Israel Palestine Conflict: 1000 year History | Jerusalem | Gaza | West Bank | Dhruv Rathee

Summary

This video script delves into the complex history of the Israel-Palestine conflict, tracing its roots from ancient times to the modern era. It outlines the emergence of Zionism, the pivotal 1947 UN Partition Plan, and the subsequent wars that shaped the region. The script highlights key events like the 1993 Oslo Accords and the rise of extremist groups, illustrating the challenges in achieving peace. It concludes by posing the question of finding a viable solution to the ongoing crisis, inviting viewers to consider the complexities and contribute their thoughts.

Takeaways

• 🕍 The conflict between Israel and Palestine has deep historical roots, with tensions dating back thousands of years, including religious and ethnic persecution of Jews.
• 📜 The concept of a Jewish homeland, or Zionism, was formalized in the late 19th century, leading to significant Jewish migration to Palestine in the late 1800s.
• 🌍 During World War I, the British made promises to both Arabs and Jews, which set the stage for future conflicts after the war, with the Balfour Declaration being a key event.
• 🏛 The United Nations' 1947 Partition Plan aimed to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international control, but was met with resistance.
• 🇮🇱 The State of Israel was established in 1948, following the British withdrawal and subsequent conflicts, including the First Arab-Israeli War.
• 🛡️ The aftermath of the 1948 war saw Israel occupying more territory than initially allotted, leading to the displacement of many Palestinians, known as the 1948 Palestinian Exodus.
• 💥 The Six-Day War in 1967 further expanded Israel's control over territories, including the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, intensifying the conflict.
• 🏙️ Settlements established by Israel in the West Bank have been a point of contention, considered illegal under international law and seen as colonization by Palestinians.
• 🕊️ The Oslo Accords in 1993 marked a significant step towards peace, with mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO, and the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority.
• ⚔️ Assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by a Jewish extremist in 1995 and the rise of extremist groups like Hamas have significantly impacted the peace process.
• 🗳️ Hamas' victory in the 2006 Palestinian elections and subsequent internal conflict led to a division of control between Gaza (Hamas) and the West Bank (Fatah/PLO).

Q & A

What was the significance of 1993 in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict?

1993 was significant because it was the year when Israel and Palestine were very close to drafting a peaceful solution, known as the Oslo Accords, which marked the first time both parties came together to discuss the peaceful division of the land and the creation of a Palestinian state.

What historical atrocities against Jews are mentioned in the script, and how did they contribute to the desire for a Jewish state?

The script mentions the persecution of Jews by Hitler and the atrocities committed against them during the Crusades. These historical events, along with centuries of discrimination and violence, contributed to the Jewish desire for a homeland where they could live safely and autonomously.

What was the role of Theodor Herzl in the establishment of Israel?

Theodor Herzl was an Austro-Hungarian journalist who initiated the Zionist movement in 1896 with his pamphlet. He advocated for the establishment of a separate Jewish state, which laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of Israel.

Why did the British make conflicting promises to both the Arab revolutionaries and the Jews during World War 1?

The British made conflicting promises to both parties to secure support in their fight against the Ottoman Empire. They promised the Arab revolutionaries the Palestine area in return for their support, while also promising the Jews a homeland in Palestine to gain influence in American politics.

What was the United Nations Partition Plan of 1947, and how was it received by the parties involved?

The United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 proposed dividing the area of Palestine into a Jewish state (57%) and an Arab-Palestinian state (43%), with Jerusalem under international control. The Jews accepted the plan and established the state of Israel, while the neighboring Arab countries rejected it and initiated the First Arab-Israeli War.

What is the 1948 Palestinian Exodus, and what caused it?

The 1948 Palestinian Exodus refers to the mass displacement of over 700,000 Palestinians from their homes following the First Arab-Israeli War. The war resulted in Israel occupying areas designated for the Arab-Palestinian state under the UN Partition Plan, leaving many Palestinians stateless and refugees.

What was the impact of the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin on the peace process?

The assassination of Yitzhak Rabin by a Jewish extremist in 1995 was a major setback for the peace process. Rabin was a key figure in the Oslo Accords and his death led to increased polarization and a decline in the peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine.

