How the U.S. silenced calls for Puerto Rico's independence

Summary

这段视频脚本讲述了波多黎各争取独立的残酷历史和现状。从美国政府试图镇压独立运动的血腥事件，到佩德罗·阿比苏·坎波斯领导的独立运动，以及后来的武装起义和政治迫害。视频还探讨了波多黎各人民对独立、联邦地位或州地位的不同看法，以及他们与美国关系的复杂性。

Takeaways

• 🇵🇷 波多黎各的独立运动曾遭受美国政府的残酷镇压，其中包括在庞塞市发生的血腥事件，导致19人死亡，200多人受伤。
• 📖 波多黎各独立运动的领袖佩德罗·阿利苏·坎波斯（Pedro Albizu Campos）在美国占领波多黎各后，经历了种族歧视，并最终投身于独立运动。
• 🏭 阿利苏反对美国公司对波多黎各经济的控制，特别是糖业公司剥削工人，导致工人贫困。
• 🔫 1935年的里约皮德拉斯大屠杀（Rio Piedras Massacre）是美国警察对波多黎各民族主义者的暴力镇压。
• 🗳️ 阿利苏因煽动叛乱而被判入狱，尽管最初被判无罪，但后来在重新审判中被判有罪。
• 👥 1937年的蓬塞大屠杀（Ponce Massacre）是美国政府试图镇压波多黎各独立运动的另一次暴力事件。
• 🚨 波多黎各独立运动的支持者认为，美国政府通过法律和FBI的监视来进一步压制独立声音。
• 💥 1950年，波多黎各民族主义者试图通过武装起义来争取独立，包括对美国总统哈里·杜鲁门的暗杀企图。
• 🔍 奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉（Oscar López Rivera）因参与独立运动而被判刑超过35年，包括12年的单独监禁。
• 📊 尽管独立运动的支持者认为波多黎各有能力独立，但大多数波多黎各人并不支持完全独立，而是倾向于与美国保持某种形式的联系。
• 🌐 波多黎各的独立运动和其与美国的关系是复杂的，涉及政治、经济、文化身份以及国际关系等多个层面。

Q & A

波多黎各独立运动历史上最残酷的事件是什么？

波多黎各独立运动历史上最残酷的事件之一是蓬塞市的屠杀，美国政府试图通过暴力手段镇压亲独立运动，导致19人死亡，200多人受伤。

波多黎各独立运动的领袖是谁？

波多黎各独立运动的领袖是佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯（Pedro Albizu Campos），他被称为波多黎各独立运动之父。

佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯在美国军队服役期间经历了什么？

佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯在美国军队服役期间，由于肤色较深，被分配到一个非洲裔美国人的部队，在那里他经历了美国的种族歧视。

佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯为什么拒绝为美国最高法院工作？

佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯拒绝了为美国最高法院工作的邀请，选择回到波多黎各加入独立运动，因为他相信波多黎各需要独立。

1935年的里奥·皮德拉斯大屠杀是什么？

1935年的里奥·皮德拉斯大屠杀是美国警察杀害了三名坐在车里的民族主义者，以及一名前来为他们辩护的人，但没有任何警察因这些杀戮而被起诉。

1937年的蓬塞大屠杀中，有多少人死亡？

1937年的蓬塞大屠杀中，有19人死亡，200多人受伤。

Outlines

00:00

🇵🇷 波多黎各独立运动与血腥镇压

本段讲述了波多黎各历史上的一次重要事件，即在波多黎各蓬塞市发生的血腥镇压事件，这是美国政府试图压制波多黎各独立运动的残酷手段之一。原本和平的游行演变成了19人死亡，200多人受伤的悲剧。视频还介绍了波多黎各独立运动的领袖佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯的生平，包括他的教育背景、在哈佛的学习经历、以及他在第一次世界大战中的经历，这些经历塑造了他对美国的态度。阿尔维苏回到波多黎各后，积极参与并领导了独立运动，他主张使用武力争取波多黎各的自由，并在1934年领导了一次成功的全岛范围的罢工，提高了工人的工资。但这也导致了与美国政府的冲突，1935年发生了里奥·皮德拉斯屠杀事件，阿尔维苏因此被监禁。

