cycles and as a habitat for wildlife, is highlighted. The script also emphasizes the need for conservation and proper resource management to prevent further ecological damage.
πΎ Biological Indicators and Impact Assessment Techniques
This paragraph delves into biological concepts and terms crucial for analyzing environmental and occupational impacts on vegetation and wildlife. It covers biological assessment, which involves sampling species in water bodies to assess their condition. Biological indicators, such as reference sites, are used to evaluate ecosystem health. The paragraph also discusses various biological entities like communities, habitats, and endangered species. Impact assessment is described as a process to identify, predict, and evaluate the impacts of activities on the environment, with a focus on flora and fauna. Mitigation measures and ecological integrity maintenance are emphasized, along with the importance of understanding site conditions and following ecological management principles.
π³ Mitigation Principles and Alternative Solutions
The paragraph discusses the principles of mitigation in environmental impact assessment, emphasizing the need for a thorough understanding of site conditions and the activities affecting habitats. It outlines the importance of mimicking natural processes, protecting rare species, and minimizing habitat fragmentation. The paragraph also explores alternative means of addressing impacts, such as doing nothing, brainstorming, and innovative solutions. An example is given of creating habitats for wood ducks by building nesting boxes or conducting detailed studies for optimal location determination. The importance of cost-benefit analysis in selecting the best response is highlighted, considering both monetary evaluations and qualitative data from community sources.
π Baseline Studies and Biotic Assessment Techniques
This paragraph focuses on the methodology for assessing terrestrial flora and fauna, starting with desk-based evaluation and baseline studies. It explains the importance of understanding existing conditions and how they might be changed by proposed projects. Techniques such as transects, belt transects, quadrats, and mist nets are discussed for surveying vegetation and wildlife. The paragraph also covers the process of identifying important species, assessing biodiversity indices, and evaluating the impact of development activities on the baseline. Biotic assessment is introduced as a method to determine ecosystem health using the presence, condition, and abundance of various organisms.
ποΈ Conclusion on Wildlife and Vegetation Impact Analysis
In the concluding paragraph, the importance of understanding basic concepts in wildlife and vegetation impact analysis is reiterated. Techniques and processes for analyzing impacts in various habitats are summarized, emphasizing the need to consider species richness and diversity. The paragraph highlights the role of biological indicators and stress responses in biotic assessment, explaining how species sensitivity and pollution tolerance can be used to predict the natural state or contamination level in an area. The speaker thanks the viewers for their attention and patience, summarizing the key points discussed in the module.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Environmental Impact Assessment
π‘Vegetation
π‘Wildlife
π‘Anthropogenic Activities
π‘Biodiversity
π‘Ecological Integrity
π‘Mitigation Measures
π‘Biological Indicators
π‘Endangered Species
π‘Baseline Survey
π‘Biotic Assessment
Highlights
Introduction to the module MEVE001 by Dr. Sushmita Bhaskar, focusing on environmental impact assessment for environmental health.
Discussion on the impact of human population growth on the environment and its resources.
Exploration of anthropogenic activities such as fishing, hunting, deforestation, and urbanization that threaten vegetation and wildlife.
Projection that by 2150, the human population could reach 10 billion, highlighting the urgency of environmental issues.
Importance of vegetation in regulating biogeochemical cycles and its role as a primary source of oxygen.
Vegetation's critical role in global energy balances and its impact on biodiversity and environmental degradation.
Estimation that 50% of total wildlife has been lost in the past 40 years due to human activities.
Introduction of biological concepts and terms essential for analyzing environmental and occupational impact on vegetation and wildlife.
Explanation of biological assessment, biological survey, and biological indicators in the context of environmental studies.
Discussion on reference sites as benchmarks for assessing the biological condition of surveyed sites.
Importance of protecting endangered species and maintaining ecological integrity in impact assessment.
Description of impact assessment as a process to ensure environmentally and socially sound project and program options.
Role of flora and fauna investigation in EIAs to provide data for potential impacts and mitigation measures.
Mitigation principles in habitat conservation efforts, emphasizing ecological management and natural processes.
Examples of innovative solutions in addressing environmental impacts, such as building wooden nesting boxes for wood ducks.
