Urbanization In Colonial Times: Art & Culture with Devdutt Pattanaik EP12 (Part 1) | UPSC Essentials

Summary

This video script discusses the evolution of urbanization in India, focusing on the colonial era's impact. It highlights how British colonization transformed cities, introducing elements like railway stations, courthouses, clock towers, and universities. The script uses Delhi as a case study, tracing its development from ancient settlements to modern urban structures, emphasizing the importance of understanding historical urbanization patterns for contemporary relevance in exams and policy-making.

Takeaways

• 🏛 Urbanization took a distinct turn during the colonial era, marked by the establishment of European-influenced cities, especially along the coast of India.
• 🛕 The Portuguese were the first colonizers to significantly impact urbanization in India, with the establishment of Goa and changes in the landscape including the building of churches.
• 🏙 Major Indian cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata originated as British forts or warehouses, indicating the beginning of new urban centers.
• 🚂 The advent of industrialization and mechanization led to the establishment of railways in India, which facilitated the transportation of raw materials to Europe and spurred a new form of urbanization.
• 🚉 A hallmark of colonial cities was the presence of a railway station, which was essential for the economic exploitation of India's resources.
• 🏢 Colonial cities also featured courthouses, reflecting the British control over the legal system and the establishment of a new penal code.
• 🕰 The introduction of clock towers symbolized the shift to a bureaucratic, time-bound society, contrasting with the traditional Indian model where daily life was governed by natural cycles.
• 🏫 Educational institutions like universities and schools were established by the British to produce clerks for their bureaucratic system, reflecting a departure from the traditional caste-based bureaucracy.
• 📚 The British favored communities like the Parsis, who were more amenable to their ways and did not adhere to the caste system prevalent in India.
• 🌐 The script provides a detailed historical account of urbanization in India, from ancient to colonial times, offering a rich context for understanding the evolution of cities.
• 📝 The discussion on urbanization is framed within a 'time and space' context, emphasizing the importance of understanding historical progression and geographical distribution of urban centers.

Q & A

How did urbanization take a different turn with the advent of the colonial era in India?

Urbanization during the colonial era was characterized by the establishment of cities as centers for trade and administration. The British, following the Portuguese, began to colonize coastal regions, leading to the emergence of new cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, which started as forts or warehouses. The introduction of railways for efficient raw material transportation to Europe and the establishment of institutions like courthouses and clock towers marked a shift towards a more mechanized and bureaucratic urban landscape.

What role did the Portuguese play in the early stages of colonial urbanization in India?

The Portuguese were the first to establish sea routes to India, arriving around the 16th century. They colonized the coastal parts of India, particularly the Konkan and Coromandel coasts, and built churches, introducing a new form of urbanization with European influence.

What were the key features of a colonial city in India?

The hallmark of a colonial city included the presence of a railway station for efficient transportation of raw materials, a courthouse to establish and control the legal system, and clock towers to enforce bureaucratic timekeeping. These elements were central to the functioning and control of the cities during the colonial period.

How did industrialization and mechanization impact urbanization in colonial India?

Industrialization and mechanization led to the establishment of modern industries in India, which in turn necessitated the development of infrastructure like railways for transporting raw materials to Europe. This resulted in a new form of urbanization characterized by the growth of cities around these industrial and transportation hubs.

What was the British policy on education and bureaucracy in colonial India?

The British rejected the caste-based system prevalent in India and aimed to hire talent educated in their own systems. They established schools and colleges to create a workforce of clerks and bureaucrats who were more aligned with British administrative and cultural norms.

How did the British attitude towards the caste system influence the Parsi community's role in colonial India?

The British found the Parsi community, who had migrated to India to escape persecution in Iran, to be more amenable due to their flexibility in social customs and their ability to function effectively in a bureaucracy modeled after British systems. This led to the Parsis playing a significant role in the colonial administration.

Can you provide an example of how urbanization evolved in a specific Indian city during the colonial era?

Delhi serves as an excellent example of urbanization during the colonial era. It evolved from ancient settlements during the Vedic period to various stages of urban development under different rulers, including the Rajputs, the Mamluk dynasty, and the Mughals. The British established New Delhi with landmarks like the Rashtrapati Bhavan and the Parliament, marking a new phase of urbanization influenced by colonial power.

What is the significance of the Qutub Minar in the context of urbanization during the Delhi Sultanate period?

The Qutub Minar, built during the Delhi Sultanate period, marked the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty's rule in India. It was part of a pair, with the other being the Minar of Jam in Afghanistan, symbolizing the control of the Delhi Sultanate over a vast territory stretching from India to Afghanistan.