05:01

🔍 波多黎各独立运动的持续与牺牲

这段内容继续讲述了波多黎各独立运动的历史。在1937年的本森大屠杀中，美国任命的总督被认为应对事件负责，但没有人因此被逮捕或指控。1950年，波多黎各民族主义者发起了一系列攻击，包括试图暗杀美国总统哈里·杜鲁门，尽管未成功，但导致了近30名民族主义者死亡，数百人被捕，阿尔维苏因此被判处80年监禁。此外，还提到了1954年民族主义者对美国国会的攻击，虽然无人丧生，但五名国会议员受伤。这些事件展示了波多黎各民族主义者为争取独立而进行的斗争和牺牲。

10:02

📊 波多黎各独立党的现状与挑战

本段介绍了波多黎各独立党的当前状况，包括其在20世纪50年代的选举中获得的20%的选票，使其成为波多黎各第二大党，但此后支持率一直在下降。视频还讨论了独立党面临的挑战，如FBI对独立支持者的监视和迫害，以及独立党在2020年选举中的表现。此外，还提到了波多黎各与美国政治的关系，包括一些共和党人和民主党人对波多黎各成为美国州的不同看法，以及波多黎各对联邦资金的依赖。

15:09

🌐 波多黎各独立的可能性与未来展望

最后一段探讨了波多黎各独立的可能性和未来。一些波多黎各人认为，独立将为波多黎各带来新的可能性，包括成为加勒比共同体的一部分，并强调波多黎各作为一个经济上可行的国家，有能力独立生存和发展。然而，也指出了大多数波多黎各人可能不愿意为了独立而冒险放弃美国的联邦资金和美国护照。视频还提到了波多黎各的其他政治选项，包括维持现状、更多的自治权或成为美国的州，并预告了将在接下来的视频中探讨这些选项。

Keywords

💡庞塞大屠杀

庞塞大屠杀是指在波多黎各庞塞镇发生的一次暴力事件，原本是和平的游行变成了悲剧，美国政府试图通过此事件压制波多黎各的独立运动。在这次事件中，警卫队开枪打死了19人，打伤了200多人。

💡波多黎各独立运动

波多黎各独立运动指的是一群波多黎各人为了脱离美国的统治，实现完全独立而进行的政治运动。这场运动经历了多次起义、暴力冲突和政府镇压，是视频的主要讨论对象。

💡佩德罗·阿尔比苏·坎波斯

佩德罗·阿尔比苏·坎波斯是波多黎各独立运动的领袖，被认为是该运动的精神之父。他曾在哈佛大学学习法律，回到波多黎各后领导了多次反美活动。他的经历和思想对波多黎各的独立运动产生了深远影响。

💡美西战争

美西战争是指1898年美国和西班牙之间的战争，结果是波多黎各被美国占领。这场战争改变了波多黎各的历史命运，使其成为美国的领土。

💡民族主义党

民族主义党是波多黎各的一个政治团体，致力于波多黎各的独立。该党在20世纪初期非常活跃，其成员多次与美国当局发生冲突，导致多次暴力事件。

💡糖业公司

糖业公司指的是美国在波多黎各经营的大型农业公司，这些公司占据了大量土地，并以极低的工资剥削工人。阿尔比苏·坎波斯曾领导工人罢工，抗议这些公司的剥削行为。

💡庞塞镇

庞塞镇是波多黎各的一个重要城镇，视频中提到的庞塞大屠杀就发生在这里。这次事件成为波多黎各独立运动的重要转折点。

💡秘密档案

秘密档案是指美国联邦调查局对支持波多黎各独立的人士建立的秘密档案，这些档案使得这些人无法找到工作，被社会排斥。这种政府的秘密监视进一步打压了独立运动。

💡殖民地

殖民地是指一个国家对另一个地区的统治和剥削。视频中讨论了波多黎各作为美国殖民地的种种不利因素，以及独立运动人士对这一状态的反抗。

💡卡洛斯·奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉

卡洛斯·奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉是波多黎各独立运动的一位著名人物，他因参与反美活动而被美国政府监禁了35年。尽管如此，他始终坚持波多黎各独立的信念。