Emphasis on the importance of cost-benefit analysis in selecting the best response to environmental impacts.
Methodology for assessing terrestrial flora and fauna, including desk-based evaluation and baseline studies.
Techniques used in baseline surveys, such as transects, quadrats, and mist nets, to gather ecological data.
Importance of biodiversity indices in reflecting species richness and distribution in environmental impact assessments.
Biotic assessment as a tool to determine ecosystem health using species presence, condition, and abundance.
Conclusion summarizing the importance of understanding vegetation and wildlife impact analysis in environmental projects.
Transcripts
hello viewers and learners
of the module meve001
environmental impact assessment for
environmental health
i introduce myself as dr sushmita
bhaskar working in the discipline of
environmental studies at the school of
interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary
studies
indira gandhi national open university
new delhi
in this module we will discuss on
vegetation and wildlife impact
assessment after reading this module you
will be able to describe the vegetation
and wildlife
impact analysis and certain processes as
to how we can analyze the same
now the human population is growing at
an unexpected
rate and this is giving a lot of stress
it is exerting stress
and causing change in the environment as
well as its resources
for both the plants animals and the
human beings so due to human interplay
and anthropogenic activities
the vegetation and wildlife resources
are being threatened
the anthropogenic activities such as
fishing
hunting ecosystem fragmentation
deforestation like the fuel wood
gathering fire and over grazing human
settlement etc
have caused tremendous ecological
effects on the vegetation as well as the
wildlife
human beings in order to fulfill their
material ambitions
they have depleted the natural renewable
and non-renewable resources
and these are assets that are necessary
for our survival
globally if you see now the human
population are increasing continuously
and it is expected that by 2150
the population will even reach up to 10
billion which is really an alarming
level due to overpopulation and
increasing demand of urbanization each
year
20 to 30 million people migrate from the
rural area to the
urban areas so over population and
poverty that will lead to urbanization
industrial revolution and they have
major impact on the global health
global warming food scarcity and
environmental health
all these factors they have negative
impacts on the vegetation and the
wildlife now in general vegetation is a
plant life of any region and it is a
most copious biotic element of the
biosphere so without vegetation we
cannot survive
this regulates the flow of the
biogeochemical cycles
and most critically for the water cycle
the hydrological cycle
the carbon nitrogen oxygen the water
cycle
then you have the phosphorus the sulfur
cycle and it is very important in the
global
energy balances so global vegetation is
a primary source of oxygen
it plays a critical role in the
biosphere at all possible
spatial scales and disruption in these
biogeochemical cycle
that will lead to elevation in the ozone
concentration and also to the
ecosystem acidification vegetation
this serves as a wildlife habitat and
energy source
the impact of environment on vegetation
that can lead to a decline for example
in the amphibian population
in the death of the coral reef global
warming and so on
which ultimately decrease the
biodiversity
environmental degradation this is a
serious threat
and that is leading to the wildlife
extinction which has a fatal
impact on the human race environmental
pollutants can alter the wildlife
viability
it is estimated that in the past 40
years 50 percent of the total wildlife
has been lost
and by the year right now it is 2020
they are saying that 68 of the world
wildlife will be either extinct or we
will
lose the same so that means we need to
conserve
our resources more uh properly and we
need to manage them
well in 2018 a report and a
research report that was published in
pnas journal
showed that till date 83 percent of wild
animal wild animals
80 percent of the marine animals and 50
percent of the plants and fishes
have been lost due to human civilization
from the
beginning like the amount of species
diversity that existed
but now that has been reduced let us now
see
some biological concepts and terms which
are useful for the study
the analysis of environmental and
occupational impact on vegetation and
wildlife
this will be done with the help of
systems like environmental laws
mathematical matrix models measurement
tools risk assessment
analytical techniques and so on some of
the important biological concepts and
terms the biological assessment so it is
an assessment of the condition of any
water body
by sampling the species that spend all
or part of their lives in that
water body biological survey a
systematic method for collecting a
consistent
reproducible and reliable sample of the
aquatic
biological community in a water body
then there are biological indicators
they are group of organisms that can be
employed to assess the condition of an
ecosystem
or environment and depending on the type
of the water body being sampled
the biological indicators used in the
surveys
can include the following the reference
sites they are data collected at
reference sites and they provide a
benchmark for assessing the biological