How did the Mongol invasions of the 13th century impact urbanization in India?

The Mongol invasions led to a mass migration of people into India, as they destroyed cities and trading routes in Central Asia and the Middle East. This influx of refugees necessitated the construction of fortified cities like the City Fort in Delhi to provide safety and shelter.

What is the 'point to ponder' suggested by Devdat Patnaik for students studying urbanization?

The 'point to ponder' encourages students to think about the impact of historical urbanization phases, from the Harappan civilization to the colonial era, on post-independence urbanization in India. It asks students to consider the connections between the past and present, and how historical urbanization patterns have continued or changed in modern times.

How can the study of urbanization be useful for UPSC examination preparation?

Studying urbanization can help UPSC aspirants answer questions on society, social issues, and history. It provides a framework for understanding the evolution of cities and their administrative, economic, and cultural aspects, which can be applied to various sections of the examination, including essays and interviews.

Outlines

00:00

🏛 Colonial Era Urbanization

This paragraph delves into the transformation of urbanization during the colonial era in India. It begins by referencing the Portuguese and British colonial influence, which introduced new forms of cities and urban structures, such as churches and forts that served as warehouses. The discussion then shifts to the impact of industrialization and mechanization post-1757, which led to the establishment of railways for efficient raw material transportation to Europe. The hallmarks of colonial cities are identified as having railway stations, courthouses, and clock towers, symbolizing economic exploitation, political control, and the imposition of bureaucratic timekeeping, respectively. The paragraph also touches on the British preference for a merit-based bureaucracy over the traditional caste system, leading to the construction of educational institutions and the rise of certain communities like the Parsis who were more aligned with British sensibilities.

05:02

🏫 Education and Bureaucracy in Colonial India

The second paragraph focuses on the British influence on education and bureaucracy in colonial India. It contrasts the traditional Indian model, where bureaucracy was often hereditary and caste-based, with the British system that sought to educate and employ individuals based on merit. The paragraph discusses the establishment of schools and colleges to produce clerks for the British administration. It also highlights the Macaulay's minute on Indian education, which aimed to create a class of Indians who were western-educated and could serve the colonial government. The discussion includes the British preference for communities like the Parsis, who were more amenable to British ways and did not adhere to the strict caste rules of Hindus or Muslims. The paragraph concludes with the emergence of new cities marked by colonial indicators such as railway stations, high courts, universities, and clock towers.

10:02

🏙️ Urbanization in Delhi: A Historical Perspective

This paragraph provides a historical overview of urbanization in Delhi, starting from the Vedic period with the Indraprastha settlement and the establishment of the Kala Bhairav Temple. It then moves through the Rajput period, the Turko-Mughal era, and the establishment of various dynasties, each building new cities and structures like the Qutub Minar. The paragraph details the successive waves of urban development, including the building of the City Fort during the Khilji period to accommodate refugees and the construction of the Red Fort by Shah Jahan. It concludes with the British establishment of New Delhi, marked by government institutions and the current parliament, illustrating the continuous evolution of the city through different historical periods.

15:07

🤔 Post-Independence Urbanization: A Point to Ponder

The fourth paragraph presents a point to ponder for the audience, inviting them to consider the impact of historical urbanization patterns on post-independence India. It encourages the audience to reflect on how the urbanization processes from the Harappa civilization, through the temple cities and Islamic cities, to the colonial cities, have influenced urban development after India gained independence. The paragraph suggests considering the rapid population growth, the establishment of new capital cities, industrial cities, and government policies like the National Smart Cities Mission. It emphasizes the importance of drawing connections between the past and the present to understand the ongoing changes and continuities in urbanization.

20:10

📚 Understanding Urbanization for Exam Preparation

The final paragraph emphasizes the importance of understanding urbanization for exam preparation, particularly for the UPSC examination. It highlights the interdisciplinary nature of exams and how studying urbanization can aid in answering questions on society, social issues, and essays. The paragraph also underscores the importance of definitions, historical context, geographical examples, and connecting the past with the present. It concludes with an invitation for the audience to suggest topics for future episodes and to engage with the expert, Devdat Patnaik, for further questions and insights.

Keywords

💡Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the process of migration from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth of cities and towns. It is the main theme of the video, discussing its evolution through various historical periods in India, from ancient to colonial times. The script mentions different phases of urbanization, such as the establishment of cities during the colonial era, which were significantly influenced by the British and other European powers.

