Modern Indian Literature: Know In Art & Culture With Devdutt Pattanaik EP20 | UPSC Essentials

Summary

This video script delves into the evolution of modern Indian literature during the colonial era, highlighting the pivotal role of the printing press and the British educational policies in shaping Indian thought. It discusses how literature, including works by women, became a catalyst for social reform and the independence movement, emphasizing the importance of understanding the context and biases in literary sources for a comprehensive view of history and culture.

Takeaways

• 📚 The script discusses the development of modern Indian literature, which is largely attributed to the arrival of colonial powers and the introduction of the printing press in India.
• 🌍 The printing press, initially used for religious texts in Europe, was adapted by the British in India to print science and technical books, facilitating the creation of clerks and spreading new ideas.
• 👥 The script highlights the role of literature in the Indian independence struggle, showing how education and exposure to Western ideas led to the emergence of nationalism and the desire for self-governance.
• 📖 It emphasizes the importance of considering the author's perspective when studying literature, as biases and the socio-political context can significantly influence the content and interpretation of texts.
• 👩‍🏫 The script notes the evolution of women's writing in India, from traditional forms to more modern expressions of agency and new ideas, influenced by Western literature and education.
• 👑 The British policy of educating Indians to serve as clerks inadvertently sparked a revolution in thought, leading to the questioning of the caste system and the promotion of egalitarianism.
• 📈 The script points out the limitations of literature as a historical source, cautioning against taking literary accounts at face value without corroboration from other disciplines like archaeology or art history.
• 🤔 It suggests using the '5W1H' approach (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How) to critically analyze literature, considering the author's intent, context, and potential biases.
• 📝 The discussion underscores the significance of literature in shaping the national movement in India, with various factions using it to express their views on reform, tradition, and social upliftment.
• 🌐 The script mentions the importance of understanding the structural changes brought by colonial rule, including new technologies and content, which led to shifts in Indian society and mindset.
• 💡 Lastly, the script encourages students to think critically about literature's role in culture and history, and to be aware of its limitations and the need for cross-disciplinary verification.

Q & A

What is 'Sultana's Dream' about?

'Sultana's Dream' is a fantasy written by Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain in the 19th century. It envisions a world where women run all affairs and men live secluded lives.

How did the arrival of European powers impact Indian literature in the colonial period?

The arrival of European powers, particularly the British, introduced the printing press and education, leading to the spread of new ideas, technologies, and subjects such as science and mathematics. This shift helped propel the modern literary movement in India.

What role did the printing press play in the development of modern Indian literature?

The printing press, introduced by the Portuguese for missionary work and later used by the British to produce textbooks and technical books, was crucial in spreading education and new ideas. This led to a literary revolution in India by making knowledge accessible to a wider audience.

How did literature contribute to India's independence struggle?

Literature played a significant role by spreading nationalist ideas and awareness about social and political issues. Newspapers and writings by figures like Surendranath Banerjee and Bal Gangadhar Tilak helped foster a sense of nationalism and resistance against British rule.

What impact did British education policies have on Indian society?

British education policies aimed at creating clerks, but they also exposed Indians to new ideas about humanism, equality, democracy, and other Western philosophies. This led to social reforms, greater educational opportunities for different classes and castes, and a burgeoning sense of nationalism.

How did women's education and writing evolve during the colonial period in India?

With the spread of education, initially among elite women and later among lower classes, women began to express their ideas and experiences through literature. They wrote about social issues, gender equality, and personal aspirations, contributing significantly to the cultural and intellectual landscape.

Can you name some notable women writers from pre-colonial and colonial India?

Notable women writers include Andal and Mirabai from ancient times, Muddupalani from the 17th century, and Rasundari Devi and Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain from the colonial period.

What are the limitations of using literature as a source to understand history and culture?

Literature can reflect the biases and perspectives of its authors, who often belong to privileged classes or groups. It's important to corroborate literary sources with other types of evidence, such as archaeological findings, epigraphy, and material culture, to get a more accurate picture.

How did Indian writers react to British racial policies and discrimination?

Indian writers, like Surendranath Banerjee, often highlighted racial discrimination and second-class treatment by the British. Their writings and actions fostered a sense of nationalism and the demand for equal rights and self-governance.

What new ideas and philosophies influenced Indian literature during the colonial period?