What is the role of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the conflict?

The PLO, founded in 1964, initially aimed to establish a Palestinian state through armed struggle. It later became a representative of the Palestinian people, recognized by the United Nations, and played a significant role in peace negotiations, including the Oslo Accords.

What is the significance of the Hamas group in the context of the Israel-Palestine conflict?

Hamas is a Palestinian militant group formed in the late 1980s, which rejects the Oslo Accords and seeks the eradication of Israel. Its rise to power in the Gaza Strip and subsequent conflicts with the PLO have further complicated the peace process and deepened divisions within Palestine.

What are the challenges faced by the two-state solution in the current context of the Israel-Palestine conflict?

The two-state solution faces several challenges, including the presence of Israeli settlements in the West Bank, which are considered illegal under international law, and the deep divisions within Palestinian territories, with Hamas controlling Gaza and Fatah controlling the West Bank.

What is the current situation regarding the Israeli settlements in the West Bank, and how do they affect the conflict?

The Israeli settlements in the West Bank, which are considered illegal by the international community, continue to expand. This colonization of Palestinian land exacerbates tensions, undermines the two-state solution, and leads to increased violence and clashes.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Historical Origins of the Israel-Palestine Conflict

This paragraph delves into the deep historical roots of the conflict between Israel and Palestine, starting from the ancient animosities towards Jews, including the alleged crucifixion of Jesus Christ by some Jews, a belief that fueled anti-Semitic sentiments for centuries. It highlights the atrocities faced by Jews during the Crusades and the rise of anti-Semitic rumors that led to widespread hatred and violence. The script explains how, by the late 1800s, Jews felt unwelcome in many countries, leading to the idea of establishing a Jewish homeland. Theodor Herzl's political movement, Zionism, is introduced, advocating for a separate Jewish state, which was already a growing sentiment among some groups since the 1870s. The script also covers the first large-scale migration of Jews to Palestine in 1881 and the political machinations of the British during World War I, promising both Arabs and Jews land in the region for their support, leading to the post-war division of the Middle East by Britain and France.

05:00

🏛 The Birth of Israel and the Escalation of Conflict

This section narrates the establishment of Israel following the British withdrawal from Palestine and the subsequent United Nations partition plan of 1947, which allocated 57% of the land to the Jewish state and 43% to the Arab-Palestinian state, with Jerusalem under international control. The Jews accepted the plan and declared their state, Israel, in 1948. However, the neighboring Arab countries opposed the plan, viewing it as a continuation of British colonialism, and initiated the First Arab-Israeli War. Despite being newly formed and outnumbered, Israel emerged victorious. The war resulted in Israel occupying more land than initially allotted and the displacement of over 700,000 Palestinians, known as the 1948 Palestinian Exodus. The narrative continues with the Second Arab-Israeli War in 1967, where Israel expanded its territory further, and the formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, which initially sought armed struggle for Palestinian independence.

10:01

🕊️ The Quest for Peace and the Rise of Extremism

The paragraph discusses the efforts towards peace in the region, beginning with the 1993 Oslo Accords, which marked the first direct negotiations between Israel and the PLO, leading to the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994. It details the division of the West Bank into Areas A, B, and C, with different levels of control between the Palestinian and Israeli governments. The script highlights the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by a Jewish extremist in 1995 and the rise of Hamas, a Palestinian group opposing the PLO's secular approach and advocating for the eradication of Israel. The narrative describes the increasing polarization and violence, including Hamas's refusal to participate in the 1996 Palestinian elections and subsequent suicide bombings in Israel, leading to a rise in right-wing extremism on both sides and the construction of walls and checkpoints by Israel in the West Bank.

15:04

🛡️ The Current State of Affairs and the Search for Solutions

This final paragraph addresses the current situation, with Israel's continued colonization of the West Bank and the resulting intensification of clashes. It mentions the recent violence stemming from Israel's occupation and the demands of Israeli fanatics for full control over the West Bank and Jerusalem. The script also touches on the division of Palestine into two parts after the 2007 Battle of Gaza, with Hamas controlling the Gaza Strip and Fatah controlling the West Bank. The paragraph raises the question of potential solutions to the crisis, considering the feasibility of a two-state solution based on the 1967 borders or the 1947 Partition Plan, and the challenges posed by the Israeli settlements in the West Bank. It invites viewers to share their thoughts on the possible resolution to the conflict and concludes with a call to action against fanaticism.