💡Colonial Era

The colonial era denotes the period when India was under British rule, which had a profound impact on the urban landscape. The script explains how urbanization took a different turn during this time, with the establishment of cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, which began as forts or warehouses for trade and later developed into major urban centers with the advent of industrialization and the introduction of railways.

💡Industrialization

Industrialization is the period of social and economic change where agricultural societies become industrial and urban. In the context of the video, it is mentioned as a catalyst that transformed the urban landscape post-1757, especially after the British started mechanizing industries and established railways for efficient transportation of raw materials to Europe.

💡Railway Stations

Railway stations are a key feature of colonial cities, as highlighted in the script. They symbolize the economic aspect of urbanization during the colonial era, serving as hubs for the transportation of India's wealth to European factories. The script emphasizes the importance of remembering railway stations as indicators of colonial urbanization.

💡Courthouses

Courthouses represent the political aspect of colonial urbanization. The British established them to exert control over the legal system, creating a new bureaucratic structure. The script mentions that the presence of a courthouse in a city is a hallmark of colonial influence and urban planning.

💡Clock Towers

Clock towers are mentioned as a distinctive feature of colonial cities, serving to regulate time and enforce a new bureaucratic time discipline. They symbolize the shift from traditional, nature-based timekeeping to a more mechanistic approach, where time was dictated by the clock, affecting daily life and work routines.

💡Education System

The education system introduced by the British is discussed in the script as a means to create a class of educated individuals who could serve in the colonial bureaucracy. The British favored a merit-based system over the traditional caste-based system, leading to the establishment of schools and universities to educate the local population.

💡Caste System

The caste system is an ancient social structure in India, which the British found incompatible with their administrative needs. The script explains that the British sought to replace this hereditary system with one based on talent and education, leading to the creation of a new class of bureaucrats.

💡Parsi Community

The Parsi community is highlighted in the script as an example of a group that was favored by the British due to their adaptability and compatibility with British sensibilities. The Parsis, originally from Iran, were seen as more amenable to the British way of life, and they played a significant role in the colonial bureaucracy.

💡Post-Independence Urbanization

Post-Independence Urbanization refers to the changes and developments in urban areas after India gained independence from British rule. The script suggests pondering on how the urbanization patterns established during the colonial era have continued or changed in the post-independence period, including the establishment of new capital cities and the impact of government policies.

💡Smart Cities Mission

The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative by the Indian government to develop cities with advanced infrastructure and sustainable living conditions. The script briefly mentions it as an example of post-independence urban development policies, aiming to modernize and improve urban living standards.

Highlights

Urbanization took a different turn with the onset of the colonial era, marked by European influence and the establishment of new forms of cities.

The Portuguese were the first to colonize parts of India, particularly coastal regions like the Konkan and Coromandel coasts, leading to the emergence of new urban landscapes.

British colonization introduced industrialization and mechanization, which transformed the way cities functioned and developed.

The establishment of railway stations, courthouses, and clock towers became hallmarks of colonial cities, reflecting the economic and political control exerted by the colonizers.

The British aimed to supplant the traditional Indian model of bureaucracy with a system educated in their own ways, leading to the creation of schools and colleges.

The caste-based system was challenged by the British, who sought to hire talent irrespective of caste, leading to significant social changes.

The Parsi community became favored by the British due to their adaptability and compatibility with British administrative practices.

The evolution of Delhi as a city showcases various stages of urbanization, from ancient settlements to colonial influence and modern development.

Delhi's urbanization history includes the establishment of cities by different rulers, each with their own distinct architectural and cultural contributions.

The discussion of Delhi's urbanization serves as a case study for understanding the broader trends and impacts of urbanization in India.

Post-independence urbanization is characterized by rapid population growth, the rise of new capital cities, and government policies aimed at smart city development.

The National Smart Cities Mission is an example of post-independence efforts to modernize and improve urban living conditions.

The importance of understanding the historical context of urbanization and its connection to present-day issues and policies is emphasized.

The lecture series uses a 'time and space' framework to explore urbanization, providing a comprehensive understanding of its progression.

The study of urbanization is interdisciplinary, with implications for understanding social issues, preparing for interviews, and answering examination questions.

The lecture concludes with a call to action for students to engage with the material, contextualize it in the present, and prepare for future discussions.