condition of the surveyed
sites and the reference sites are those
sites which have not been disturbed by
the anthropogenic activities
or human stress and they have been
influenced to some extent
by human activities and they represent
our best approximation of the natural
conditions now data from the reference
side that can be used to develop the
management target for protection and
restoration of the aquatic resource for
example fish it can be trouts the
sunfish the perch the salmons
benthic macro invertebrates like insects
snails
crayfish worms and so on peripherals
like algae
amphibians like frogs and salamanders
macrophytes like aquatic plants
birds like residential or migratory
species
it is a basic unit of classification and
a taxonomic rank
as well as a unit of biodiversity
community
it is also called a biological community
in a biology
and an interacting group of various
species in a common location
for example a forest of trees and
undergrowth plants
that are inhabited by animals and rooted
in soil containing bacteria and fungi
that constitutes a biological community
habited it is a type of natural
environment in which a particular
species of organism is
living it is characterized by both
physical and biological features
and a species habitat is those places
where it can find
food shelter and protection and mates
for the reproduction
then there are endangered species it is
a species of animal or plants that is
seriously at the risk of
extinction so impact assessment is a
process that can help in decision making
and to ensure that the project and the
program
options under consideration are
environmentally and socially sound and
sustainable
it is concerned with identifying
predicting and evaluating the
foreseeable impacts
both beneficial and adverse of the
public and private activities
developmental activities alternatives
and mitigating measures
and aims to eliminate or minimize the
negative impacts and optimize positive
impacts through eia techniques that vary
from country to country and organization
to organization
there are stages that are common to most
of the eia processes
the role of the flora and the fauna
investigation in
eia is to provide sufficient data to
allow a complete identification
prediction and evaluation
of potential impacts of the proposed
developments upon that flora and the
fauna mitigation measures and procedures
that is a development of the mitigation
plan for the prevention of the
loss of flora as well as fauna at that
construction
site and the appropriate measures for
the mitigation of habitat loss or
degradation all this depend upon the
habited type
the specific degrading activities stress
processes and inhabited impacts
for a mitigation to be successful the
ecological integrity of that habitat
also should be maintained
this can be accomplished directly by
preservation measures that avoids
impacts in other cases careful
mitigation plants can reduce or
eliminate impacts on the integrity of
the
habitat mitigations will also involve
the guidance
to the address the habited impacts of
destruction fragmentation simplification
and degradation that can include the
following like for example preservation
the outright purchase or the set aside
of the land
partial purchase through conservation
easements long-term leases or the
management
agree agreements the management
practices can
also involve the rotation and method of
the tipper harvesting
timing and extent of grazing control of
pollution and elimination of the
structures
restoration there can be direct
manipulation through seedings plantings
physical or chemical treatment creation
of wetland control of pollution
removal of barriers to fish migration
control of livestock access to riparian
areas compensation purchase of lands of
comparable habited size and quality
provision of financial restitution then
the mitigation principles the
development of this
should be based on a thorough
understanding of the site condition and
the activities that are impacting
habitats but certain principles of
ecological management should be followed
when specific mitigation measures are to
be developed
now these are the following mitigation
principles that will apply to all the
habited conservation efforts
baseline of the base mitigation goals
and objectives
on a landscape analysis that will
consider the needs of that region
mimic the natural processes and promote
native species
protect the rare and ecologically
important species and communities
because
certain species would be growing only in
certain regions and there may be rare
and they may be ecologically important
so we need to protect those species
then minimize the fragmentation of the
habitat and promote connectivity of the
natural
areas maintain structural diversity of
the habitats
and promote natural diversity in that
area for the management of site-specific
environmental conditions and impacts of
the specific activity causing
degradation
monitoring the habited impacts from
activities and thereby plan the
mitigation processes
there are also alternate means of
addressing the impacts
like knowing the impact the next step is
to determine what can be done about it
so the proponent id identifies several
means of addressing this impact
and one thing is doing nothing about it
that can be an alternate
you can have brainstorming sessions open
dialogues with the stakeholders
there can be surveys of similar impacts
and some responses can also help
innovative solutions can be there and
that should be encouraged and considered
