Israel-Palestine conflict: What’s the two-state solution? | Realpolitik
Summary
TLDRThe video script discusses the resurgence of the Palestine question in West Asia's geopolitics following Hamas's attack on Israel and the ongoing conflict. It explains the two-state solution's history, from the Peel Commission to the Oslo Accords, and the current obstacles to its implementation, including disputed borders, the presence of Israeli settlers, the status of Jerusalem, and the right of Palestinian refugees to return. The script highlights the challenges and the complex geopolitical landscape that hinders lasting peace in the region.
Takeaways
- 📜 The two-state solution proposes dividing historical Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state for lasting peace.
- 🏛 The Peel Commission in 1936 first suggested partitioning Palestine, which was rejected by Arabs but accepted by the Jewish community.
- 🌍 The UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) in 1947 proposed dividing Palestine into three territories, including an international territory for Jerusalem.
- 🇮🇱 Israel was unilaterally declared on May 14, 1948, leading to the first Arab-Israeli war and subsequent territorial gains beyond the UN plan.
- 🕊 The Oslo process in the 1990s saw the PLO recognizing Israel and agreeing to a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, which was about 22% of historical Palestine.
- 🔄 The 1967 Six-Day War resulted in Israel capturing the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, and other territories, effectively controlling all of historical Palestine.
- 🏢 The Palestinian National Authority was established as a self-governing body in the West Bank and Gaza, but with limited powers and Israel maintaining control over certain areas.
- 🚫 The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the rise of right-wing leadership in Israel contributed to the derailment of the peace process.
- 🛑 Structural factors such as undefined borders, the status of settlers, Jerusalem, and the right of refugees to return complicate the two-state solution.
- 🏙️ Israel's current right-wing leadership shows no willingness to make concessions, aiming to maintain the status quo of occupation.
- 🌐 Recognition of Palestine by European countries and the international community signifies support for a future Palestinian state.
Q & A
What is the main topic of discussion in the 'Real Politic' episode featuring Stanley and Johnny?
-The main topic is the Palestine question and the two-state solution in the context of recent events, including Hamas's attack on Israel and Israel's ongoing conflict with Gaza.
How many people were reported to have been killed in the conflict mentioned in the script?
-The script reports that 37,000 people were killed in the conflict.
What is the two-state solution in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict?
-The two-state solution refers to the idea of dividing historical Palestine into two separate states: an Arab state and a Jewish state, with the aim of achieving lasting peace in the region.
What was the Peel Commission's proposal regarding the partition of Palestine in 1937?
-The Peel Commission proposed dividing Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state, with the West Bank, Gaza, and Negev desert for the Arab state, and the coastal and fertile Galilee region for the Jewish state.
What was the outcome of the UN General Assembly Resolution 181?
-Resolution 181 adopted the partition plan for Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state, and an international territory for Jerusalem. However, the plan was never implemented due to Arab rejection and the subsequent declaration of the state of Israel by the Zionist leadership.
What territories did Israel capture during the 1967 Six-Day War?
-During the Six-Day War, Israel captured the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria.
What was the Oslo Process and what did it aim to achieve?
-The Oslo Process was a series of agreements in the 1990s aimed at establishing a framework for peace in the Middle East, including the recognition of Israel by the PLO and the creation of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders.
What are the structural factors mentioned in the script that make the two-state solution currently unachievable?
-The structural factors include the lack of a clearly demarcated border, the status of settlers in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, the status of Jerusalem, and the right of Palestinian refugees to return to their homes.
How many Jewish settlers are currently living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem according to the script?
-The script mentions that there are approximately 700,000 Jewish settlers living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
What was the role of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the Oslo Process?
-The PLO, under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, initially demanded the liberation of all of Palestine but later recognized the state of Israel and agreed to the creation of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders.
What is the current stance of Israel's right-wing leadership on the two-state solution as described in the script?
-The script describes Israel's right-wing leadership as showing no willingness to make concessions to the Palestinians and wanting to maintain the status quo of occupation.
Outlines
🏛️ The Two-State Solution: Historical Context and Current Challenges
The first paragraph introduces the video series 'Real Politics' by Stanley, focusing on the recent escalation of the Israel-Gaza conflict and its impact on the geopolitical landscape of West Asia. It discusses the two-state solution as a proposed resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict, which involves dividing historical Palestine into Arab and Jewish states. The paragraph delves into the historical roots of this solution, starting from the Peel Commission in 1936, through the UN's partition plan in 1947, and the subsequent wars and agreements that have shaped the conflict up to the present day. It highlights the challenges of achieving this solution, including the lack of a Palestinian state, the expansion of Israeli settlements, and the contentious status of Jerusalem.