Transcripts

foreign

[Music]

ization took a different turn with the

coming up of colonial era

that's the question for today which we

are going to ask from devdat patnayak in

art and culture with David patnaik

[Applause]

[Music]

hello everyone I am Manas srivastava and

you are watching Indian expresses upsc

Essentials and we are in conversation

with devdatpatnayak where we study a lot

of things about art and culture and in

the process we also touch upon things

related to History Society you get a lot

of takeaways for your essays and for

your GS papers not forgetting

information related to prelims

examination

so as you all know that we've been

covering we've been talking about

urbanization we started really from the

definitions and then uh We've covered

the ancient period we talked about the

medieval period and today is the time

when we are going to talk about the

modern period or the colonial era but

before going ahead I would request you

all to go back to our previous episodes

brush up your knowledge about this topic

we have really covered it in detail uh

Dave that talked about all

nitty-gritties uh about this topic to

various interesting examples which can

act as a rich father for your

examination

so please stay tuned till the end of

this episode because this is probably

the last episode on urbanization we will

take up another Topic in our next

episode so I'll just sum up a little bit

about what we have done so far related

to the topic of urbanization okay so now

let's begin uh with the first question

okay the first question which is related

to colonial era and urbanization Dave

that if you can simply tell our students

that how urbanization took a different

turn with the coming up of colonial era

what are the important things which

students should keep in mind

so about 400 years ago for 500 years ago

the British uh come into India British

government in the 1600 A.D but 100 years

before that the Portuguese who come they

have the Portuguese are the people who

have discovered the sea routes they come

to uh Kerala and they start colonizing

the coastal part of India especially the

konkan coast and parts of the coromandel

coast and they are the ones Goa is

established and a new form of city

starts to emerge which ensures European

influence so churches start being built

and the landscape changes again in a new

form of urbanization starts the

colonizations remember when the British

come to India the Portuguese are coming

to trade so when they use the word forts

they are really talking about warehouses

and they the big cities of India today

that is Mumbai Chennai Kolkata are

really began as forts or warehouses of

the British the French the Dutch the

Portuguese they all sort of building

these little things around the coast and

that is the beginning of these cities

but they really change remarkably when

the British start taking over the

country after 1757 after the battle of

Plassey and something changes in the

world new things emerge we have

something called industrialization

happening and mechanization starting and

therefore Industries start being stabbed

the modern Industries India becomes a

land from where raw material will go to

the factories in Europe in order to get

these raw materials taken there what is

the easiest way to do it it is through

Railways and Railway starts to appear in

India and that creates a new form of

urbanization what we call the colonial

cities and what is the Hallmark of a

colonial City there will be a railway

station never forget that railway

station is one thing which they bring in

second is the courthouse the courthouse

the British said these people don't have

a proper legal system I will control the

legal system the law system that's why

they created the penal code

based on the Sharia based on common law

and they said let's create a courthouse

so a city a colonial City had a railway

station for plundering India's wealth

through the trains

um then you have a courthouse which

establishes the legal system through

which you control

um you know power is control so there's

an economic part to the city the

railways represent the economic Parts

the courthouse represents the political

part and then something very interesting

they start building clock towers clock

towers are built to tell you the times

everybody has to follow a bureaucratic

time the office will start on time and

this new military way of thinking

becomes part of life very different from

the old model where sunrise and sunset

decide to the day and night now you have

the clock tower telling you what the

time should be when should you go to

office what time is the meetings so time

now everything becomes mechanistic

everything is being measurement plays a

very important role that's what the

British do and then of course

universities start to people schools

start being built colleges start being

built because they need clerks to work

for them in the bureau that's the famous

Macaulay statement that we cannot follow

the traditional Indian model they're

that I'm sorry to just interrupt there I

really want you to explain our students

this when you say a traditional Indian

model what do you mean by that and with

the coming of britishers and you know

the colonial era what actually changed

there the traditional Indian model meant

that you have to belong to a particular

caste to be part of the bureaucracy the

chias the brahmins got a privileged

position in court and it was hereditary

a king would call brahmins or Caius to

work in his court when the Muslims came

they would get the Persians they would

get ah to work in accordance the Turkish

people to come in their court but um

when that Supply became difficult after

the Mongol invasion of the 13th century

um they started hiring local talent the

giant courtiers Gujarati courtiers

um and the British said no this doesn't

work for us this caste-based system

doesn't work for us we want we want to