Ideas and philosophies such as humanism, equality, democracy, the French and American Revolutions, and Western scientific and technical knowledge significantly influenced Indian literature, contributing to social reform and political awakening.

Outlines

00:00

📚 The Emergence of Modern Indian Literature

The first paragraph discusses the development of modern Indian literature influenced by the arrival of colonial powers and the introduction of the printing press. It highlights the shift from religious texts to scientific and secular writings aimed at creating clerks, which led to a broader education and literacy among different social classes. The paragraph also emphasizes the importance of literature in expressing women's agency and the impact of new ideas from the West on Indian thought during the colonial period.

05:01

🌟 Literature's Role in India's Freedom Struggle

This paragraph explores the significant role of literature in India's struggle for independence. It explains how the British introduced education and the printing press to create clerks, but this inadvertently led to the spread of new ideas and the emergence of nationalism among the educated Indian population. The paragraph also touches on the social and political movements that arose from the educated class, including the works of social reformers and the polarization between reformists and traditionalists.

10:02

👩‍💼 Women's Writing in Modern India

The third paragraph focuses on the evolution of women's writing in India during the colonial era. It discusses how the spread of education among women led to new forms of literary expression and the emergence of women's voices in literature. The paragraph mentions the first Indian women poets and writers who expressed their aspirations and experiences, challenging traditional roles and contributing to the discourse on gender equality and societal norms.

15:03

🤔 Understanding Literature's Limitations

In this paragraph, the limitations of literature as a historical and cultural source are examined. It cautions readers to be aware of the biases and perspectives of the authors, and the importance of considering who, when, where, and for what purpose a piece of literature was written. The paragraph also underscores the need to corroborate literary evidence with other forms of evidence, such as archaeology and art history, to gain a more accurate understanding of the past.

20:05

🔍 The Importance of Source Collaboration in Literature Study

The final paragraph emphasizes the importance of using a collaborative approach when studying literature. It suggests applying the 'five Ws' (Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How) to systematically analyze literature and understand its context. The paragraph concludes by encouraging students to engage with the material, ask questions, and seek a comprehensive understanding of literature's role in shaping culture and history.

Keywords

💡Colonial Period

The colonial period refers to the era during which European powers, such as the British, established control over India, significantly influencing its culture, literature, and society. In the video, the colonial period is highlighted as a time when new technologies like the printing press were introduced, leading to the development of modern Indian literature and shaping the mindset of the Indian people.

💡Printing Press

The printing press is a technology for printing text and images, which revolutionized the dissemination of knowledge. In the script, it is noted that the printing press facilitated the spread of literature and education in India during the colonial period, playing a crucial role in the development of modern Indian literature and the Indian independence movement.

💡Modern Indian Literature

Modern Indian literature refers to the body of literary works produced in India after the advent of colonial rule, marked by the introduction of new ideas and the use of the printing press. The video discusses how this literature was influenced by Western thought and played a significant role in the social and political awakening of India.

💡Cultural Expression

Cultural expression in this context refers to the manifestation of ideas, beliefs, and values through various forms of art and literature. The video emphasizes how women, for instance, began to express themselves and their agency through writing during the colonial period, challenging traditional norms and contributing to the evolution of Indian society.

💡Sultana's Dream

Sultana's Dream is a feminist fantasy story written by Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain in the 19th century. The video uses it as an example of the new forms of writing that emerged during the colonial period, reflecting the aspirations and imaginations of women in a society that was undergoing significant changes.

💡Education

Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and habits. In the script, the British are credited with introducing widespread education in India, which was initially aimed at creating clerks but eventually led to a broader social and political awakening, including the rise of nationalism and the independence movement.

💡Nationalism

Nationalism is the sentiment of loyalty and devotion to one's nation. The video discusses how the spread of education and exposure to Western ideas fostered a sense of nationalism among the Indian population, leading to the desire for self-governance and the eventual struggle for independence.

💡Social Reform

Social reform refers to changes aimed at improving society by addressing issues such as inequality, injustice, and outdated traditions. The script mentions social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy who advocated for changes in Hinduism and the upliftment of women's status, reflecting the transformative impact of literature on Indian society.

💡Literary Movement

A literary movement is a group of writers who share a common goal or aesthetic. The video describes the modern literary movement in India as being propelled by the British, which shifted the focus from religious texts to scientific, secular, and mathematical writings, thereby creating a more educated populace and influencing societal change.

