Копинг и психологическая защита — Екатерина Битюцкая / ПостНаука

ПостНаука

6 Sept 202015:41

Summary

TLDRThis lecture explores the concept of coping, or adaptive behavior, and distinguishes it from psychological defense mechanisms. It discusses the origins of the term 'coping' in the 1960s, its role in stress theory, and how coping strategies involve cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stress. The lecture also compares coping with psychological defense mechanisms, highlighting their different goals, processes, and outcomes.

Takeaways

📚 Coping strategies are cognitive and behavioral efforts to overcome stress or adapt to challenging situations, as defined by Richard Lazarus' transactional theory of stress.
🔄 Coping mechanisms are distinguished from psychological defense mechanisms, which often involve denial, avoidance, or repression to protect the individual from distress.
🧠 Psychological defense mechanisms, as explored by Sigmund Freud, can distort reality to maintain a sense of security and calm, potentially leading to long-term harm.
🤔 Coping involves conscious and flexible strategies that consider the individual's resources and the demands of the environment, whereas psychological defenses are often rigid and automatic.
🌟 Coping is goal-oriented, aiming to adapt to reality and satisfy needs, while psychological defense is primarily aimed at eliminating or preventing discomfort.
💡 Coping strategies are realistic, taking into account the entirety of the situation, and can involve seeking help and support from others to enhance personal resources.
🛡 Psychological defenses can be isolating, as they may prevent the individual from accepting help or support during times of stress.
🚫 Defense mechanisms are not always adaptive and can lead to a temporary improvement at the cost of long-term psychological health.
🛠 Coping is a learning process that can lead to the accumulation of personal experience and better preparation for future stressors.
🔄 Coping strategies are differentiated based on their goals, the nature of the process, their inflexibility or flexibility, their relationship to seeking help, and their long-term outcomes and functions.
🌱 The development of coping mechanisms is a sign of psychological maturity, reflecting an individual's ability to face challenges proactively and adaptively.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the lecture?
-The main topic of the lecture is the definition and concept of coping, or 'sovladaiushchego' behavior, and how it differs from psychological defense mechanisms.
When did the concept of coping become widely used in psychology?
-The concept of coping became widely used in psychology in the 1960s.
What is the role of coping in the context of stress according to the lecture?
-Coping is studied within the stress theory as a mechanism that allows individuals to overcome stress and maintain a balance between environmental demands and personal resources and capabilities.
Who is the prominent figure associated with stress and coping theory mentioned in the lecture?
-Richard Lazarus is the prominent figure mentioned in the lecture, who developed an authoritative theory of stress and coping in the world of psychology.
What does Richard Lazarus define stress as in the context of coping?
-Richard Lazarus defines stress as a transaction where the environment's demands exceed the individual's capacity to respond, leading to a lack of resources.
What are the two processes that mediate or act as intermediaries in coping according to Lazarus's theory?
-The two processes that mediate coping according to Lazarus's theory are cognitive appraisal and coping efforts.
How are coping strategies categorized in terms of their orientation according to the lecture?
-Coping strategies are categorized as problem-oriented, emotion-oriented, and a combination of both, where individuals manage negative emotions and act rationally and purposefully.
What is the relationship between emotions and rational thinking as discussed in the lecture?
-The lecture discusses that emotions and rational thinking are interrelated. Extreme emotions can impair cognitive functions, while moderate levels of anxiety can motivate and energize actions.
What is the difference between coping and psychological defense mechanisms as per the lecture?
-Coping mechanisms are conscious, flexible, and adaptive strategies to deal with stress, while psychological defense mechanisms are automatic, rigid, and often unconscious reactions to avoid distress.
How does psychological defense differ from coping in terms of its goals and outcomes?
-Psychological defense aims to prevent or reduce immediate discomfort, often leading to temporary relief but potentially harmful long-term effects. Coping, on the other hand, aims at adapting to reality and satisfying needs in a way that is conscious and flexible, leading to a positive accumulation of individual experience.
What is the role of help and support in the process of coping and defense mechanisms as discussed in the lecture?
-In the process of coping, individuals actively seek and accept help to strengthen their resources. In contrast, during psychological defense, individuals often cannot accept help, especially when they are overwhelmed and retreat into a protective shell.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Coping Mechanisms and Stress Theory

This paragraph introduces the concept of coping mechanisms, or 'koping', and distinguishes it from psychological defense. Coping is defined as cognitive and behavioral efforts to overcome stress and maintain balance between environmental demands and personal resources. The paragraph discusses the historical development of the concept since the 1960s, associated with Richard Lazarus's transactional theory of stress. It emphasizes the importance of cognitive appraisal and coping as mediators in stressful situations, highlighting the role of coping in managing or changing the environment and emotional processes to achieve stability or minimize negative impacts.

05:02

🔍 Differentiating Coping from Psychological Defense

The second paragraph delves into the differences between coping mechanisms and psychological defense mechanisms. It cites T. Leonidovna Kryukova's definition of coping behaviors as purposeful processes that help individuals deal with stress in a manner consistent with their personality and situation. Psychological defense mechanisms are described as automatic and rigid processes that can distort or ignore incoming information to protect the individual's inner peace. The paragraph also discusses the origins of psychological defense mechanisms, traced back to Sigmund Freud, and the contrast between the automatic nature of defense and the conscious, flexible nature of coping strategies.

10:04

🛡 The Nature and Consequences of Coping vs. Defense Mechanisms

This paragraph further explores the characteristics that differentiate coping from psychological defense mechanisms. It outlines criteria such as the goals of defense, which are to eliminate discomfort, versus the goals of coping, which are adaptation and need satisfaction through purposeful activity. The paragraph also discusses the automatic and rigid nature of defense mechanisms versus the conscious and flexible nature of coping strategies. It highlights the potential negative long-term effects of defense mechanisms, such as neurosis and self-blame, and contrasts them with the constructive outcomes of coping, which can lead to the accumulation of individual experience and better preparedness for future challenges.