at this
stage let us take now an example
if we take the wood duck as an example
the person
or the executive in charge you know he
notes down the response of the
individuals to create habitats
by building the wooden nesting boxes and
placing them near the
water bodies one option for the
executive is to produce a wooden box
that is ready for the assembly
another is he will give funds to an ngo
that is going to conduct certain
detailed studies regarding the wood
ducks nesting habit
and it will determine the optimal
location for the
woodland along the river and then
reforestation is
done one more option is to produce a
paper nesting box
so with more open discussions the list
of auctions can go on and on
and finally they can come up with some
innovative alternative
thereby some numerous options will be
available to the policy proponent
and then he can institute a policy which
can ban or limit
the wood duck hunting he can introduce
new subsidy for the reintroduction of
wetlands
which can create incentives for the
conservation
then we need to assess the cost and
benefits of each alternative so
everything has in socioeconomics and in
economics
this so the cost and benefit analysis is
very important
and that will determine which
alternative is the best response
that should use the monetary evaluations
where possible it can also give the
qualitative
information through quantitative data
that relies on economic and ecological
expertise
the qualitative data most often comes
from community sources
including the equally considering
qualitative data public participation is
also taken seriously
that can also be carried out effectively
selective and alternative by selecting
alternatives we should recognize the
constraints
the country and the region social
cultural and political values
the selection should reflect an
equitable sharing of the distribution
of benefits that are derived from the
use of biological resources
making the selection and supporting
reasons explicitly
to the public help to ensure the
equitable distribution
methodology for the assessment of
terrestrial flora and the fauna
assessment
we can have the desk based evaluation
for all the relevant information
this is done by doing some existing
review of literature
database site specific information for
the study area that is proposed
a list of potentially threatened flora
and the fauna species
that should be listed out then a land
cover and a vegetation map
should be made the area of the
development project is overlaid
so that to determine the direct impact
for that flora and the fauna in that
area
that will be used to delineate and
stratify the sampling sites for the
flora and the fauna
assessment baseline studies
this is an important and first stage
study it is important in gaining an
understanding of how the system might be
changed
by the proposed project and it can take
a snapshot of the existing conditions
that is the baseline
environment the baseline survey provides
the necessary information
on the site specific environmental
setting of the project and that should
include information about the components
of the biodiversity
for example the ecosystem and the
species in particular that may be
affected
baseline studies establish a foundation
for impact prediction
for monitoring the predicted impacts and
for evaluating the success of the
mitigation
measures what are the things to be
considered in the baseline survey
site characterization and survey methods
a combination of different methods is
also being used
for example transects they are used to
survey changes in the vegetation along
an environmental gradient
from a source of impact or through
different habitats
the line transect method that is used to
count the plant species and their
abundance
that touch the transect line then we
have the belt
transect that is done by laying a
transect line with 50 meter length and
10 meter width on sides of the transect
line
all the trees within the belt transect
with diameters greater than 5
centimeter at breast height will be
identified and they will be measured for
the diameter at the breast height and
then
counted then quadrats these are used to
define the sample area within the study
site
the locations of the quadrat chosen
should be representative to the various
vegetation types
present within the study area and
usually several quadrats are sampled to
obtain more representative results
the plant species inside the quarters
are identified the density the frequency
and the relative cover also will be
estimated this allows for the
computation of the
importance value index of the species
that are present in that particular
area transect count this is used to
survey the birds
in large open areas of relatively
uniform habitat
so all the birds that are seen on both
sides of the transects are identified
they are counted to a distance where the
birds are still detectable
or within a fixed distance from the
observer then you have the mist nets
this is used to capture birds and bat
bats and the birds the nets are placed
at travel lines
of the travel lanes of the bats at dusk
and they are
tended constantly any captured bat that
must be removed individually upon
entanglement may be in some temporary
devices like the cloth bag
the same is done with birds but with the
birds we do it at dawn
bats it is done generally at dusk or in
the evening time
trapping box traps with appropriate bait
is an effective means for trapping the
small
terrestrial mammals which are unharmed
by so that they are unharmed pitfall