💡Women's Writing

Women's writing refers to the literary works produced by women, reflecting their perspectives and experiences. The script highlights the emergence of women's writing during the colonial period, which contributed to the empowerment of women and the introduction of new ideas about gender equality and women's rights in Indian society.

💡Bias in Literature

Bias in literature refers to the personal or cultural prejudices of the author that may influence the content and perspective of the work. The video cautions about the importance of understanding the limitations of literature as a source, including the biases that authors bring to their writing, and the need to corroborate literary accounts with other forms of evidence.

Highlights

Sultana's Dream, a 19th-century fantasy by Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain, imagines a world where women are in charge and men live secluded lives, reflecting the emerging female agency of the time.

The arrival of the colonial powers in India, particularly the British, brought the printing press, which was pivotal in the development of modern Indian literature.

The British used the printing press to reproduce scientific and technical books, creating a need for educated clerks and propelling the modern literary movement in India.

The printing press's introduction to India bypassed the Ottoman Empire, contributing to the Islamic world's lag in modernity.

Literature and education under colonial rule led to a social revolution, with education becoming accessible across different castes and classes.

Thomas Babington Macaulay's educational policy aimed to create Indians who thought like Europeans but retained their Indian identity.

Modern Indian literature was significantly influenced by new ideas such as humanism, equality, and the rise of democracies, introduced through Western education.

The educated class in colonial India, initially created to serve as clerks, became the bedrock of the Indian independence movement.

Surendra Nath Banerji's experiences with racial discrimination in the civil service sparked his advocacy for nationalism and Indian self-governance.

The emergence of newspapers in various Indian languages facilitated the spread of nationalist ideas and the awakening of political consciousness.

Rabindranath Tagore and Dadabhai Naoroji were among the influential figures who contributed to the shaping of modern Indian literature and nationalism.

The polarization between reformists and traditionalists in the 19th century shaped the political discourse and the national movement in India.

Women's writing in modern India, such as Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain's work, signifies the empowerment and the expression of female agency.

Education and literature in colonial India led to the emergence of women as poets, writers, and public intellectuals, challenging traditional roles.

Rasri Devi's autobiography, 'Amar Jiban', exemplifies the aspirations of women who balanced traditional roles with the pursuit of education and self-expression.

The limitations of literature as a historical source must be considered, including author biases, the context of writing, and the need for corroboration with other evidence.

The importance of cross-referencing literary sources with archaeological, artistic, and material evidence for a comprehensive understanding of history and culture.

The application of the five W's (Who, What, When, Where, Why) approach to critically analyze literature and understand its context and impact.

Transcripts

[Music]

beam shavat husse who writes um

sultana's dream and it's a fantasy about

a world where women run all the when

women run the Affairs of and Men live

secluded lives this is being written in

the 19th century so you have these new

writings emerging in the 19th century

and women are coming out uh and

expressing themselves expressing their

agency so on this topic of literature

and culture we have reached to a point

where we are now going to talk about the

Modern India or the colonial period

let's know more in our today's episode

of art and culture with d patnayak

[Applause]

[Music]

