Tkinter Beginner Course - Python GUI Development

Summary

هذا النص هو ملخص لفيديو يشرح أساسيات مكتبة Tkinter في بيثون، التي تستخدم لبناء واجهات المستخدم الرسومية. يشجع المتحدث على استيراد المكتبة不需 تثبيت، وتشرح كيفية إنشاء نافذة بسيطة وإضافة عناصر واجهة المستخدم مثل التسميات والمربعات النصية والزرات. كما يظهر كيفية استخدام التخطيطات 'pack' و'grid' لترتيب العناصر داخل النافذة، ويتضمن توضيح على كيفية إضافة وظائف مثل الاستجابة لنقرات الزر والإدخالات من المستخدمين. يختتم المتحدث بعرض كيفية إنشاء قوائم القوائم والقوائم المتعددة والخيارات المتاحة في Tkinter.

Takeaways

• 😀 توفر مكتبة Tkinter بيئة بسيطة لبناء واجهات مستخدم رسومية في Python.
• 🛠️ Tkinter هي جزء من المجموعة الأساسية من Python ولا يتطلب تثبيت إضافي.
• 🏗️ يمكن إنشاء نافذة بسيطة باستخدام Tkinter بطريقة بسيطة مع تعيين اسم للنافذة وتشغيل حلقة الرئيسية.
• 🔑 يمكن تعيين خصائص النافذة مثل عنوانها وأبعادها باستخدام دالة geometry و property.
• 📦 يمكن إضافة عناصر واجهة المستخدم مثل التسميات (labels) والمربعات النصية (text boxes) والزرات (buttons) إلى النافذة.
• 🎨 يمكن تخصيص عناصر واجهة المستخدم بخصائص مثل النص والخط والتعبئة (padding).
• 🔲 يمكن استخدام التخطيطات pack و grid لترتيب عناصر واجهة المستخدم في النافذة.
• 🔄 يمكن استخدام دالة grid لإنشاء صفوف وصفوف من الزرات بطريقة تلقائية.
• 🛑 يمكن ربط أحداث مع دالات لإضافة وظائف مثل إظهار مربعات الرسالة أو طباعة في الكونسول عند النقر على زر.
• 🔄 يمكن استخدام دالة bind لربط أحداث مع دالات معينة مثل الضغط على مفتاح معين في النص البرمجي.
• 📁 يمكن إنشاء شريط القوائم في الأعلى مع خيارات مختلفة مثل 'ملف' و'إجراء' وربطها بوظائف معينة.

Q & A

ما هو تك إنتر (tkinter) ولماذا يُستخدم؟

تк إنتر (tkinter) هي مكتبة تستخدم لبناء واجهات المستخدم الرسومية في بيثون. هي الطريقة الافتراضية لبناء واجهات مستخدم رسميا في بيثون وتتضمن مجموعة واسعة من العناصر الرسومية التي يمكن استخدامها لإنشاء واجهات مستخدم مبتكرة وفعالة.

لماذا يُنصح بالعدم استيراد كل العناصر من تك إنتر في وقت واحد؟

يستحسن الممارسات البرمجية عدم استيراد كل العناصر من تك إنتر في وقت واحد لأن ذلك يمكن أن يؤدي إلى استيراد أكثر مما تحتاجه وينشئ تناقضًا أو مشاكلًا في الكود.

كيف يمكنني إنشاء نافذة بسيطة باستخدام تك إنتر؟

يمكنك إنشاء نافذة بسيطة باستخدام تك إنتر من خلال استيراده، ثم إنشاء متغير مثل root أو window وتعيين نوع النافذة إلى tk.Tk()، وتشغيل حلقة التشغيل الرئيسية root.mainloop().

ما هي الخصائص الأساسية التي يمكن تعيينها لنافذة تك إنتر؟

يمكنك تعيين خصائص مثل عنوان النافذة (title) وأبعادها (geometry)، التي تحدد الطول والعرض، لنافذة تك إنتر.

ما الفرق بين التخطيطات pack و grid في تك إنتر؟

-Pack هي التخطيط الافتراضي في تك إنتر التي ت允許 العناصر الرسومية (widgets) الترتيب في الأعلى والأسفل، بينما grid ت允許 الترتيب العناصر في صفوف وأعمدة، مما يسمح بتصميمات أكثر ترتيبًا وتنظيمًا.

كيف يمكنني إضافة عنصر نصي (label) إلى نافذة تك إنتر؟

يمكنك إضافة عنصر نصي باستخدام تك إنتر من خلال إنشاء كائن label باستخدام tk.Label مع متغير parent يشير إلى النافذة الرئيسية، وتعيين الخصائص المطلوبة مثل النص والخط، ثم استخدام pack() أو grid() لوضع العلامة في النافذة.