Highlights

在波多黎各的蓬塞镇发生的事件是美国政府试图压制波多黎各独立运动的最残酷方式之一。

原本和平的游行最终导致警卫杀害19人，伤害200多人。

波多黎各在美统治下繁荣，但极端主义党派偶尔爆发反美行动。

支持独立的人士遭受迫害，认为独立是解决波多黎各问题的方法。

波多黎各独立运动之父佩德罗·阿尔维苏·卡莫斯的一生，反映了美国政府对独立支持者的迫害。

阿尔维苏在哈佛学习法律，并在一战期间在美国军队中服役，经历了种族歧视。

阿尔维苏拒绝了为美国最高法院工作的机会，选择回到波多黎各参与独立运动。

1934年，阿尔维苏领导工人进行了全岛范围的罢工，迫使美国糖业公司提高工资。

1935年，美国警察杀害了三名坐在车里的民族主义者，以及一名前来辩护的人。

阿尔维苏因煽动叛乱被捕，尽管第一次审判被判无罪，但第二次审判被判有罪。

1937年的本森大屠杀，美国任命的总督被认为对屠杀负有责任，但无人被起诉。

1950年，民族主义者试图通过武装革命解放波多黎各，包括攻击白宫和国会。

奥斯卡·洛佩斯·里维拉因策划推翻美国政府而被判处超过35年监禁。

尽管独立党在50年代曾是波多黎各第二大党，但支持率自那时起一直在下降。

独立支持者认为波多黎各是一个经济上可行的国家，可以成为加勒比共同体的一部分。

大多数波多黎各人不愿意为了独立放弃美国的联邦资金和美国护照。

波多黎各的独立运动受到了美国政府的严重迫害，包括FBI的秘密档案。

尽管面临挑战，新一代的独立支持者正在努力消除与独立党的污名。

波多黎各的未来地位选择包括维持现状、更多主权或完全的州地位。

Transcripts

[Music]

what happened on this street in the town

of ponce was one of the most brutal ways

in which the u.s government tried to

silence the pro-independence movement in

puerto rico

what was supposed to be a peaceful march

ended up with guards killing nineteen

people and enduring more than two

hundred

it also served to send a message to

anyone who aligned with the nationalist

party puerto rico the island is

prospered under u.s rule but a tiny

extremist party committed to violence

occasionally erupts in anti-us outbursts

there was a persecution of

pro-independence people

independence is the solution

for the circle

[Music]

