Oil and The Middle East | Season 1 | Episode 5 | History 101 | #education #documentary #oil #101
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトは、石油が中東地域に与えた豊かさと戦争の原因となった詛いに包まれた歴史を振り返る。石油の発見とその後の膨大な利益が、イラン、イラク、サウジアラビアなどの国々に多大な富と国際的な力をもたらした一方で、地域の紛争や世界規模のエネルギー危機につながった。特に、OPECの形成や1973年の石油ショック、そしてアメリカの石油への依存とその変化に焦点を当て、現代における石油の役割と中東の未来について考えさせてくれる。
Takeaways
- 🌏 1991年の第一次湾岸戦争は、イラクのクウェート侵攻に対抗するアメリカ主導の連合によるもので、その背後には石油という世界の貴重な資源のコントロールが絡んでいました。
- 🏜️ 中東地域はかつて地球上で最も貧しい国々だったが、石油の発見により、今では世界で最も豊かな国々の一つとなっています。
- 💰 世界最大の利益を得る企業であるサウジアラビアの石油会社であるサウディアラムコは、2018年の利益が1110億ドルに達しました。
- 🔥 石油がもたらした豊かさと同時に、中東地域は60年間にわたって5回の大きな戦争と5回の反乱を経験しています。
- 🛒 石油は現代世界を形成し、私たちの生活を変革しました。プラスチックなど、様々な製品や技術、医療に欠かせない資源です。
- 🕵️♂️ 20世紀初期、イギリスの地理学者ジョージ・バーナード・レイノルズがペルシャ(現代のイラン)で石油を発見し、その後英が商業的な量の石油を発見しました。
- 📊 石油の需要が高まるにつれ、イギリスとフランスは中東を独占するために秘密裏に合意し、その後の長い間続く地域の紛争の種が植えられました。
- 🛑 1973年の第一次石油危機では、OPECがアメリカ、西欧、日本に対して石油輸出を禁止し、石油価格が急騰しました。
- 🛑 1980年代初頭、OPECは需要の減少に伴い生産を大幅に削減しましたが、石油価格は依然として下落しました。
- 🗼 アメリカのフラッキング技術の開発により、アメリカは中東を上回る世界最大の石油生産国となりました。
- 🌳 石油による豊かさと共に、中東地域は環境問題や戦争、テロなどの問題に直面しており、石油の未来は交差点にあります。
Q & A
1991年のガルフ戦争の開戦の背景は何ですか?
-1991年のガルフ戦争は、イラクのサッダム・フセインによるクウェートの侵攻に反発し、アメリカ率いる連合がイラクに立ち向かったものです。この戦争は、石油という世界で最も貴重な資源の制御を巡る緊張を背景にいました。
石油が中東地域に与えた影響はどのようなものでしょうか?
-石油は中東地域に天文数字の富をもたらし、かつて地球上で最も貧しい国々だった地域を、今では最も豊かな国の一つに変えました。中東の5か国は、世界で最も豊かな25か国の中にランクされています。
サウジアラビアの石油会社、サウディアラムコの2018年の利益はどのくらいでしたか?
-サウディアラビアの石油会社であるサウディアラムコの2018年の利益は、1110億ドルでした。
中東地域が直面している問題は何ですか?
-中東地域は、石油によってもたらわれた富と同時に、地域内での紛争や戦争にも悩まされています。過去60年だけで5回の大きな戦争と5回の蜂起が起きました。
石油が世界に与える影響とはどのようなものでしょうか?
-石油は現代世界を形成し、私たちの生活を大きく変えました。石油から作られるプラスチックは、靴から技術、医療まであらゆるものに使われています。
中東地域で最初の石油が発見されたのはいつですか?
-中東地域で最初の石油が発見されたのは、20世紀初頭にイラン(当時ペルシャ)で、英吉利の鉱山学者ジョージ・バーナード・レイノルズによって行われました。
石油の需要が高まった背景には何がありますか?
-第一次世界大戦では、石油が船や戦車、飛行機に使われ、石炭よりも優れたエネルギー源として証明され、需要が急速に増加しました。
OPEC(石油輸出国機構)はどのような目的で設立されましたか?
-OPECは1960年に設立され、公式には石油価格と供給の安定化を目的としていますが、実際には価格設定のためのカルテルとして機能しています。
1973年の石油危機とは何であり、どのような影響を与えましたか?