ما هي الوظائف الأساسية للعناصر الرسومية (widgets) في تك إنتر؟

العناصر الرسومية في تك إنتر تشمل عناصر مثل التسميات (labels)، مربعات النص (text boxes)، خانات الإدخال (entries)، الأزرار (buttons)، والمربعات الاختيارية (check buttons) التي توفر واجهة مستخدم تفاعلية للمستخدم.

كيف يمكنني إضافة وظيفة لزر في تك إنتر؟

يمكنك إضافة وظيفة لزر في تك إنتر من خلال تعريف الدالة التي تريد تنفيذها عند النقر على الزر، ثم تمرير الدالة كمعلمة لدالة pack() أو grid() في كائن الزر.

ما هي الطريقة المثلى لتنظيم واجهة المستخدم في تك إنتر؟

الطريقة المثلى لتنظيم واجهة المستخدم في تك إنتر هي استخدام فئات (classes) لجمع واجهة المستخدم والوظائف البرمجية معًا، مما يوفر ترتيبًا أفضل وسهولة الصيانة والتوسع.

كيف يمكنني إنشاء قائمة بزر الإغلاق في نافذة تك إنتر؟

يمكنك إنشاء قائمة بزر الإغلاق في نافذة تك إنتر من خلال إنشاء قائمة (menu) وإضافة خيارات (commands) مثل 'Close'، ثم ربط هذا الزر بدالتين تحدد ما يحدث عند النقر عليه، مثل إغلاق النافذة أو إغلاق التطبيق.

كيف يمكنني إضافة دالة لضغط مفتاح في النافذة؟

يمكنك إضافة دالة لضغط مفتاح في النافذة من خلال استخدام الدالة bind() على عنصر واجهة المستخدم، مثل مربع النص، وربط نوع الحدث مع الدالة التي تريد تنفيذها عند حدوث الحدث.

كيف يمكنني إضافة شريط القوائم في الأعلى لنافذة تك إنتر؟

يمكنك إضافة شريط القوائم في الأعلى لنافذة تك إنتر من خلال إنشاء متغير مثل menubar و将它设为主窗口 (root)的一部分، ثم إضافة القوائم الفرعية (submenus) مثل 'File' أو 'Action' وربطها بوظائف معينة.

Outlines

00:00

😀 توفر Tkinter للمستخدم واجهة رسومية بسيطة

تدور النص حول كيفية استخدام Tkinter لبناء واجهات مستخدم رسومية بسيطة في Python. يبدأ الشرح بإنشاء نافذة أساسية وإعداد عنوان وأبعاد للنافذة. ثم يدخل إلى موضوع العناصر الرسومية الفردية مثل اللافتة والمربع النصي والزر، ويشرح كيفية إضافة هذه العناصر إلى النافذة واستخدام التخطيطات 'pack' و'grid' لترتيبها.

05:01

📐 تركيب العناصر الرسومية باستخدام التخطيطات 'pack' و'grid'

يشرح النص كيفية استخدام التخطيطات 'pack' و'grid' في Tkinter لترتيب العناصر الرسومية. يُظهر مثالًا على كيفية إضافة اللافتة والمربع النصي والإدخالات والزر وكيفية ترتيب الزر في صفوف باستخدام التخطيط 'grid'. ويتضمن أيضًا كيف يمكن إضافة المسافة البادئة حول العناصر لتحسين التصميم.

10:02

🖼️ إنشاء واجهة مستخدم متقدمة باستخدام التخطيط 'grid'

يتضمن النص توضيحًا على استخدام التخطيط 'grid' لإنشاء واجهة مستخدم أكثر تعقيدًا مثل محاسبة. يُظهر كيفية إنشاء إطار لمجموعة من الأزرار وترتيبها في صفوف باستخدام التخطيط 'grid'، وكيف يمكن للأزرار الامتداد لملء الصفوف. ويشرح النص أيضًا كيفية استخدام الخاصية 'sticky' لضبط ترتيب الأزرار.

15:05

🛠️ إضافة وظائف وأحداث لعناصر Tkinter

يناقش النص كيف يمكن إضافة وظائف وأحداث لعناصر Tkinter مثل النقر على زر أو التحقق من المربع. ويشرح كيفية استخدام الفئة لتنظيم واجهة المستخدم والوظائف، ويوفر مثالًا على كيفية إنشاء تطبيق بسيط يتضمن اللافتة والمربع النصي والزر والمربع الاختياري، وكيفية إرسال رسالة من المربع النصي بناءً على الاختيار المحدد.

20:05

🔑 ربط أحداث الضغط على المفتاح مع وظائف Tkinter

يشرح النص كيف يمكن ربط أحداث الضغط على المفتاح مثل 'Ctrl+Enter' بوظيفة معينة في Tkinter. ويوضح كيفية استخدام الربط 'bind' مع الأحداث الفعلية لتنفيذ وظائف عند حدوثها. ويتضمن مثالًا على كيفية تنفيذ دالة عند الضغط على 'Ctrl+Enter'.