this video is the first in a series of

three where i'm going to be talking

about puerto rico's status and i'm

starting with the least popular option

independence

today only a minority of puerto ricans

vote in favor of puerto rico being fully

independent from the u.s but those who

do support that option say that's

because for many years the us government

persecuted imprisoned and even killed

supporters of independence and perhaps

there's no better way to understand that

history than to look at the life of the

father of the puerto rican independence

movement pedro albizu campos

alviso was a child when the u.s invaded

puerto rico in 1898 he saw troops march

in his town of bonsai he was a gifted

student and he went on to study law at

harvard and then came world war one when

the u.s military was segregated

being a dark-skinned puerto rican he

served in an african-american unit where

he would be exposed to racism in the u.s

that experience would play a part in

shaping his attitude towards the united

states after the military he returned to

harvard and there he worked with and was

inspired by leaders fighting for

independence for their own countries

after he got his law degree albizu

turned down offers like working for the

u.s supreme court instead he chose to

return to puerto rico he joined the

independence movement and he was vocal

about his support for taking up arms to

free puerto rico one of the reasons

alviso believed puerto rico needed

independence was because of the damage

that u.s corporate interests were

causing

sugar companies were taking up land and

keeping workers in poverty by paying

them some 60 cents a day

for 12 hour shifts

here's a speech albiso gave to workers

in 1934 albiso led the workers on an

island-wide strike and won forcing the

u.s sugar companies to pay the workers

more that gave him support with puerto

ricans but it also gained him some

enemies from the u.s and things turned

violent the following year the police

in 1935 u.s police officers killed three

nationalists who were sitting in a car

and a fourth one who came to their

defense no officers were charged in

those killings that came to be known as

the rio pidras massacre and the

following year nationalists retaliated

two men killed the u.s appointed police

chief they were arrested and executed at

the police headquarters without a trial

albizu publicly called them martyrs and

heroes and he was arrested shortly after

for sedition or for inciting people to

rebel against the u.s government

alviso went to trial and a jury of

mostly puerto ricans found them not

guilty so the judge ordered a new trial

with a new jury and this time 10 jurors

from the u.s and only two puerto ricans

found him guilty he was sentenced to 10

years in prison

this brings us to 1937 the year that the

bunsen massacre happened the museum that

tells the story of this massacre is now

closed because it was damaged during an

earthquake

[Music]

but that building used to be the

nationalist headquarters in bonsai and

that's where that peaceful march i told

you at the beginning of this video was

taking place and it was in part to

protest albiso's arrest well when the

u.s government heard it was taking place

they ordered police to stop it the

guards showed up heavily armed and they

started shooting at the crowd among the

people they killed was a 14 year old

girl

an investigation by the federal

government found that the u.s appointed

governor was to blame for the massacre

but no one was ever arrested or charged

for the murders the governor didn't even

apologize

this is a picture of the relatives of

the victims you can see the wall behind

them is covered in bullet holes

some 10 years later alviso was free

again and the government passed a law to

further silence nationalists they made

it illegal for people to write about

talk about or organize to try to take

down the u.s government but the

nationalists carried on planning an

armed revolution to free puerto rico in

1950 they carried out a series of

attacks they led revolts in different

towns they attacked the governor's

mansion and even tried to assassinate

president harry truman in d.c extreme

fanatics of the puerto rican nationalist

party try to force their way in guns

blazing to assassinate the president of

the united states they were unsuccessful

and had to surrender after the united

states used military force and killed

almost 30 nationalists hundreds were

arrested and albizu was sentenced to 80

years in prison for masterminding the

uprising in the u.s the whole thing was

mostly reported as an incident among

puerto ricans so a few years later the

nationalists decided it was time to

embarrass the u.s internationally and

they attacked congress

in washington d.c ruthless fanatic

violence erupted in the halls of

congress four nationalists fired shots

in the house of representatives and

displayed the puerto rican flag no one

was killed but five congressmen were

injured the gun wielders and to their

accomplices goes the evil distinction of

having perpetrated a criminal outrage

almost unique in america's history this

is rafael cancel miranda one of the

shooters when he was in his 80s

when she was arrested lolita lebron said

she didn't go to kill anyone but to die

for puerto rico those words would

inspire oscar lopez rivera

his disillusion with the u.s government

started when he joined the military

he says he didn't want to go to war but

at this point puerto ricans were u.s

citizens and he was drafted

induction

indicator

he came back from war as a hero and he

received the bronze star for his service

but years later he would be labeled a

terrorist

oscar joined a group that also believed

in taking up arms to fight for puerto

rico's independence u.s prosecutors

accused this group of carrying out more

than a hundred bomb attacks including

one in new york city that killed four

people but oscar says he never killed

anyone

um

prosecutors couldn't link him to any

deaths but they did charge him with

plotting to overthrow the u.s government

after they arrested him during a traffic

stop

um

he spent more than 35 years in prison

including 12 in solitary confinement

but he did not change his mind about

puerto rico

puerto rico potential

you know

[Music]

santiago is one of the leaders of the

puerto rican independence party the

party has been around since the 40s and

in the 50s it got as much as 20 of the

vote making it the second largest party

in puerto rico but that number has been

shrinking ever since hitting 2 in 2016.