📜 The Oslo Process and the Struggle for Palestinian Sovereignty
The second paragraph continues the discussion on the two-state solution, focusing on the Oslo Accords as a significant step towards peace. It outlines the Palestinian National Authority's establishment and the international recognition of the PLO. The paragraph addresses the setbacks to the peace process, including the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, the rise of Hamas, and the structural factors that complicate the two-state solution, such as undefined borders, the status of settlers, Jerusalem's sovereignty, and the right of refugees to return. It emphasizes the current stalemate, with Israel's right-wing leadership showing no willingness to concede to Palestinian demands.
🕊️ The Persistent Conflict: Status Quo and the Quest for Peace
The final paragraph concludes the video script by summarizing the current state of the Israel-Palestine conflict. It contrasts Israel's desire to maintain the status quo of occupation with the Palestinians' struggle to change it. The paragraph ends with a call to viewers to stay tuned for more episodes of 'Real Politics' that will explore geopolitics and global conflicts, suggesting a continuing series that will delve deeper into these issues.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Real Politic
💡Hamas
💡Two-state solution
💡Palestine Question
💡International Affairs
💡UN Charter
💡Partition Plan
💡Palestinian National Authority
💡Oslo Accords
💡1967 War
💡Settlements
💡Right of Return
💡Status Quo
Highlights
Introduction to the first episode of 'Real Politics' by Stanley, discussing the recent events that brought the Palestine question back to the forefront of West Asia's geopolitics.
Hamas's attack on October 7, 2023, and the subsequent war on Gaza, resulting in extensive destruction and the death of 37,000 people.
Increasing global support for a future Palestine State, with recent recognitions by Spain, Ireland, and Norway, and expectations for more countries to follow.
The necessity for resolving the Palestine question for lasting peace in the region, as emphasized by Arab countries including Saudi Arabia and Jordan.
Explanation of the two-state solution as an internationally recognized approach to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict.
Historical background of the two-state solution, dating back to the 1930s during the British rule in Palestine and the Peel Commission.
The Peel Commission's proposal for partitioning Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, and the subsequent Arab rejection.
The UN Special Commission on Palestine's (UNSCOP) partition plan post-World War II, which proposed dividing Palestine into three territories.
Adoption of the partition plan in the UN General Assembly Resolution 181 and the subsequent Arab rejection.
The unilateral declaration of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, and the outbreak of the first Arab-Israeli war.
The 1967 Six-Day War and Israel's capture of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights.
The emergence of Palestinian nationalism in the 1960s under the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Yasser Arafat.
The shift in PLO's stance from demanding the liberation of all Palestine to recognizing Israel and agreeing to a state within the 1967 borders.
The Camp David Accords and the framework for peace in the Middle East, including the establishment of an autonomous Palestinian territory.
The Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995, formalizing the two-state solution and the creation of the Palestinian National Authority.
Challenges to the Oslo process, including the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin and the rise of Hamas, which opposed the Accords.
Structural factors making the two-state solution currently unachievable, such as undefined borders, the status of settlers, Jerusalem, and the right of refugees to return.
Current Israeli right-wing leadership's unwillingness to make concessions and the desire to maintain the status quo of occupation.
The Palestinians' desire to break the status quo and the ongoing struggle for an independent, sovereign state.
Transcripts
[Music]
hello everyone welcome to the first
episode of real politic this is Stanley
Johnny the Hindus International Affairs
editor hamas's October 7 2023 attack in
Israel and Israel's continuing war on
Gaza have brought the Palestine question
back to the four of west Asia's
geopolitics as the war has destroyed
much of Gaza and killed 37,000 of its
people the world has also seen more and
more countries voicing strong support
for a future Palestine State recently
three European countries Spain Ireland
and Norway recognized the Palestine
State more are expected to follow Arab
countries including Saudi Arabia and
Jordan say there wouldn't be lasting
peace in the region unless the Palestine
question is resolved an internationally
recognized solution to the Israel
Palestine conflict is what is called the
two-state solution what is the two-state
solution the short answer is simple
divide historical Palestine into an Arab
State and a Jewish state to find lasting
peace but the long answer is complicated
Israel the Jewish state was created in
Palestine in
1948 but a Palestine state is not yet a
reality so at two-state solution today
means the creation of a legitimate
Sovereign Palestine state that enjoys
the full rights like any other nation
state under the UN Charter let's take a
look at history the roots of the two
State solution go back to the 1930s of
the British rule Palestine in 1936 the
British government appointed a
commission headed by Lord William Robert
Peele known as the Peele commission to
investigate the causes of Arab Jewish
clashes in Palestine a year later the
appeal commission stated that the
Mandate had become unworkable and
proposed a partition of Palestine into a
Jewish and Arab State at that time Jews
accounted for some 28% of palestine's
population according to the peel
commission proposal the West Bank Gaza