25:07

❌ التعامل مع أحداث الإغلاق في Tkinter

يناقش النص كيفية التعامل مع حدث الإغلاق للنافذة في Tkinter، مثل طلب التأكيد من المستخدم قبل الخروج. ويشرح كيفية استخدام خاصية 'protocol' لتعيين دالة ت执行 عندما يضغط المستخدم على زر الإغلاق في النافذة.

30:09

🍽️ إنشاء شريط القوائم في Tkinter

يشرح النص كيفية إنشاء شريط القوائم في Tkinter وإضافة القوائم الفرعية والوظائف المتاحة في كل قائمة. ويتضمن مثالًا على إنشاء قائمة 'File' مع خيارات الإغلاق والقائمة 'Action' مع خيار إظهار الرسالة. ويوضح كيفية إضافة عناصر القائمة وربطها بوظائف معينة.

35:13

🧹 إزالة المحتوى من المربع النصي في Tkinter

في النص الأخير، يُظهر الشرح كيفية إنشاء زر لإزالة المحتوى من المربع النصي. ويشرح كيفية استخدام الدالة 'delete' لحذف النص من المربع النصي بناءً على المؤشرات البدائية والنهائية.

Keywords

💡tkinter

تشير 'tkinter' إلى مكتبة Python الرسمية المستخدمة في إنشاء واجهات المستخدم الرسومية. هي جزء من الحزمة الأساسية للغة Python ولا تحتاج إلى تثبيتها. في النص، يُستخدم 'tkinter' لإنشاء أUNS门窗، واجهات تفاعلية بسيطة وعناصر واجهة المستخدم المختلفة.

💡نافذة

في سياق البرمجة، 'نافذة' هي الوحدة الأساسية التي تتكون منها واجهة المستخدم. في النص، يُوضح كيفية إنشاء نافذة بسيطة باستخدام 'tkinter' وتعيين خصائصها مثل عنوان النافذة وأبعادها.

💡تخطيط

يتضمن 'تخطيط' في 'tkinter' ال安排 المكان لعناصر واجهة المستخدم داخل النافذة. يُستخدم النص 'pack' و 'grid' كأمثلة على التخطيطات التي تسمح بترتيب عناصر واجهة المستخدم بطريقة منظمة.

💡عناصر واجهة المستخدم

تشير 'عناصر واجهة المستخدم' إلى الوحدات البسيطة مثل الزر والمربع النصي والعلامة التي تشكل جزءًا من واجهة المستخدم. في النص، يُستخدم كمثال الزر والمربع النصي والعلامة.

💡الرابط

الرابط هو الوظيفة التي تربط بين العناصر في واجهة المستخدم ووظائف Python التي تحدد التفاعلات التي تحدث عندما يحدث الحدث المحدد. في النص، يُستخدم الرابط لربط النقر على زر بعرض مربع الرسالة.

💡الفئة

في Python، يمكن استخدام الفئات لتنظيم الكود وإنشاء واجهات المستخدم متعددة الوظائف. في النص، يُستخدم الفئة 'my_gui' لجمع واجهة المستخدم ووظائفها في كائن واحد.

💡الرابطة

تشير 'الرابطة' إلى ربط حدث مع دالة معينة في 'tkinter'. يُستخدم في النص لربط الضغط على الزر أو الضغط على المفتاح معين مع الدالة 'show_message'.

💡النافذة النهائية

تشير 'النافذة النهائية' إلى النافذة التي تظهر للمستخدم في النهاية. في النص، يُستخدم 'protocol' لتحديد الإجراء الذي يجب اتخاذه عندما يضغط المستخدم على زر الإغلاق في النافذة.

💡القائمة

تشير 'القائمة' إلى عنصر واجهة المستخدم الذي يتضمن مجموعة من الخيارات المنسقة. في النص، يُستخدم 'القائمة' لإضافة خيارات مثل 'file' و 'action' لوحة القوائم العلوية.

💡الزر

الزر هو عنصر واجهة المستخدم يستخدم عادةً لتنفيذ إجراءات أو دالات. في النص، يُستخدم الزر لتنفيذ دالة 'show_message' أو 'clear' النص في المربع.

Highlights

Introduction to Tkinter as a beginner course for building graphical user interfaces in Python.

Tkinter is part of the core Python stack and does not require installation.

Importing Tkinter and using it as an alias to avoid ambiguity.

Creating a basic window in Tkinter with the 'mainloop' method.

Setting window properties such as title and geometry.

Explanation of widgets in Tkinter and their functionalities.

Using layouts like 'pack' and 'grid' to organize widgets in a GUI.

Creating a label widget with custom text and font settings.

Adding a text box widget to the GUI for multi-line text input.

Difference between a text box and an entry widget in Tkinter.

Adding padding to widgets for better spacing and aesthetics.

Creating a button widget and assigning functionality to it.

Using the 'grid' layout for arranging buttons in a calculator-like grid.

Explanation of the 'place' function for manual widget placement.

Organizing the GUI within a class for better structure and functionality.

Adding interactivity with button clicks and event handling.