hello everyone I am mana sastav and you

are watching upsc Essentials of the

Indian Express where like always we are

in conversation with davat patnayak d

that talks about art and culture and

those relevant topics which are

important for your exams but also life

in general so in the previous episodes

you've seen that we've covered

literature and culture and we have

talked about ancient India the medial

India and today we're going to talk

about Modern India or the the colonial

times so D that let's begin with a very

General yet very important question that

how this modern Indian literature

developed in India and really this is

the result of the arrival of colonial

power into India that is European pass

so the Portuguese came to India in the

16th century followed by the Dutch and

then the French and the English they all

came to India in the 17th century 18th

century and with them came new

technologies the technology which came

with them was the printing press

remember the printing press was invented

in China about 2000 years ago but about

500 years ago in the 15th century it

reaches Europe and the uh the Europeans

really use the printing press to uh

print the Bible and the Bible gets

accessible to everybody in Europe uh and

that creates a huge social revolution in

Europe and then the printing press in

the 16th century just barely 100 years

after that comes to India on its way to

Africa but remains in Goa for some

reason and this is when the Bible starts

being printed in India and really by

missionaries uh to promote missionary

work in the the 17th century you find

this in Goa you find

um Bible being translated into conani

it's called the kristap puran in conani

and basically printing was used to

missionary work by the Portuguese people

in the 16th century but when the British

come they do something different they

realize that they want clerks they want

babo and therefore they want to start

schools in India and therefore the

printing press is used to reproduce

science

uh text books in India um so technical

books science books start appearing in

India they're printed in Kolkata in

alabad in lakau in the 19th century so

suddenly the printing press and the so

the the technology of the printing press

and the shift in focus from religion and

conversion to um science and language

and Mathematics to create clerks by the

British is what really propels the

modern literary movement in India

remember the printing press was not

allowed to uh enter the Ottoman Empire

one of the reasons why uh the Islamic

World fell back in the world of

modernity so from Europe it came to

India but it bypassed the Muslim world

the ottoman World Egypt Persia Iran Iraq

turkey all these places where the

ottoman Empires safaid Empires existed

they did not like the pr press because

they thought the calligraphers would

lose their jobs and because of that

knowledge remained limited because when

you write it down calligraphy it's only

available for the elite but when the

printing technology comes to India one

the technology two the content moves

from religious to Scientific secular

mathematical writings purpose is

different not to convert people but to

create clerks um something shifts in

society no now people are educated men

are educated women are educated upper

class men are educated low world class

men educated different casts are

educated and that creates a revolution

that's how uh modern literature began in

India so you have to understand these

structural changes that happened with

the new rulers of India bringing new

technology bringing new content bringing

new subjects into India and that changes

the mindset of course we always talk

about m in 1835 his minutes about how he

wanted Indians to be look like Indians

but think like Europeans to serve as

Clerks and we can get very angry with

this but really this sort of sparked a

revolution in Indian thought because we

got access to new ways of thinking new

knowledge new skills maths science

literature new ways of looking at the

world new philosophies like humanism

equality

egalitarianism um new ideas came into

India in the schools and colleges people

were talking about the French Revolution

the American Revolution egality um the

end of monarchies the rise of

democracies all this shaped modern

literature so in this answer of D we get

to know about the causes the impact the

significance so all three aspects of

what is expected in an answer in in in

one go in one package so uh that way it

is very very uh important and also

remember that you know when we talking

about how the literature developed

modern literature we're talking about

technology we're also talking about the

content of the text we also talking

about the British rule and now speaking

about the British rule if DAV that you

can elaborate for our students that how

uh you know this this modern Indian

literature played such an important

significant role in The Independent

struggle so how did literature play an

role in the India's Freedom struggle

right um the British sort of introduced

education into India it was a shift in

policy from what the Portuguese were

doing they interested in printing press

for missionary activities but the

British brought the printing press and

education into India and schools and uh

in order to create clerks

now as time progressed more and more

clerks came into so the lot of Education

happened lots of people were being

educated and they were being exposed not

only to maths and science but also to

new ideas that were emerging in the west

and you have um a gentleman like

Surendra Nat banerji who was is an IC

Indian civil servant uh but you find him

in trouble like he is uh at first he's

not given admission uh into the Civil

Service on grounds of his age and then

he's kicked out uh considering that he's

not good enough you know basically for

racial grounds he's kicked out of the

Civil Service he gets very angry and he

realizes that he'll always be a second

class person although British talk about

equality really Indians will be second

and he starts talking about nationalism

and the idea of nationhood starts to

emerge amongst these educated people

that the British created for clerks and

that's how the literary Mission starts

but people start writing and they start

producing newspapers so you have Bengali

newspapers and marati newspapers like TR

starts caser in Maharashtra you have