traps they can also be used to trap the
small mammals such as shrews
when the animals fall through the
opening into the container
active searching this is an effective
way to survey the amphibians and
reptiles
by active searching particularly during
the day time and this is applicable also
during the
nocturnal and the diagonal species you
can do the active searching
process sampling effort
so the baseline survey will collect the
ecological data through sampling
the actual sampling would depend on the
physical size of the site
the diversity of the habitats flora and
fauna and availability of the existing
ecological baseline
information so the environmental
consultants will determine the
appropriate amount of sampling based on
their professional judgment and actual
site situations
in all the cases they have to ensure
that there are adequate samples to be
able to gather the data
representative of the population of that
area
duration of the survey is also important
so this should be long enough for
gathering the necessary baseline data
generally the duration of the ecological
survey should be commensurate
with the scale of the proposed
development the diversity of the
habitats within the study area
and the diversity of the flora and the
fauna within the study area then
identification of
important species endemicity and its
conservation status so there should be
a priority list for these species
and it should be maintained
so that rehabilitation of the area also
can be done to
increase their populations biodiversity
index
this is a quantitative measure that
reflects how many types
like how many species are there in a
data set and simultaneously it can take
into
account how evenly the basic entities
like the individuals are distributed
among those
types then evaluation that is impact
analysis
after establishing the baseline then we
have to work systematically through the
various activities and aspects of
development
to determine the likely effects of those
activities on the
baseline and the nature of the impact
direct or indirect
long term or short term and effects from
the cumulative impacts
all these need to be noted down the type
of impact
positive which is enhancing biodiversity
negative that is causing biodiversity
loss
or neutral that is causing no net change
the likely magnitude of the residential
impact
then the level of the impact the species
or ecosystem level
that is the species richness the
diversity endemicity vulnerability
all this has to be observed finally
the biotic factors are also used for the
analysis of environmental impact on
vegetation and
wildlife they can be categorized as
biotic assessment
this uses the presence and condition and
abundance of species of fish
of mammals of birds insects algae
plants and other organisms to determine
the health of an ecosystem
and it provides information on the
physical and chemical characteristics
that are present
example nutrient enrichment pollutant
flow rate and also the sediment
levels these are important tools to
assess the environmental impact and bio
indicators they help us to predict the
natural state of any region
or the degree of contamination present
at that area
an example of biological assessment in
the field so a biological survey is
conducted
on different stream for example to
determine the stream's structure
the benthic macro invertebrate
assemblage
is a biological indicator then the
matrices such as the relative richness
these can be selected
the condition represented by the
undisturbed or minimally disturbed
stream
or reference sites is used to assess the
changes in the different
values from other communities with
increasing stress
as the level of stress increases in
these streams the aquatic communities
and compositions were measurably
changed the species that are sensitive
to stress disappear
and more pollution tolerant species are
found
so those species were identified in
order to indicate their general level of
sensitivity and ability to tolerate
pollution for example intermediate
species
they can we can denote them as s
moderately tolerant species are denoted
by
m and the tolerance species can be
denoted by t
so that is the biotic assessment dear
learners and the
viewers of this course and module so
here we have understood some basic
concepts in the wildlife
and the vegetation impact analysis and
what are the techniques and the
processes that are employed for the same
we also got to know the about the
biological indicators
and also the stress responses in the
biotic assessment
like how the species can be identified
and how we can indicate their general
sensitivity
sensitivity to stress and how they can
tolerate the pollution
so these are some ways how we can
analyze the impact
assessment in various habitats and uh
also analyze the importance of certain
habitats also where there is species
richness
where there is species diversity and all
these needs to be
taken into account before uh giving any
approval for any environmental project
and
proposal that comes in the vein thank
you for your patient
listening
Browse More Related Video
Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategis IKN Menemukan Sejumlah Masalah
08. KHT - Ekosistem Repong Damar - Aspek ekologi Repong Damar
Geografi Kelas XI (8) Konservasi Flora dan Fauna di dunia dan Indonesia
Landslides: Mitigation Measures
Short Film: A Doctorβs Fight for Human Coexistence with Indiaβs Wildlife
Lesson 13: Biodiversity
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)