Creating a checkbox widget and linking it to conditional functionality.

Using keyboard shortcuts to trigger actions within the GUI.

Handling the window close event with a custom function.

Adding a menu bar to the GUI with file and action menus.

Creating a clear button to delete the content of the text box.

Final demonstration of the complete Tkinter GUI with all functionalities.

Transcripts

[Music]

what is going on guys welcome back this

video is going to be a beginner course

on tk inter we have used tk inter a

couple of times on this channel already

to build graphical user interface

applications but i never published a

video tutorial or a video course on the

very basics of tk inter so what is a

window how do we set some basic stuff up

uh what are layouts what are the

individual widgets that we can use and

so on what are their functionality how

do i do certain things certain basic

things in tk inter uh i have used tk

enter and i have explained the process

so whenever i created something and

typed some parameters i explained what

they did but i never published a full

course on the basics of tk enter which

is what i want to do today so let's

start with the fact that if you want to

use tk intro you need to import it but

you don't have to install it since it's

part of the core python stack it's a

library that is used to build graphical

user interfaces in python it's the

default way to build graphical user

interfaces with python of course you can

also go with pi qt5 for example but that

is something that you need to install

specifically tk enter is part of the

core python stack in order to use it we

just need to say import

tk enter and usually

i like to use tk as an alias so import

tk inter stk what some people like to do

in tutorials and i have done this myself

as well is to say from tk inter

import everything now this is not

considered to be best practice because

you import more than you need and it can

lead to some ambiguity and problems so

if you can avoid it

just don't do it like that just import

tk inter sdk or just import tk enter and

then always when you want to use

something for example a button you don't

say button but you say tk dot button for

example

now in order to create a window that's

quite simple we just need to say some

name for the for the window for example

root or window i'm going to call it root

and then you say

tk.tk but with a capital t and then

uh you call the constructor and then all

we do is we say root dot

main loop

not like that

root dot main loop like this

and by running the script here

we will see that we already have an

application so this is a very basic way

to just create a

simple graphical user interface window

we don't have anything in here we don't

have any uh dimensions set up we don't

have any title or anything like that but

this is the basic way to create the

window now

this window has certain properties we

can set a title we can set the geometry

and those two things are actually the

most important for the beginning so

we're going to say root dot and in order

to set the geometry we don't use a set

geometry function we just use the

geometry function and

we pass to that function a string

with the dimensions so first the x value

then the y value in this case we could

say something like 800 x

500 so it would create

a window with a width of 800 pixels and

a height of 500 pixels and of course you

can play around with that however you

want we can also swap that uh let's do

something like 500 times 500 so we have

a square more or less uh and then we can

also set the title of the window by just

saying root dot

dot title

uh my first gui for example

now if we do that

there you go you can see that we have a

title now

so those are the basics we can set the

geometry and the title uh now i want to

get right into the widgets because

that's what what uh tk intro is all

about we want to have something inside

of that window and if you want to add

something to that window you create the

object you pass this window as the

parent object and then you use a layout

to get this object or this widget into

the graphical user interface usually you

use something like pack or grid there is

also place where you can just choose the

coordinates

but usually you go with pack or with

grid which are the two layouts and we're

going to look at all of them today so uh

what we're going to do first now let's

go with a simple label a label is just a

text so let's say label equals

and then

tk.label with a capital l

and what we pass first here is the

parent object so the parent object of

the label uh the parent the parent

window the master is going to be root

itself so label is going to be part of

root and then we can set some named

parameters the text of the label is

going to be hello world for example and

then we can also pass some

design stuff like the font if we want to

define a font what we do is we say font

equals and then we pass a tuple and the

first

element of that tuple is going to be the

font family so arial for example

and the second one is going to be the

font size for example 18 points i think

it's points not pixels

i hope that's true

now if we want to get that label into

the root all we need to do is we need to

specify

um a layout that we use as you can see

we can use pack we can use grid and i

think somewhere down here should also be

uh place there you go we're going to go

with pack for now we're going to build

everything with pack for now and what we

can add here as well is a padding but

first of all let's see what it looks

like without a padding

uh not debug sorry

let me run this

again there you go we have a simple

label as you can see it's quite uh

basically

at the topmost position with a small

uh with a small padding you could say

with a small distance with a small

spacing uh what we can pass here is pad

x equals 20 for example and pad y equals

20. obviously x is for the x dimension

for the horizontal padding and y's for

the vertical

padding there you go you can see there's

a little bit more distance now so we can

do that with other uh elements as well

let's go with a simple text box

text box is going to be tk.text with a

capital t root is going to be the master

object again

then uh text you can also set a text if

you want to but usually you want the

user to input the text

what you can set for a text box is you

can set the height so you can say or

actually let's don't set the height and

see what it looks like without setting

the height but we're going to add a font

here again ariel but this time a little

bit smaller so let's say it's 16

points and then text box dot pack

and let's just do no padding for

now and you can see that it uh is the

whole it it scratches across the whole

graphical user interface and it has no

distance here uh on the horizontal

because of course