hire Talent we wanted people to be

educated in our systems so they created

schools so people went to schools and

then of course they saw these caste

issues that you know Giants will eat in

a particular way uh they will not eat

with Muslims Muslims won't read

halal food all this created a lot of

irritation in the British and they said

you know let's get people who are like

us and that is really the time when the

Parsi Community uh will which lived in

the coastal part of India they had come

to India around the 8th 19th century to

escape persecution from Iran from the

Muslims they lived in sanjayan Gujarat

area and they became very very popular

uh with the British because they they

ate all kinds of food they did not have

they did have their own cast rules but

they were far more amenable and that's

uh the British suddenly realized that

the cleric the the bureaucracy they

benefit a lot by working with these uh

zoroastrians who like them did not like

the Muslims and who like them were not

comfortable with the Hindus either but

seemed to understand the Hindu way of

functioning and for good businessmen so

new cities start to emerge and if you

see cities like Mumbai

um which Calcutta Calcutta was the

original capital before it shifted after

1857 to Delhi

um

I am you know in the early 20th century

shifts to Delhi because Delhi is where

power really resides in India and you

find the new colonial cities marked by

Railway stations always remember the

railway station

the high court the university the clock

tower these are indicators of colonial

urbanization

okay that's very interesting and I would

also like all our aspirants and students

to note these indicators these are good

indicators that you can mention in your

examination as subheadings when uh Deva

talks about railway stations code houses

he mentions uh clock towers universities

and how these things these elements are

changing the landscape and uh affecting

even the history and culture now let's

move on to the next question and I was

just wondering if you can take an

example okay and understand uh this

whole phase of urbanization in the

colonial era through an example and what

other than telling okay so uh it's a

good way to study urbanization with an

example of Delhi and let's talk about

Delhi it's various stages of

urbanization they have that if you can

help our students with that so uh one of

the questions that people keep asking is

about Delhi you know Delhi is the center

of India is the positive of power and

for a thousand years has played a very

important role in Indian politics but

it's a good way to understand

urbanization in India

um mythologically and it is said that

you have painted grayware Pottery there

so uh that is about

3000 years ago during The Vedic period

perhaps there was a settlement here and

this was the indraprastha settlement of

the pandavs and it said that this is the

time when the kala bhairav Temple which

is currently near purana was established

by Bheem so that is the first sort of

reference to a settlement in Delhi after

which we have a settlement During the

rajput period before the Islamic period

the tomaras and the chohans

built a settlement called the heli the

spoken language called hindavi

um and this is where uh the first city

of the turko mughals emerges you have

the mamluk dynasty establishing Mahmoud

of Ori comes and establishes his he

establishes his rule here and it is

marked by the kutub Minar now is not

like a typical minaret of a mosque this

is a part of a pair one pair of this

Minar is found in Afghanistan is called

the Minar of jam in the city of jam and

then there is the Qutub Minar over here

in Delhi they marked the two ends of the

frontier of the gurud dynasty two

brothers ruling it the elder brother in

Afghanistan the younger brother in India

now this way of controlling across the

Hindu question is not unique to this

period remember the kushan Kings also

ruled this vast stretch on either side

of the Hindu Kush because this was a

major trading route what we call the

silk route and this is the the first

city symbol

it is the the slave Dynasty or the

mamluk dynasty which takes over of

airbag and altamash they start with the

mehroli area is where the slave Dynasty

has some of their mausoleums some of

their mosques the earliest mosque built

by the sultanate as I said mosques are

part of the

um fourth phase of urbanization

um

after this you have the new Kings every

time a king would come he would build a

new city a new mosque and his own

mausoleums so if you look at the

dynasties which are emerging everyone is

creating a new city right so you have

the mehroli region where you have got

The mamluk Sultans building their

structures after the mamluk period you

have the khilji allowed in kilji who

established a City Fort this is the time

City Fort is a place where a lot of

refugees are coming because during

allowed then khilji's tires Mongol

invasions have taken place they come

right to the edge of Afghanistan lots of

people are migrating into India persons

because they destroyed the city of

Baghdad completely Baghdad is in Iraq

and there's they're burning Central Asia

they're burning parts of Afghanistan so

it's a part of Iran everything is

burning Mongols are a terrifying Force

they have no they don't really enter

India but alji the khiljis played a very

important role but lots of people are

coming and therefore they build the City

Fort the thick walls to protect the new

refugees so that's safe what is another

Fort which happens foreign

load these and then you have the morals

coming in and so you have the purana

Kila being built purana is the Red Fort

the purana was built by humayun and then

the shesha Suri was in Afghan

um he is playing a part in the purana

after which you have the uh

which was built by shahajahan which is

the Red Fort which is built after Shah

Jahan you have then the latians Delhi

being established by the British so you