15:05

🧘 The Role of Flexibility and Awareness in Coping Strategies

The final paragraph emphasizes the importance of flexibility and awareness in effective coping strategies. It contrasts the plastic and purposeful nature of coping, which involves consideration and analysis of the situation, with the rigid and automatic reactions of psychological defense mechanisms. The paragraph concludes by reinforcing the idea that coping mechanisms are more adaptive and beneficial in the long run, as they lead to a controlled and orderly satisfaction of needs and the accumulation of individual experience, whereas defense mechanisms may provide short-term relief but can be detrimental over time.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Coping

Coping refers to the cognitive and behavioral efforts made by an individual to manage stress or challenging situations. In the video, coping is discussed as a mechanism that allows overcoming stress and maintaining a balance between environmental demands and personal resources. It is highlighted as a conscious and flexible process that involves both changing the situation and managing one's emotional processes to achieve stability or minimize the impact of the situation on the individual.

💡Stress

Stress is defined as a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances. The video script explains that stress arises when environmental demands exceed an individual's resources, leading to a perceived imbalance. The concept of stress is central to the discussion of coping mechanisms and psychological defense strategies.

💡Cognitive Appraisal

Cognitive Appraisal is the process of evaluating and interpreting an event or situation in terms of its relevance and potential impact on a person's well-being. In the context of the video, cognitive appraisal is one of the mediators or processes involved in coping, where individuals assess the demands of a situation and their capacity to respond, thus influencing the choice of coping strategies.

💡Psychological Defense

Psychological Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that the mind uses to protect a person from anxiety, stress, or conflict. The video describes these mechanisms as automatic and rigid processes that can distort, ignore, or falsify incoming information to maintain a sense of internal balance and tranquility, often at the cost of avoiding or denying reality.

💡Richard Lazarus

Richard Lazarus is a renowned psychologist who developed a highly influential theory of stress and coping. His work is mentioned in the script as the foundation for understanding stress as a transaction between the person and the environment, where stress occurs when environmental demands exceed available resources, and coping involves efforts to manage or change the situation.

💡Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping

The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping, as developed by Richard Lazarus, posits that stress is not just a reaction to an event but a process involving the person's cognitive appraisal of the event and their coping efforts. The theory is central to the video's exploration of how individuals interact with their environment and manage stress.

💡Emotional Regulation

Emotional Regulation is the ability to manage and control one's emotions, which is a key aspect of coping strategies discussed in the video. It involves efforts to influence which emotions one has, the intensity of these emotions, and how they are experienced and expressed. The video script mentions that coping can involve emotional regulation to maintain stability or minimize the impact of a situation.

💡Goal-Oriented Behavior

Goal-Oriented Behavior refers to actions that are directed towards achieving specific objectives or goals. In the video, coping is described as involving goal-oriented behavior, where individuals engage in purposeful activities to adapt to reality and satisfy their needs, thus demonstrating a proactive approach to managing stress.

💡Adaptation

Adaptation is the process of adjusting to new conditions or circumstances. The script discusses adaptation in the context of coping, where individuals engage in activities to preserve a balance between environmental demands and their own capabilities, thus adapting to stress and maintaining psychological well-being.

💡Rigidity

Rigidity, in the context of the video, refers to the inflexibility of psychological defense mechanisms, which are often automatic and do not change in response to different situations. This contrasts with coping strategies, which are described as flexible and responsive to the specific demands of a situation.

💡Self-Blame

Self-Blame is a form of self-criticism where an individual takes on responsibility for negative outcomes or situations. The video script mentions self-blame as an example of a psychological defense mechanism, where individuals may blame themselves for not being able to prevent or change a stressful situation, reflecting an internal conflict.

Highlights

The lecture discusses the definition of coping behavior and how it differs from psychological defense.

Coping behavior is studied within the framework of stress theory as a mechanism to overcome stress.

Adaptation is considered an activity of a person to maintain a balance between environmental demands and personal resources.

Coping behavior was widely used in psychology from the 1960s, associated with research on personality behavior in stressful situations.

Richard Lazarus is a key figure who developed an authoritative theory of stress and coping in the world of psychology.

Lazarus defines stress as a transaction where the environment demands excessively and the person cannot respond adequately.

Coping is defined within Lazarus's transactional theory as cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage stress.

Coping can involve changing the situation or maintaining stability and minimizing the situation's impact on the individual.

Emotions and rational consciousness are interrelated, and extreme emotions can hinder cognitive functions.

Moderate anxiety can motivate and inspire action, highlighting the importance of a balanced emotional state.

Coping mechanisms and psychological defenses are often clearly distinguished in psychology.

Tatyana Leonidovna Krukov defines coping behavior as purposeful processes that help a person deal with stress or difficult situations.

Coping behavior should be adequate to personal characteristics and the situation, unlike psychological defense mechanisms.

Psychological defense is an automatic mechanism that prevents the awareness of important information in traumatizing situations.

Freud introduced the concept of psychological defense to describe the ego's struggle against unacceptable thoughts and emotions.

Coping strategies are purposeful, conscious, and flexible, unlike the rigid, automatic processes of psychological defense.

Coping involves realistic assessment of the situation and the ability to sacrifice immediate needs for long-term goals.

Coping mechanisms are future-oriented, focusing on accumulating individual experience and preparing for similar situations in the future.

Psychological defense can lead to neurosis and temporary improvement at the cost of long-term harm.

Coping results in the accumulation of individual experience and better preparedness for future stressors.