uh

we don't have any padding here so now if

i scale the window

you can see it's quite large

uh so if i want to set the height to

something specific i can also go ahead

and say okay i want the height to be

three

and then it's going to be way smaller as

you can see here it's going to be three

lines

so i can write something here i can

write something here and here and now of

course i can also go down but

then

i have to scroll

all right so

this is a basic text box we can also use

an entry if we want to an entry is

basically just a text box with height 1

without multi-line features and all that

so if you want to have a text box for a

password maybe an entry is more useful

than a text so let me maybe show you

that

my entry is going to be tk dot entry

like that part of root

and then just my entry

dot

pack

and you can see that this here is an

entry because it's one line i cannot

press enter i mean i can press enter but

nothing happens it doesn't go into

multi-line whereas here even if the

height was one i can still scroll down

uh this is the difference we're going to

use a text box here though

um and of course we can also add a

padding now maybe we don't want to have

a vertical padding because we already

have one from the label and it's fine

but maybe you want to have a horizontal

one so pedex is going to be 20

and now you can see that we have some

distance here now 20 seems to be a

little bit too much so let's go with 10

this should look fine there you go

now we can also add a button now and

we're going to talk about buttons later

on in more detail because we got to add

some functionality to the button we're

not going to do that now i'm just

showing you that you can add a button

here so a button is tk.button

and pass it to root again and the text

of the button is for example click me

and it can also have a font i'm going to

go with arial again and we can go with

18 again

and then button.pack

there you go

and you can see i can click that button

uh since there is no padding it is

exactly below directly below the text

box so we can go with some padding

pedex equals 10

and pad y equals 10 maybe you want to

have some padding here as well pad y

equals 10

and you can see now it looks a little

bit better now this function doesn't

have a functionality obviously we are

going to talk about that in a second as

i or not in a second a couple of minutes

as i already told you uh but those are

some of the widgets some of the most

important widgets we can also just type

tk dot and if you have an ide you're

going to see what you can use here so

for example

we also have a check button here

uh we have frames a frame is basically

just

a frame a an area that you can put

buttons into for example or text boxes

just widgets we have list boxes we have

menus and all that so you can play

around with that

now let's try out let's try the grid

layout because the grid layout is a

little bit more interesting when it

comes to multiple buttons for example in

a row so if you want to have a

calculator for example let's call up the

windows calculator you don't want to

have one button below the other buttons

you want to have a grid of buttons like

here so you want to have for example a

text box a label and then you want to

have some buttons here

in a grid layout if you want to do that

in python first of all i have a video on

that so you can just check out the gui

calculator with tk intro on my channel

uh but now we're just going to have a

grid of buttons and for this we're

actually going to use a button frame

so let me just think about this we're

going to use a label here in the pack

layout we're going to use a text box

with a pack layout and we're going to

add a frame so the frame is going to be

tk or actually let's call it button

frame is going to be tk.frame

the frame itself is going to be part of

root so it's going to have root as a

master

um

and that's actually the only parameter

that we pass here but then we're going

to say button frame

dot

configure or actually column configure

and here we can set

the zeroth column to have a weight of

one this is going to be important

because we want the buttons to stretch

we don't want to have three buttons in a

row and then a lot of space left and

right we want it to stretch

to fill the x-axis and we're going to

talk about that

uh in a second how exactly we're going

to do that but this is a setting that we

need we need to say column configure

for the individual rows depending on how

many rows you have obviously if you have

multiple uh actually columns sorry if

you have multiple columns uh if you have

five columns you need to do it for all

five of the columns in this case we're

going to have three columns so we're

going to do it for the three columns

here and what we're doing now is we're

going to say btn

1

is going to be tk button

and

here now we're not going to pass root as

the master we're going to pass the

button for a master master because the

button is going to be inside of the

button frame and the button frame is

going to be inside of the root so we're

going to pass button frame here and the

text is just going to be one we're not

going to have any

functionality here we're going to say

arial

and font size 18

and what we do now is we say btn

1 dot and now not pack but grit

and grid takes the parameters row and

column

so row zero and column zero basically

means first row and first column we're

in programming we start counting with

zero unless you use matlab obviously

but that's where you start so for

example we want to have the first button

in the first row and the first column so

zero zero now we also want it to be

sticky

to the west and to the east so to the

left and to the right so what we can do

is we can say sticky equals tk.w

plus tk.e i mean i think you can also

pass a string so you should also be able

to say w and e or you can also say

uh news for north e north east

west and south yes uh but i like to do

it like that tk.w plus tk dot

e for west and east so basically what we

want to have is uh maybe i'm going to

explain this with paint real quick we

don't want to have

uh a

window where we have like a text box

and then a bunch of buttons like that

right so if we have three columns here

we don't want to have a numpad like that

we want to do it more like that we want

to stretch the buttons here

of course equally sized not the way i

draw them but want them to be stretched

across the whole row

so we want it to be like that one two

three and this is why we do the sticky

uh the sticky stuff

so we can copy that now and

just

paste this uh how many times four more

times

so we have button one button one here we

have button two button two

button three

button three button four button four

five five

six

and of course we need to change the text

to 2

3

4

5 and 6.