-1973年の石油危機は、OPECによるアメリカ、西欧、日本への石油輸出の禁輸によって引き起こされ、石油価格が高騰し、石油依存国に深刻な影響を与えました。
アメリカが2003年にイラクを攻撃した背景には何がありますか?
-2003年のイラク攻撃は、サダム・フセインが石油供給を自己の都合に動かすことや、大量破壊兵器を持っている可能性があるという報告に基づいて、アメリカが発動しました。
中東地域の石油が世界に与える影響は今後どのように変化する見込みですか?
-中東地域の石油生産の重要性は高まりますが、アメリカのハイドロフラクチャリング技術の進歩や、世界中の国々が化石燃料からの移行を進めていることで、その影響力は変化する可能性があります。
Outlines
😲 中東の石油と戦争
1991年の第一次湾岸戦争では、イラクのクウェート侵攻に対抗する米主導の連合が結成されました。この戦争は空前の空爆を特徴としており、中東の豊富な石油資源の確保が争われた主な理由の一つでした。石油は中東に莫大な富をもたらし、かつて地球上で最も貧しい国々だった地域が、今では世界で最も豊かな国々の一つとなっています。特にサウジアラビアの石油会社であるサウディアラムコは、2018年の利益が1110億ドルに達しました。しかし、この地域は60年だけで5回の大きな戦争と5回の反乱を経験しており、石油は祝福か呪詛かについて常に議論されています。
🌊 中東の石油の源流
中東の石油の源は、少なくとも1億年も昔の内陸海の底にあった微小な生物にあります。これらの生物は長い時間をかけて圧縮され、原油に変わりました。その後、水分が消失し、中東の砂漠が形成され、原油が地表に近い場所に残されました。第二次世界大戦時には、同盟国はヒトラーの手から石油を守るために尽力し、戦争後の需要により、中東各地で石油探査が進みました。1938年にクウェート、1940年にサウジアラビア、そして次々と他の国々で石油が発見されました。
🛡️ 石油と政治の絆
第二次世界大戦後のアメリカの新しい中産階級は、より多くの利便性と豪華を求め、アメリカの工場は武器から消費財に切り替え、石油の需要が高まりました。しかし、戦後のフランスとイギリスは世界の影響力を失い、特に石油供給に影響を受けました。中東諸国は自国の足元に埋まっている富の量を認識し、自国の石油を管理しようとしました。1951年、アメリカはサウジアラビアに武器を提供することで、彼らがアメリカに石油を供給し続けることに同意しました。また、イランの民主的に選ばれた指導者やイラクの国王が、石油問題のために英国の影響力から離れることができましたが、イランでは1953年に政変が起こり、シャアの権力を復活させました。
💡 石油危機と新興国
1960年代に石油輸出国機構(OPEC)が結成され、石油価格と供給を安定化するという公的な使命を持っていましたが、実際には価格設定のカルテルでした。しかし、1973年の第一次石油危機では、OPECがアメリカ、西ヨーロッパ、日本に対して石油輸出を禁止し、価格を高めようとしました。その結果、石油価格は急騰し、西方の産業化世界はショックを受けました。1980年代初頭には、OPECは需要の低下により出産量を大幅に削減しましたが、価格は依然として下落しました。1991年の第一次湾岸戦争では、サダム・フセインがクウェートを占領し、石油供給を守るために西側連合が干渉しました。その後、アメリカはサダムを排除し、中東の情勢を自国の好みに合わせようとしました。しかし、石油の豊富な中東諸国は、世界経済の中心に位置しており、彼らの未来は石油にかかっています。
🌿 石油の未来と中東
2003年のアメリカのイラク侵攻は、サダム・フセインの排除を目的としましたが、彼の行動は石油供給に影響を与えました。その後、アメリカのハイドロフラクチャリング技術が発展し、アメリカは世界最大の石油生産国となりました。しかし、化石燃料の使用が地球温暖化に寄与していることを認識し始め、多くの国々が石油から離れるようになりました。中東は依然として世界最大の石油保有国であり、その未来は石油の需要と供給のバランスにかかっています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡ガルフ戦争
💡石油
💡OPEC(石油輸出国機構)
💡サウジアラビア
💡石油危機
💡石油の発見
💡石油の価格
💡石油の代替
💡サダム・フセイン
💡フラッキング
💡環境問題
Highlights
The 1991 Gulf War marked a significant conflict over oil, with the U.S.-led coalition confronting Iraq's Saddam Hussein for invading Kuwait.