and neave desert should make up the Arab
state while much of palestine's cost and
fertile galili region should be part of
the Jewish State Arabs rejected the
proposal after the second world war the
UN special Commission on Palestine un
scop put forward another partition plan
after Britain expressed its interest in
vacating the
Mandate un scope proposed that Palestine
be divided into three territories a
Jewish State an Arab State and an
international Terr Tory which is
Jerusalem Jews made up roughly 32% of
palestine's population at this time
according to the 's scope plan the
Jewish state was to have 56% of
historical Palestine land and the rest
for the Arabs the partition plan was
adopted in the UN General Assembly
resolution 181 but it never made it to
the UN Security Council Arabs rejected
the plan while the Zionist leadership of
Israel's settler community in Palestine
accepted it as there was no un Security
Council decision on the partition plan
zus unilaterally declared the state of
Israel on May 14th
1948 at day ahead of the expiration of
the British mandate this triggered the
first Arab Israel war and by the time as
cire was achieved in
1949 Israel had captured some 20 2% more
territories including West Jerusalem
than what the UN plan had originally
proposed Jordan seized to the West Bank
and E Jerusalem including the old city
while Egypt took the Gaza Strip another
pivotal event in the conflict was the
1967 6-day war during the war Israel
captured the West Bank and East
Jerusalem from Jordan the Gaza Strip and
the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt
and the Goan hates from Syria so the
whole of historical Palestine has been
under Israel's control since
1967 Palestine nationalism emerged
stronger in the 1960s under the
leadership of the Palestine Liberation
Organization or PLO and its chairman
yaser Arafat the PLO initially demanded
The Liberation cot unquote of the whole
of Palestine but during the osw process
of the 1990s it recognized the state of
Israel and agreed to the creation of a
state of Palestine within the 1967
border which made up roughly 22% land of
historical Palestine Israel initially
rejected any Palestinian claim to land
and continued to term the PLO a
terrorist organization but in the cam
David agreement which followed the 1973
yam kipu War
in which Egypt and Syria surprised the
Israelis with an attack Israel agreed to
the framework for peace in the Middle
East agreement as part of the framework
agreement Israel agreed to establish an
autonomous self-governing Palestinian
territory in the West Bank and Gaza
Strip and implement the UN resolution
242 which demanded Israel pull back from
all the territories it captured in the
1967 War the framework agreement laid
the foundation for the lawy CTS which
signed in 1993 and 1995 formalized the
two-state solution as part of the oso
process the Palestinian National
Authority a self-governing body was
created in the West Bank and Gaza the
PLO was internationally recognized as
the legitimate representative body of
the
Palestinians the West Bank was divided
into area a b and c while the
Palestinian Authority was to have
limited powers in areas A and B areas C
remained under Israel's total control
but the promise of Oso was the creation
of an independent Sovereign Palestinian
state which would live next to the
Israeli state in peace This Promise has
never been materialized
why
so the first setback for the Oslo
process was the assassination of yag
grain the Prime Minister who signed the
Accords in November 1995 by a Jewish
extremist Robin's labor party was
defeated in the subsequent elections and
the right-wing liot under Benjamin
netanyahu's leadership came to power the
rise of Hamas the islamist militant
group that that opposed Oslo saying that
the PLO had made huge concessions to the
Israelis also contributed to the
derailment of the peace process there
are specific structural factors that
make the two-state solution unachievable
at least for now let's take a look at
them one is
boundary Israel doesn't have a clearly
demarcated Border in 1948 it captured
more territories than it was Pro
promised by the UN in 1967 it expanded
further by taking the whole of
historical Palestine under its control
from the
1970s Israel has been building illegal
Jewish settlements in Palestinian
territories Palestinians say their
future State should be based on the 1967
border but Israel is not willing to make
any such commitments today two the
status of settlers roughly 700,000
Jewish settlers are now living in the
West Bank and East Jerusalem if Israel
is to withdraw to the 1967 border they
will have to pull back these settlers
the settlers are now a very powerful
Block in Israel society and no prime
minister can afford to pull them back
without facing political consequences
three the status of Jerusalem
Palestinians say is Jerusalem which H
alaka Islam's thirdd holiest mosque
should be the capital of their future
State while Israel says the Hall of
Jerusalem which HS the Western Wall the
holiest place in Judaism is Israel's
Eternal Capital cot un cot four the
right of refugees to return to their
homes some 700,000 Palestinians were
displaced from their homes in
1948 when the state of Israel was
declared according to international law
they have a right to return to their
homes today Israel proper Israel says it
won't allow the Palestinian refugees to
return because if it does that would
change Israel's
demographics while these are the
structural factors that make the two
State solution complicated on the ground
Israel's rightwing leadership show no
willingness to make any concession to
the Palestinians for Israel even the
recognition of the State of Palestine by
European countries was a reward for
terrorism Israel wants to continue the
status quo the status quo of
occupation and the Palestinians want to
break that status quo thank you very
much for more such videos on geopolitics
and Global conflicts please watch out
for the upcoming episodes of real
politic
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