Keywords

💡Zionism

Zionism is a political movement that supports the establishment of a homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine. It is central to the video's theme as it sets the stage for the historical context of the Israel-Palestine conflict. Theodor Herzl is mentioned as the initiator of this movement in his 1896 pamphlet, advocating for a separate Jewish state, which is a precursor to the establishment of Israel.

💡Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was a state that existed from the 14th through the early 20th century, controlling much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. In the context of the video, it is significant as the ruling power over Palestine before World War I, where Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived together, laying the groundwork for the subsequent geopolitical changes in the region.

💡British Mandate

The British Mandate refers to the administration of the Palestine region by the United Kingdom following World War I, as agreed upon by the League of Nations. The script describes the period from 1918 to 1948, during which the British controlled Palestine, leading up to the establishment of Israel and the displacement of Palestinians.

💡Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazis during World War II. Its aftermath led to increased support for the establishment of a Jewish state, influencing international decisions regarding the creation of Israel.

Highlights

1993 was a pivotal year when Israel and Palestine were close to a peaceful solution, but the situation deteriorated into ongoing conflict.

The history of the conflict dates back thousands of years, with early atrocities against Jews including during the time of Jesus Christ.

The Crusades saw large-scale killings of Jews, fueled by rumors and hatred.

Post-1800s, Jews faced hatred not only for religious reasons but also due to their distinct ethnicity.

Theodor Herzl initiated the Zionist movement in 1896, advocating for a separate Jewish state.

Jews began migrating to Palestine in 1881, considering it a holy land, especially Jerusalem.

During WW1, the British made promises to both Arabs and Jews, leading to the Balfour Declaration and future conflicts.

The British and French secretly divided the Middle East post-WW1, with Britain taking control of Palestine.

The 1947 UN Partition Plan allocated 57% of Palestine to Jews and 43% to Arabs, with Jerusalem under international control.

Israel was established in 1948, but neighboring Arab countries opposed the plan, leading to the First Arab-Israeli War.

Israel's victory in 1948 led to the occupation of areas meant for Palestine, and the displacement of over 700,000 Palestinians.

The 1967 Six-Day War resulted in Israel occupying the Gaza Strip, West Bank, and the Sinai Peninsula.

The PLO was initially considered a terrorist organization by the USA and Israel for its armed struggle approach.

The 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty led to the recognition of Israel by Egypt and the return of the Sinai Peninsula.

Israeli settlements in the West Bank, considered illegal by the international community, intensified conflicts.

The 1993 Oslo Accords marked the first direct talks between Israel and the PLO about peacefully dividing the land.

The assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by a Jewish extremist in 1995 derailed the peace process.

The rise of Hamas and the subsequent violence led to further polarization and the decline of the peace process.

The 2006 Hamas victory in Palestinian elections and the subsequent Gaza-Fatah conflict further divided Palestinian territories.

The ongoing colonization of the West Bank by Israel and the division of Jerusalem remain key issues in the conflict.

The video concludes by posing the question of how to achieve a peaceful resolution, considering the complex realities on the ground.

Transcripts

Hello, friends!

1993 was the year when Israel and Palestine were very close to drafting a peaceful solution.

But what happened after it that the situation worsened to the extent that

today there is a war between them?

If we want to understand today's crisis properly, we need to know the history first.

This is why, in today's video, let's get to know the detailed history between the two countries.

How did the country Israel came to be?

And how did the conflict between Israel and Palestine begin?

Our story begins thousands of years ago.

You must've heard about how terribly Hitler had treated the Jews.

But do you know, the atrocities against Jews began thousands of years ago.

It is said that Jesus Christ was born into a Jewish family.

And some Christians believe that some Jews wanted to crucify Jesus Christ.

This is a belief from an ideology

that remained among the Christians for several years, decades and even centuries.