and now we can place them in different

columns so we can say okay we want to

have button 2 also in the first row but

in the second column so we change this

to 1 this to 2 then we want to have 3

buttons and start the next row

so button 4 would be in row 1

but column 0 then

row 1

column one

row one

column two

and those are actually just two rows but

we can actually take a look at that now

so once we have the grid um i think we

only need to pack the frame so we're

going to say

button frame dot pack because remember

we have the pack layout in general but

inside of the button frame we have the

grid layout so the grid layout of the

application or actually the the layout

of the application is not the grid

layout it's the pack layout but inside

of the button frame we have the grid

layout uh but because of that we need to

say button frame dot pack and we're

going to say fill equals

x

actually as a string is enough

we can also pass tk.x i think but this

means that it's going to stretch into

the x dimension

and now you can see that we have the

result

that we want it a basic grid layout uh

where we can do that

now before we move on i also want to

show you the place function so instead

of using grid or

pack we can also use the place function

to place something manually for example

down here i can say another

button it's going to be tk.button and

it's going to be part of root and it's

going to have a text

test and now we're going to see another

button dot place and i can just say x

equals uh what's the geometry 500 times

500 let's just say 200

and 200

for y

and then i can say height equals

i don't know 100 and

width equals 100 as well

and by doing that i can just decide on

the position because pack is a layout we

have a certain structure grid is a

layout we have a certain structure we

can manipulate parameters place

basically means put it there and make it

that size so it's a very manual thing

and you can see that in this case it

looks quite

bad but this is how you can place

widgets

exactly where you want

all right so i think you understand now

basically how tk intel works we import

the module we create a root window we

add some widgets and then we choose a

layout for example grid or pack or we

use the place function to create our

graphical user interface now the next

step is to add some functionality so to

button clicks for example or to certain

events that happen we want to add some

functionality to the graphical user

interface so that it's more than just a

design and for this we're going to

define our graphical user interface

inside of a class because oftentimes

it's a little bit tricky with the order

in which you define a certain element so

if you have the graphical user interface

defined and then the functionality in

terms of functions so you have a

function that does something

this function maybe needs to know the

graphical user interface in order to

access certain elements then again the

graphical user interface needs to know

the function because the function is

what it's called what is called when we

do something

and this can get a little bit tricky in

a class in an object we have everything

structured so i can just say refer to

that ui element

via the self object or refer to that

function via the self object it's just a

best practice or better practice to do

it inside of a function so let's say

again import tk

import tk enter sdk

and then we're going to create a class

my gui like that

and in the constructor we're going to

have the whole graphical user interface

process so we're going to start with

self.root is going to be tk.tk

as before and then self.root.mainloop

so just calling the constructor is going

to create the graphical user interface

already

now so that we don't do just anything

here let's uh think about a very simple

application

we're going to have a simple label at

the top we're going to have a text box

where we can enter some text as a user

and then we're going to have a button

and when we click that button we're

going to get a message box

with the text that we typed in the text

box displayed onto the screen and in

addition so that we use a little bit

more ui elements we're also going to add

a checkbox if that checkbox is checked

we're going to get the pop-up if it's

not checked so if it's unchecked we're

going to get some console output so

we're going to get the message printed

onto the console if it's checked we're

going to get a pop-up

so let's start with the label we're

going to say self.label is going to be

tk.label again and it's going to be part

of self.root

and we're going to say the text is

your message for example

and the font is going to be

arial

[Music]

18 for example

self dot label dot pack

padding x equals 10 padding y equals 10

[Music]

then self dot text

box

going to be tk text box or tk text

self dot root

and font equals

ariel

16

self.textbox

dot pack

pad x 10

pad y 10 and of course don't forget the

height let's say the height is five for

something should be enough

and then we're going to add the checkbox

so the checkbox is going to be

self.check

it's going to be tk.check button

it's going to be part of self.root and

we're going to say the text is

show

a message

box

like that

and i don't think that we need much more

for that i mean of course yeah we need

uh to have

the font size again

ariel

and 18 or actually let's make the 16.