and when asked the question of puerto

rico status no more than 6 percent of

puerto ricans choose independence

senator santiago blames the government's

persecution of independent supporters

expedient

for decades the fbi kept secret files on

people who did as much as go to a

meeting about independence these secret

files were called carpetas and the

people who had them were often denied

jobs and blacklisted

but with a new generation that stigma

attached to the independence party might

be dissolving in 2020 senator santiago

was the candidate who got the most votes

to be elected to the puerto rico senate

but some would argue that voting for a

candidate from the independence party is

not the same as voting for independence

for puerto rico and it gets even more

confusing if you mix in u.s politics

some republicans don't want puerto rico

to be a state because it has billions of

dollars in debt and because puerto

ricans speak spanish and some democrats

do want puerto rico to be a state

because they believe that congress

members from here would be democrats

therefore giving them more power but

they also say that would finally give

puerto rico voting representation in

congress senator santiago says no thank

but then the question is what about

federal funding because puerto rico gets

billions of dollars from the us every

year

recorded

one thing that has made it very clear to

summed up puerto rico still a colony of

the u.s is the board that was imposed by

the u.s on puerto rico to manage its

finances that's a group of members who

were not elected by the puerto rican

people but who have recently

demonstrated that they have the power to

override the local elected government

they're in charge of getting puerto rico

out of bankruptcy but they're also

responsible for cuts to things like

education and pensions

[Music]

[Music]

robin lee wants independence for puerto

rico why would you want to be a state

under an empire that has literally

corrupted what everything we have today

they have tried to erase our culture

they literally persecuted us when they

got here the we did not receive them or

invited them here to have some coffee or

some guyatitas like they literally

arrived and they started bombing us

[Music]

i met her at casa canales in hajulia

that sound was at the center of the

uprising in the 50s and where

nationalists tried to declare puerto

rico a free republic

robin believes any other status for

puerto rico would be risking her

identity as a puerto rican

[Music]

puerto ricans

want

some kind of a relationship with the

united states either statehood or

commonwealth or a form of commonwealth

which they call free association despite

the fact that you as an individual would

prefer independence for puerto rico

you're clear that the majority of puerto

ricans don't want independence

absolutely i i

and

and that is a fact that i don't like but

i have to come to terms with it emilio

pantojas garcia is a historian who has

both studied the persecution of

pro-independence puerto ricans and lived

it i have a file

an illegal file that was created on me

because i was for

but even independence all of that aside

he's aware that most puerto ricans are

not willing to risk federal funding for

the us passports for future generations

the colony has certain advantages the

world is contradictory

and so the colony the being the the most

important colony of the most powerful

country in the world has its advantages

but it also has great disadvantages and

you will see if you interview other

people the self-hate the self-direction

because it but it doesn't come bluntly i

hate myself it means i want to be an

american i want to be part of the united

states we want to be part of this we

want to be part of that ah the federal

funds and so that's self-hate that is

not trusting yourself that is

colonialism in the worst expression

which is the colonialism of the soul and

the mind of the people so could puerto

rico make it on its own independent

supporters say of course in fact they

believe that being free from the united

states means opening up to a world of

possibilities puerto rico is an

economically viable country

if it were to be part

of a community

of the caribbean there are

in countries that are small and progress

so we're not going to starve ah we will

need to work more for sure of course but

if the majority of puerto ricans don't

want independence what other options are

there well there's something in the

middle that ranges from a version of

what we have today all the way to an

option that would give puerto rico more

sovereignty and of course their

statehood i'm going to be exploring

those options in the next two videos so

stay tuned for the next couple of weeks

when i'm going to be posting that thank

you so much for watching i also want to

thank brandon berkey who helped me again

with all the interviews for this video

and edna bavon who edited this video and

thank you for supporting me remember i

have a patreon if you want to continue

to support my videos and i'll see you

soon

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