And when the crusades happened around a thousand year ago,

Christians killed the Jews in large numbers.

At that time, there were many rumours being circulated against the Jews

that they drink the blood of Christian children,

or that they use the blood for religious rituals.

Because of these rumours, there was rampant hatred against the Jews.

The hate that the Jews had to bear

hardly any religion had to bear that in the last thousand years.

After the 1800s, this hatred towards the Jews was not only because of religious reasons

but also because the Jews were being seen as a different ethnicity as well.

Because of all these reasons, till the late 1800s,

Jews living around the world began feeling that no country accepts them as their own.

If they wanted to live peacefully, they would need to create their own country.

To create a Jewish country.

There was an Austro-Hungarian journalist named Theodor Herzl.

He started a new political movement in his 1896 pamphlet.

Zionism.

He said that the Jews should get their separate country.

At the time this wasn't a new idea.

Since the 1870s, there were several organizations calling themselves Lovers of Zion.

They were already propagating this idea.

Because of these reasons, in 1881, the first large scale migration of Jews was seen

in the Palestine area.

The Jews built many permanent settlements in the area and started living there.

Why did they choose the Palestine area?

Because this was a very holy area for them.

Jerusalem is the holiest place for the Jews.

Do remember that at that time there was no Israel, Gaza or the West Bank.

The whole area was Palestine.

That fell under the Ottoman empire.

Under the Ottoman empire, the Christians, Muslims and Jews lived together peacefully, more or less.

There were no conflicts.

One reason behind it can be that most of the land was empty.

There were very few settlements on the land.

And the population was very little in the area.

Now we fast forward to the year 1915.

World War 1 began.

The British, French and Arab revolutionaries were fighting the Ottoman empire.

The British play a clever hand here.

They tell the Arab revolutionaries that in return for their support in defeating the Ottoman empire,

they will give them the Palestine area.

And the Arab revolutionaries were fighting to create a unified Arab country.

The Arab revolutionaries wanted one Arab country from Syria to Yemen.

The Britishers promise the same thing to the Jews.

That they will help them to create their own Jewish country near Palestine.

Why do they do this?

So that they could appease the American Jews.

And could gain influence on American politics.

But in reality, the British made a secret deal with the French.

As soon as the Ottoman Empire fell after World War 1,

Britain and France divided the Middle East area between themselves.

The British took over the control of the Palestine region.

1918-1948 the entire Palestine area was under the control of the British Government.

At this time in Germany, Hitler gets political power.

And the Jews are massacred in millions in a genocide.

Why did Hitler get political power?

I made an entire video on it and I'll put a link to it in the description.

You can watch that as well.

The Jews flee from Hitler-controlled Europe to different countries to save themselves.

Some get refuge in America.

But many of these Jews go to Palestine.

Britain allows them to enter Palestine initially.

But later, they start stopping them from coming to Palestine.

Because of this, an Israeli Nationalist Movement starts in Palestine.

At the same time, around the 1940s, Palestine Nationalist Movement had also begun.

And the Palestinians were also demanding their own country.

In 1948 the British Government realises that enough's enough.

And that they cannot remain there longer.

They left the Jewish to form a Jewish country and the Palestinians to form their own country.

They accepted that they could not do that and ceded the responsibility to the United Nations.

The British then leave Palestine.

United Nations comes up with a partition plan.

About the area to be allotted for creating a Jewish country and a Palestinian country.

In 1947 the United Nations Partition Plan is released.

In the plan, the United Nations keeps 57% of the area for the Jewish country

And 43% of the area for the Arab-Palestinian country.

Jerusalem is a very historically important area for three religions,

for the Jews, Christians and Muslims.

So the United Nations decided that Jerusalem would be under international control.

The Jews accept this plan and name their new country Israel.

Here, the Israel country is born in 1948.

But unfortunately, the other neighbouring Arab countries

weren't pleased with this plan at all.

They believed that the plan was basically the Britisher's way of continuing their colonialism.

So they start a war against Israel.

Saying that they will not allow the Jews to take any part of the land.

This war is named the First Arab-Israeli war of 1948.

And this is a very historic war in and of itself.