now

the check button in tk enter is a little

bit tricky because we cannot just into

intuitively go and say self.check dot uh

is checked or something and we get true

or false we need to add a variable to

that check button and this variable is

going to have the value of the check

button it's a little bit complicated uh

so let's first say self.jack.pack

uh

pack

pad x equals 10

pad y equals 10 as well

and uh before that we're going to create

now here's self dot

let's just call this

check

check state or something

and this is going to be tk dot

int

var in variable basically

and this in variable is going to have

this integer variable is going to have

the state of the checkbox and in order

to get that we need to say

variable

equals

self dot check state

like that

and last but not least let's add the

button

self dot button is going to be tk dot

button

self dot root

the text is going to be

show message

font is going to be ariel

18

self.button.pack

there you go now in order to add the

functionality first of all we're going

to define the function itself so we're

going to say def

and we're going to call the function

here

show message

like that

i'm going to pass for now and in order

to make this function being executed

when the button is clicked we're just

going to go to the end here and say

command equals and then self dot

show message now it's important that you

don't call the function so you don't

want to say show message and then

parentheses like that because we're not

calling show message we're passing show

message as a parameter and it's going to

be called whenever we click the button

so if we for example write something

like hello world here

and we create a my gui object here at

the bottom

and we run the script

we should be able that when i press

we should be able to see that when i

press show message we see hello world in

the console all right so it works

now all we need to do is we need to um

to show the message from the text box

here onto the screen via message box

depending on the check so the first

thing is want to know okay is the

checkbox checked or not now in order to

get the the state of this variable here

we need to now say

print

self.checkstate.get

like that this gets uh the state of the

checkbox so now if i run this you're

going to see that we're going to get a

number

if i click it you see 0 if i check and

then click it you see one so if the

check box is unchecked we're going to

have zero otherwise one

and this is what we can look at so we're

going to say if

self dot check state dot get

equals zero then we're just going to

print

what exactly are we going to print we're

going to print the content of the text

box so self dot text box and this is

again something that's a little bit

tricky because in

uh in tk intro we need to use the get

function and provide a start and an end

so index 1 index 2.