newspapers uh appearing in uh Bengal you

have English papers appearing newspapers

knowledge being spread people having

opinions about social matters and

gradually the idea of nationalism

becomes important you have tagore

writing about nationalism you have Dad

naroi writing about the drain of wealth

Theory um you have uh so you see the the

knowledge which came into India with the

new uh British rule um the literature

which came into India the education

system which came into India was

primarily meant to create clerks but it

had two major impacts one was a social

impact people said that everybody should

be educated upper class lower class

upper class lower cast uh across

religions women should be educated so

there was a social movement that was

happening but at the same time a

political movement also emerged people

started realizing about racism how they

would always be treated as second class

citizens by the rulers of the land the

idea of nationhood emerged the idea of

democracy Liberation equality emerged

these ideas of Justice emerged uh many

of the Indians were trained as lawyers

um they studied the law and then they

challenged the racial presumption of the

law and this is how uh the independence

movement started you have one group of

what is called the social reformers who

spoke about nationalism but you also

have traditionalists who spoke about

nationalism so if rajar Raman Roy was a

social reformer who spoke about Hinduism

in the early part of the 18th century

but the latter part of early part of the

19th century uh in the latter part of

the 19th century you have Chandra Nat

Basu uh talking about traditionalism and

using the word hindutva for the first

time which Savar uses later in the early

20th century so you have even at the

early stage as political movement

emerged the polarization between those

who say the new India should have

reformist ideas social upliftment and

the traditionalists who believe that

India should go back to the old ways of

varash Dharma which was perfect in its

way and women's education was not

necessary we forget that tur was against

women's education he believed in swaja

he believed in self rule he uh so you

have these new ideas emerging and that's

how the literature the caser newspaper

emerges which talks about nationalism at

one level but it also says that women

should not be educated and uh it talks

it favors cast and says about how

brahmans should uh get certain benefits

and non- bramman shouldn't so you have

the tiux writings on this but you have

this counter movements by uh rades and

golay who say that no India should

progress India should transform uh new

ideas should come in we should talk

about liberalism so all this is

happening in the 19th century Which

shapes the national movement in India

thank you D I think uh this is a very

important question which is answered not

only because of its content but also uh

its relevance in the examination because

there's one thing that a question can be

directly asked on literature then you

have to definitely write about

literature uh role literature's role in

modern Indian period or indep dependent

struggle but also when a question comes

on the Freedom Movement or independent

struggle even then you have to have at

least one paragraph on the role of

literature and printing press so things

can be directly asked and used or it

have to be indirectly you know mentioned

as the F of your answer so that way uh

these things have to be kept in mind and

make sure that you make them a part of

your notes and then final answers in

your examination

now having said that let's move on to

the next question and the next question

is related to women writing um

literature so they that if you can throw

light on uh what and how and who among

women wrote uh in Indian literature in

the modern period so women's writing in

India now this becomes interesting it's

not that women did not write before uh

the British came to India there is a lot

of women's right writings in India

before uh in ancient times for example

you have andal writing bti poetry you

have mirabai writing bti poetry um you

have a Coran called mudal writing

radhika Sanam in ra rather erotic work

uh in the 17th century and this is

printed by another corisan called

Bangalore ratama in the 19th century

which creates a huge outrage uh uh in

India but you know you have these

women's writings happening before um

there is um Raman chandra's Raman

written by women there are women bti

poets like mtab by janabai um so women

were writing before but a new form of

writing emerges with with the in

colonial times as education reaches

India and education at first is

available only to Elite women so the

zamidar the rich men they have these

governances educating women in their

houses the kings are allowing uh

governors to teach writing and reading

to the women of the palace so it's a

class thing but missionaries meanwhile

are also spreading education in the

lower casts and lower classes and you

have savitri b f j f in Maharashtra

talking about how um everybody should be

educated not just the elite classes not

the traditionally educated people uh not

just the brahmins and the kest but

everyone should be educated so women

should be educated and so suddenly

women's education is becoming important

at a social level so it's not just class

women but also lower class women in the

18th century women start reading novels

and when novels is you know Jane

Austin's novels these novels start

reaching India and these educated women

start reading these books and their mind

starts to get new ideas they start

talking about gender equality

opportunities age of consent when should

you marry do you have right to say uh

you know uh no to your husband these

ideas start emerging in India and you

have um women writing novels

and this creates uh changes the way uh

you know um uh India functions uh

because women start having opinions so

you have uh you know one of the earliest

uh Indian women poet is a lady called um

so you have tat uh the India's first uh

poetist who writes in English um then um

rasra Devi writes Amar jivan her

autobiography where she talks about how

she has 12 children and when she has

free time from doing household shows she

educates herself and therefore this idea

of aspirational women who follow their

traditional roles they mothers they take

care of the house but they also want to