More than 5 countries were fighting against a tiny new country.

The Jews living in Israel knew that five years ago

they had seen how the rest of the world treated them.

How Hitler had treated them.

And then all the Arab countries were starting a war against them.

If they didn't fight to survive then, they wouldn't be able to survive ever.

So to save themselves, they fought with all they had.

And very surprisingly, Israel won the war.

Defeating all these countries.

After the war ends in 1949,

the areas that were supposed to be Palestine's according to the UN Partition Plan,

Israel occupied several of these areas.

The Gaza Strip area went to Egypt.

And the West Bank area went to Jordan.

This meant that the Palestinians did not have a country any longer.

More than 700,000 Palestinians had to leave their homes and become refugees in Arab countries.

This is named the 1948 Palestinian Exodus.

After this, in 1967, the Second Arab-Israeli War takes place.

This war lasts for six days.

And Israel wins this easily too.

Not only does Israel occupy the Gaza Strip and the West Bank area

but also this large Egyptian Peninsula gets occupied by Israel after this war.

Palestinians want their own country.

For this reason, in 1964, Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was founded.

Initially, their aim is through armed struggle.

To use weapons to get their own country.

In the beginning, they also wanted that Israel should cease to exist.

Because of this, the USA and Israel declare it to be a terrorist organization.

But one thing that needs to be remembered is

if you see them from the perspective of one person they'll seem like a terrorist organization

and from the perspective of another, they're revolutionaries who want freedom for their country.

In 1973, the Third Arab-Israeli War begins

but it isn't very important for our story because, after that, nothing changes much.

But in 1974, PLO gets officially recognized by the United Nations General Assembly.

To be the representative of the Palestinian people.

In 1979, the peace talks between Egypt and Israel is successful

And Egypt becomes the first Arab country to recognize Israel as a country that exists there.

After the Peace-Talks, the entire Egyptian peninsula area captured by Israel

is returned to Egypt by Israel.

The Egyptian and Israeli Prime Ministers both are awarded Nobel Peace Prize

for this successful peace treaty.

But unfortunately, after two years, the Egyptian Prime Minister gets assassinated.

By the right-wing extremists in Egypt.

The fanatics questioned the Prime Minister's treaty with Israel.

They wanted to kill him because he reached a compromise.

And so he was assassinated.

From 1967 to the 1980s,

It had been more than 10 years since Israel had occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

During this period, many Israelis start establishing their colonies in the West Bank.

They start building settlements and living there permanently.

Israeli government supported them directly or indirectly.

And the prices of the homes were low there.

Some people go there for cheap housing while others for their religious nationalism.

Some fanatic Israelis claim that the entire West Bank area is theirs.

And so they'll reside there.

And so Israeli settlements start cropping up in the West Bank area.

The international community deems these settlements to be illegal because

these settlements go against the United Nations Partition Plan.

And the Palestinians see them as colonization.

Basically, their country is being colonized by the Israelis.

In 1992, Israel gets an amazing Prime Minister.

His name was Yitzhak Rabin.

He said that PLO is not a terrorist organization.

They just want their country and the Israelis should let them have it.

Israel officially recognized PLO.

And in return, PLO officially recognized Israel as a country.

And here the 1993 Oslo Accords take place.

For the first time, both of them come together and talk.

About how the country can be correctly and peacefully divided.

About how the Palestinian country can be created.

As a result, in 1994, the Palestinian Government is established for the first time.

It is named the Palestinian National Authority.

But at this point in time,

Israelis had already established permanent settlements in many West Bank areas.

Which were supported by the Israeli Government.

And the Palestinians were living in few areas in bits and pieces.

It was then decided to divide the West Bank area into three parts.

Area A, B and C.

Area A would be where the Palestinian government would be in control.

In Area B both the governments will exercise control.

And Area C will be the areas where the Israeli Government will retain control.

Let alone the United Nation's Partition Plan

In reality, in 1994, Palestine gets only some bits and pieces in the West Bank area and Gaza Strip

to form their country.

But the good news is that at that point in time, Israel and Palestine were very close

to come up with a peaceful solution.