the index 1 is a string which is 1.0 if

you want to start in the beginning

and if you want to stop uh in the end so

if you want to go all the way to the end

you have to pass tk.end

now this is a little bit unusual because

in other frameworks you would just say

box dot get value or get text or dot

text here you need to say dot get and

you need to pass that as a beginning and

this is an end if you want to get

everything

and

otherwise if we don't get that we're

going to

we're going to print a message box and

for that we need to make an import we

need to say

from tk inter import

message box like that

and now we're just going to say

message box dot

show info

and the content first of all the title

is going to be

message and the message itself

is going to be self.textbox

dot get again 1.0

tk.end which basically means

go all the way

through so this should already work

if i type something

there we go

and if i uncheck this we see it in the

command line instead of in a message box

so this works fine

uh what else did we want to do here now

one thing that i would like to add here

because this is something that a lot of

people are asking when i do gui

tutorials is how can i do something

like when i'm in the text box i don't

want to click the button i want to say

enter for example and based on that

click based on that keyboard press i

want the same thing to happen now in

this case enter would be a stupid choice

because enter is something that we can

use inside of the text box to change the

text but maybe we want to have something

like control enter

and control enter basically

triggers

that this function is executed as well

how can we do that

it's again a little bit tricky in tk

enter it's not the most straightforward

thing but what we do here is we go to

the text box and we say self dot text

box and then we can bind something here

we can bind

a certain type of event to a function

for example we combined

key press

in angle brackets this has to be that

exact string

this thing has to be bound to self dot

and now we can define another function

for example

let's call it shortcut

and

we can pass an event here

we have to pass an event here because

the event is going to be passed by the

bind function so we bind the keypress

event to self.shortcut

and this automatically passes an event

and from that event object we can now uh

look at what's happening now one thing

that i want to show you is that this

event object has certain parameters now

if i run this i'm not sure if we're

going to see that

so if i'm now in the message box here

you can see that whenever i press

something we get a key press event down

here

and this keypress event has an event a

state here and a key symbol

so what we're interested in is

we want to have enter and we want to

have control now if i run this here and

i just press enter you can see the key

symbol is return

now if i press control you can see the

key symbol is control but if i hold ctrl

and i press enter

you can see that the key symbol was

returned

but the state was control mod 1. so if i

run this again and i don't press control

i just press enter you can see that the

state was mod 1 if i now press control

and enter you can see control is part of

the state so all we need to do here in

order to get the key combination is we

need to uh print event dot key symbol

and we need to

print event dot state

and this is going to tell us what we

need to look for because if i now press

enter we get return and the state is

eight if i press ctrl enter

the state is

12 and return is

uh

return is the button

so all i need to do here is i need to

say if

event

dot

state equals 12

and

event

dot key symbol equals return then do

something for example let's print hello

for now

to see if that works in the first place

so now if i press something else nothing

happens but if i press ctrl enter we get

hello so this works now instead of

printing hello

we're just going to call show message

so self.showmessage

and now you're going to see that if i

have something in here and i now press

ctrl enter

oh of course we need to trigger that

checkbox otherwise we're not going to

get the message box but you can see that

this trigger is the same thing as the

button

so this works like that um

now one thing that i would like to also

show you is that sometimes i mean in

this case probably not but sometimes you

want to have some uh closing dialogue so

when you press the close button you

don't want the application to just be

closed but maybe you want to ask the

user do you really want to leave or do

you want to save something we're not

going to talk about safe dialogues and

open dialogues and all that

i think in the editor video in the

notepad clone

you're going to find that dialog but

besides that or actually that was pi qt

but i think in a paint clone you're

going to find safe and

open file dialogs today we're going to

only talk about the closing event so

what happens when i close the window how

can i react to that so let's say maybe i

just want to print hello world or

goodbye

whenever the user presses on the x

button

now in order to get the event what we

need to do is we need to say self

dot root dot protocol

and this is now a string which is called

wm underscore delete

underscore window and what we passed

here as a second parameter is the

function that we want to call whenever

this event happens so whenever we click

on the close button we're going to call

that function let's call it on closing

and of course we need to define it down

here so def on closing

and in here we're going to just say

print

hello world

and important we need to also destroy

the window because if we don't do that

all that's going to happen is that i'm

going to print hello world when i click

that it's no longer going to close so we

need to say

self

dot root dot destroy

so again

there you go

now instead of printing hello world

we're going to ask for

uh for the user to

confirm that the user wants to leave the

application so we're going to say

i need to look up the syntax again here

if

messagebox

dot and now we can choose a dialog from

here we have something like

ask question ask retry cancel ask yes no

cancel

or ask yes no this is what we're going

to use here

uh ask yes no there you go and we're

going to pass the title

quit question mark message

equals

do you really want to quit question mark

now if the answer to that is yes we're

going to have a positive value here so

this if statement is only going to be

triggered if we uh if we pass if we

press yes and otherwise we're going to

do nothing

so if i press on x now do you really

want to quit no nothing happens do you

really want to quit yes

destroyed

now last but not least for this video in

order to just show you a little bit more

ui elements we're going to also add a

menu to the top so something like here

in pycharm with file edit view and all

that we're going to keep it minimal but

i'm going to show you how you can just

create a simple menu bar and inside of

that menu bar you want to have different

menus for example file and action or

help or something

and then we can also add functionalities

to the individual presses inside of that

menu bar so what we're going to do is

we're going to say self dot

menu bar which is going to be the main

thing it's just going to be tk dot menu

and it's going to be part of self dot

root

then we're going to also create self dot

file menu

and this is going to be tk menu as well

so one menu is going to be part of the

other menu

and this is going to be part of self dot

menu bar

and we're going to also pass the

parameter

uh tear off or tear off tierra right

is going to be zero so that we have

otherwise we're going to have a dashed

line at the top and we don't want that

and inside of that file menu we're now

going to add some uh

things that we can do so for example we

can say self dot file menu dot add

command

and we're going to have a simple command

with a label

close

and this label close is going to have

the command exit we're going to refer to

the basic python exit function and

that's all it's going to do

now if i want to add this now to the

final to the to the menu bar what i do

is i say self dot menu bar

dot add cascade

and the menu i'm adding is self dot file

menu

and the label of that menu is going to

be file

and then last but not least i think i

need to also add the menu bar to the

root and we do that by saying

self.root.config

and we set the menu of the root to be

self dot menu bar

so now if we run this you can see we

have file up here and i can click on

close and closes the window

now actually we can also link this to

not exit but to self dot on closing

i think that it has the same effect as

clicking this button so

no

or

yes there you go so this also works now

we can also add multiple commands i'm

going to add the same command

again so we can say close with error or

close

without

question just so we have a second item

here

we're going to pass exit here and

between those we're going to have a

separator so we can also say file menu

dot at separator

and this may be useful if you have a lot

of different options of different

categories you can have this separator

line between these two buttons here

or between these two commands now let's

just um so that we see that this also

works let's just add another menu so

action menu for example is going to be

tk menu

part of self dot menu bar

tear off

zero um not sure how it's pronounced

tear off tear off i think tear off makes

more sense right

let me know in the comment section down

below

so action menu dot add command

on we can just say i don't know label is

going to be show

message

and the command is going to be

self dot show message like that

then again

self dot menu bar actually let's do it

down here

add cascade

self dot action menu

and label is going to be action

there you go so now we have action so uh

show message

like that if we have the message box

checked

this is going to work as well

one final thing i want to show you is if

you want to for some reason clear the

text box let's create a second button

self dot clear button

and this button shall delete the content

of the box

so let me just write it real quick text

equals clear

font equals ariel 16 no 18 actually

the command is going to be

self dot clear and we're going to define

it

self dot clear button dot

pack with padding

and uh if we want to do that we need to

do something similar to the getting here

so we need to also specify these indices

so what we're going to do is we're going

to say def clear

and we're going to say self dot

text box dot delete

and here we pass 1.0 and tk.end as far

as i know this is how it's done so

there you go if i write something and

click on clear this clears

the message box

all right so that's it for today's video

i hope i was able to give you a good

introduction to tk inter if you liked

that video let me know in the comment

section down below and click the like

button and of course don't forget to

subscribe and hit the notification bell

to not miss a single future video for

free other than that thank you very much

for watching see you next video and bye

[Music]

you