educate themselves so you have uh rasri

Davi writing Amar Jan in Bengali writing

about a biography so suddenly women are

expressing themselves um you have

um beam shikat Hussein who writes um

sultana's dream and it's a fantasy about

a world where women run all the when

women run the Affairs of and Men live

secluded lives this is being written in

the 19th century so you have these new

writings emerging in the 19th century

and women are coming out uh and

expressing themselves expressing their

agency and new ideas emerging there is

uh there are women who are educating as

doctors um you have cases uh they're

becoming lawyers these ideas are

emerging and that starts happening in

the 19th century because of education so

a lot of things get cleared Crystal

cleared by that answer of D so women's

uh writing uh during the Modern India

period uh is not just limited to

understand the empowerment of women but

also from the perspective of what it's

contributing so in terms of new ideas uh

helping us to understand Society uh

history culture and so on and definitely

remember

the names which are very important for

your answers in your Mains or as for for

your prelims the questions which are

framed around them now let's move on to

the last question and today's last

question is uh D that I want to talk

about literature as source so we have

seen um such all you know wonderful

things about literature understanding

literature how should we go about it

what is the content uh but at the same

time this these literature have some

caveats they have some limitations so

why is it important to understand those

limitations what are those limitations

if you can tell our students so um

literature is a very important source of

understanding culture and history but we

have to be a little careful because

remember uh when I'm writing something I

use my imagination and I can write

anything I want and therefore biases

come in bigotry comes in uh so for

example most of the Vic literature the

shastra literature is written by

brahmins and Brahman men and therefore

the privilege they give themselves a

privileged position that brahans are the

most important people men are important

than women so we must always ask the

question who is writing this and when

are they writing it and where are they

writing it who is writing when is he

writing where is he writing and for what

benefit is he writing so therefore when

you read a piece of literature if you

ask these questions you understand a lot

about that uh culture uh it's also

important like if a man is writing he'll

write differently when a woman is

writing differently if uh Greeks are

writing about India it's going to be

very different than Indians writing

about India when Chinese write about

India they bring their own biases into

the picture when Buddhists write about

India they bring a different view the

brahans write a different view when a

dalit writes about India he writes a

very different view um uh when you read

a Brahman document which says that

Buddha and the tankar rishabha are

avatars of Vishnu you don't take them

literally you understand that there is a

politics going on an appropriate is

going on there is a conflict happening

when you hear stories of shankaraya for

example written in the 15th century you

have got this Sanskrit work which talks

about how shankaracharya defeats

Buddhist Scholars you have to counter it

with taran's writing in the 16th century

Buddhist scholar who talks about how

Shankar aara is defeated by Buddhists

now which is true which is true did

shankaracharya defeat the Buddhist as

per the Brahman documents but the

Buddhist documents say that the

shankaracharya was defeated by the

Buddhist so now you have two pieces of

literature which one do you trust um and

that's important kerol Pati is a work

written in the 17th century which tells

the history of Kerala in a very

organized way and it says how pararam

brought um brahans to Kerala and

civilize the land now uh is it history

or is it just fantasy or is it a way of

justifying Brahman control of lands in

Kerala so literature has to be read very

carefully who is writing the story when

is is he writing where is he writing for

what is he writing and we must

collaborate written sources with other

information uh epigraphic evidence

architecture art um material evidence is

very very important for example the Vic

literature is oral Traditions but we

don't have much material evidence about

it so when they are talking about it the

only information we have is that in the

gtic plane these po these poetries are

being written but if they talk about

palaces but we don't get any evidence of

a palace as per archaeology then did

palaces exist really or in the

imagination of these poets so when you

study literature it's important they

give you a window to the Past a window

to our culture how human beings not just

created the world but also how they

imagined the world but we have to always

corroborate this information from texts

by other uh other subjects like as I

said archaeology art history now DNA

studies are telling us some things we

have to study that so lots of things

have to be collaborated to make sense of

what is written thank you D for

mentioning that collaboration of sources

um which is very important and students

should know that even in history when we

study history we have so many sources

and their collaboration becomes uh so

important at the same time when you are

talking about how to ask literature

questions okay so I'm reminded of this

five W1 of approach in journalism and so

I ask a lot of students to follow this 5

W1 Edge approach while studying current

affairs also so five ws what when

where uh who and then there is of course

how so this makes understanding of uh

current affairs quite systematic and

simple now I believe we've covered

almost every aspect of literature and

culture in these past three four

episodes uh students can write to us uh

they can mail me on Manus Shasta at

indianexpress.com or you can comment in

the comment section of the YouTube uh

please subscribe the indianexpress

channel or the page of the YouTube and

U uh do connect me connect with me on

live on the live session at 8:00

p.m. every every Thursday that's all for

today thank you Dad for enlightening our

students on this vast vast topic and uh

always remember think smart work hard

conquer your goal bye-bye Mana shast

signing

off