For this reason, in 1994, the President of the Palestinian Authority - Yasser Arafat,

and the Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Rabin were awarded Nobel Peace Prize.

But unfortunately, after this, the whole situation goes downhill.

When the extreme wight-wing Jewish people assassinate their Prime Minister.

In the same way that Godse assassinated Gandhi Ji.

Because Gandhi Ji talked about unity between Hindus and Muslims.

A Jewish extremist shot the Israeli Prime Minister thrice from a pistol at point-blank range in 1995.

These fanatic Jewish people questioned the compromise with Palestine.

About why they were given any land at all.

They wanted entire Palestine to be Israeli's.

And because of these fanatics, the situation kept on worsening.

Around 5-6 years before this incident,

some Islamic fanatics in Palestine came together to form the HAMAS group.

HAMAS group claims that the PLO is being too secular.

And compromising a lot with Israel.

But in reality, they want to erase Israel from the maps.

So the fanatics created a new organization to fight for the eradication of Israel.

And here the HAMAS group forms.

Obviously when the peace treaty is signed around 1994 between Palestine and Israel

the Jewish fanatics start hating their Prime Minister

and on the other hand, the HAMAS group starts hating the PLO.

All because they reached a compromise with Israel.

Not only does the HAMAS group boycott the 1996 Palestinian election

but they also carry out suicide bombings in Israel.

Because of this, on both sides, the dominance of the extreme right-wing groups starts rising.

There is increasing polarization.

People on both sides, the Israelis and Palestinians start hating each other.

Some hatred was already there and after 1995 it keeps on increasing.

Around 2002, violent protests were seen on both sides.

More than 100 Israelis and Palestinians died on the other side of the border.

There are clashes on the ground and the people have become so sceptical of each other that

Israel starts building walls around its settlements.

Security guards are deployed around the permanent houses built by the Israelis in the West Bank

and checkpoints are placed.

And it continues to become increasingly difficult for Palestinians to live there.

In 2006, the HAMAS militant group runs in the Palestinian election and wins.

It defeats the PLO party, Fatah, but by a very small margin.

It wins 74 out of 132 seats.

But after this, in 2007, a civil war takes place between these two parties in Palestine.

Internally, the supporters of one party start fighting the supporters of the other.

In 2007, this war is known as the Battle of Gaza.

And Palestine is divided into two parts.

In the Gaza Strip, HAMAS establishes its control.

And the West Bank area is controlled by Fatah and PLO.

Who are non-violent and rule the West Bank as a government should.

But today when Gaza Strip is under the rule of HAMAS,

they have basically occupied the area like a terrorist group.

And like I told you in the last video, the war and the rockets that we get to see

are sent from the Gaza Strip area to Israel.

Whereas in the West Bank where the PLO is in control, this sort of violence is not seen there.

So this is the situation today, friends.

There is no doubt that Israel has continued to colonize the West Bank area for several decades.

Causing the clashes to intensify.

The recent clash, about which I talked in the previous video,

was because Israel is occupying the areas in the West Bank.

And the fanatics in Israel demand that the entire West Bank area be theirs.

That the entire Jerusalem be theirs.

And the fanatics in Palestine want to eradicate Israel completely.

The most important question is What can be the solution to this?

Look at the map of Palestine.

In the West Bank, the country is divided into so many parts

That today if this country were to be given an independent government

how will it exist in so many bits and pieces?

Some people believe that a two-state solution can still be possible.

That the area is divided on the basis of 1967.

On the basis of Israel and Palestine.

Some people say that the division needs to be on the basis of the 1947 Partition Plan.

But if this is done then the most prominent question will be

What will happen to the colonies of permanent settlement that Israel had built in Palestine?

There are proper societies with homes and schools and hospitals and wide roads.

What will happen to these areas if they are reclaimed by Palestine?

There are hundreds of thousands of people living in the settlements in the West Bank.

Here I will like to ask what do you think, friends?

What can be the solution to this crisis? This problem?

How should two countries be divided?

Write in the comments below.

I hope you found this video informative, friends.

If you want to take a lesson from this video, in my opinion, it should be that

Don't stop raising your voice against the fanatics!

Let's meet in the next video.

Thank you.