have these cities emerging in Delhi one

after the other starts within the

president starts with rajput capitals

then it is the maroli region of the

um mamluk Dynasty then you have the Siri

Fort of the kiljis

firoshakotla and of the toglags then you

have lodi's city after the Lodi City you

have

which is located in Delhi but

the famous Red Fort which is built which

was a major city within the city with

lots of things which was all destroyed

in 1857 by the British and then the

British established themselves and they

became the Imperial power they

established what is called latin's Delhi

rashtrapati Bhavan the parliament

structure and now of course you have a

new parliament in the same region so

that's how the cities emerged slowly uh

in Delhi okay so one thing is very clear

that the modern delhi's construction has

always been in news and it's a point of

Attraction for a lot of visitors and

City dwellers

but the city is actually very ancient

and vedat in just trying to explain the

example of Delhi in case of the

urbanization has also traced the

evolution of the city so it's a very

important question and uh definitely a

very important

fodder for your Mains examination as

well when you are discussing the

evolution of a city

now let's move to devdas point to ponder

Dave does point to ponder today is a

homework for you how and why I'll

discuss it with you once devdath tells

us what is his point to ponder for the

urbanization topic

[Music]

well lots to think about urbanization

how urbanization happens but I think we

now move to the independence era and I

want you to think about you know so many

things happen well from harappa from

mahajanapadas from the temple cities

Raja mandalas

um we have now after Raja mandalas we

have got uh the turku Mughal cities or

the Islamic cities they have the

colonial cities how do they impact

urbanization post-independence that's

the point to ponder about

all right then that's a very important

point to ponder it will encapsulate

whatever you have studied and then

contextualizing it in the present time

so when you're talking about post

Independence uh that is also a part of

your syllabus if you uh remember it is

in your Mains GS paper one so when

you're talking about post Independence

uh period of urbanization you can talk

about the rapid increase in population

the coming up of capital cities like

Chandigarh gandhinagar and so and so

forth you can talk about the industrial

cities like for example

and uh

well you can talk about the government's

policies as well uh National smart

cities Mission what it is but actually

what they've done I think wants you to

do is to uh you know draw connection uh

between uh the past and the present and

what is continuing and what has changed

so it's an important interesting

question to think about

and the homework is that you may write

about it you may just go back to the

previous episodes

note down certain important takeaways

contextualize it in the present times uh

look for some post Independence uh

period of urbanization uh the major

themes around it write it and send it to

us okay you can write it you can you can

go in the comment box and post about it

it will be an interesting exercise and

your urbanization topic is over

so what we have done so far that is

important

[Music]

so dear aspirants it's important to

understand that how we covered this

topic of urbanization and how you will

find it useful for your exam and

preparation

now

again

by explaining what these terms mean

urbanization Urban centers and then he

gave you a framework he always mentions

this time and space

a time and space framework is

so he started with you know the Indus

civilization then he went to

mahajanapada's face he talked about

Temple urbanization and then today

colonial era so yeah

this is a flow in his lecture which is

with respect to time and he was talking

about a lot of places which is the space

or the geographical part

then there are

so there have been a definition there

have there there there are the

historical periods and then there have

been certain important examples so when

when we talk about examples for example

in the in the temple urbanization period

important centers there when we are

talking about the colonial era important

centers

and that is what we have done in this

urbanization uh topic of uh art and

culture series

and at times he is also connecting it to

present okay bringing you know the past

to present connection is very important

because that's how examination May

questions are being frailed

foreign and in the end what I would like

to say that

art and culture Focus the major theme of

this particular series is art and

culture but you know that the upsc or

any particular examination are

interdisciplinary so with this the

studying urbanization for example you

would be able to answer questions on

society social issues you can quote such

a such examples in essays of course in

uh you know uh other areas also

preparing yourself for interview and

intelligent questions

so always remember definition history uh

geography examples connection connecting

past with present all these things are

important and don't forget these

Frameworks which they that uses the uh

Lakshmi Durga Saraswati time and space

which will help you in understanding

these topics better

in the next episode we'll come up with

new topic you can also suggest questions

you can write to Manus dot srivastava at

indianexpress.com you can also comment

in the box below make the best use of

this opportunity our expert David is

going to answer

all your questions

um in his Unique Style in his Lucid

style and in his way uh appreciative

style of his dealing with such questions

from the perspective of definition

examples and stories

that's all from me now uh we'll come

back next week with a new topic

I am Mana shivastav signing off and

before I go think smart work hard

conquer your goal bye