Oil has transformed the Middle East from some of the poorest to some of the richest countries, with five Middle Eastern countries among the top 25 wealthiest in the world.
Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia's oil operator, was the most profitable company in 2018 with profits of 111 billion dollars.
Despite wealth, the Middle East has experienced five major wars and uprisings in the last 60 years, raising the question of whether oil is a blessing or a curse.
Oil has been instrumental in modernizing the world, enabling travel and the creation of plastics, which are ubiquitous in various industries.
The age of oil in the Middle East began in the early 1900s with the discovery of oil in Persia by British geologist George Bernard Reynolds.
Oil was measured in barrels, inspired by the whiskey barrel, with 42 gallons used to account for spills.
One barrel of oil can produce enough gas for a car to drive 280 miles, a truck for 40 miles, and materials for roads, roofs, and motor oil, among other petrochemicals.
Britain and France secretly divided the Middle East between them, focusing on controlling oil resources without consulting the Arabs.
The Middle East's oil wealth is a result of geological processes from 100 million years ago, where organic matter from an inland sea was transformed into crude oil.
Oil discoveries in the Middle East continued through the 20th century, with major finds in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE, Yemen, and Oman.
Post-World War II America's increased demand for oil led to a search for more sources, with the Middle East being a prime target.
The 1973 oil crisis saw an OPEC embargo against the U.S., Western Europe, and Japan, causing oil prices to skyrocket and leading to a global recession.
The 1980s saw a drop in oil demand and prices, with OPEC's market share and influence diminishing as Western nations sought alternative energy sources.
The 1991 Gulf War was a response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, with Western allies aiming to protect their oil supply and regional stability.
The aftermath of 9/11 saw a complex relationship between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia, given the origins of the attackers and Saudi Arabia's oil significance.
The U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 was partly due to Saddam Hussein's unpredictable behavior and potential possession of weapons of mass destruction.
The fracking revolution in the U.S. has shifted the balance of global oil production, with the U.S. surpassing Middle Eastern nations as the largest oil producer.
The Middle East's dominance in oil production is challenged by global shifts towards renewable energy and reduced reliance on fossil fuels.
Transcripts
1991 the opening shops of the first Gulf
War
a U.S led Coalition takes on Iraq
Saddam Hussein for his invasion of
Kuwait
it's one of the most intense air
bombardments ever
but this isn't just about standing up to
a bully
also about controlling one of the
world's most precious resources
oil
oil has brought astronomical wealth to
the Middle East
what were once some of the poorest
countries on Earth are now some of the
richest best
luxury playgrounds for the super wealthy
five countries in the Middle East are
among the 25 wealthiest in the world
the most profitable company on the
planet is Saudi aramco
Saudi Arabia's oil operator
its 2018 profits were 111 billion
dollars
yet the regions cursed by conflict in
the last 60 years alone there have been
five major Wars and five uprisings
so for the Middle East is oil a blessing
or a curse
[Music]
foreign
oil has transformed and shaped our lives
without it the modern world simply would
not exist thanks to oil the planet has
shrunk
we travel constantly
from oil we get Plastics which show up
in everything from shoes to technology
to medicine
and when you think of oil you think of
one place
the Middle East
[Music]
there's just a handful of countries all
clustered together that Supply well over
a third of all the oil the world uses
[Music]
the age of oil in the Middle East begins
in the early 1900s when after seven
years of wandering in the desert
determined British geologist George
Bernard Reynolds finally discovers oil
in Persia modern-day Iran British
Prospectors found oil in commercial
quantities this was well number one in
the following years the oil Derek sprang
up along the foothills of the mountain
a year later the anglo-persian oil
company is launched
timing is excellent
World War One proves oil makes a far
better energy source than coal for ships
and it Powers new tanks and planes
demand quickly grows
from the start oil is measured in
barrels the inspiration comes partly
from another valuable liquid whiskey
rather than reinvent the wheel oil
producers just take the 40 gallon
whiskey barrel and use that for the
gooey tar-like substance add two extra
gallons for spills and there you have it
so what do you do you get from one
barrel of oil
[Music]
quite a bit actually
you get enough gas to drive a car 280
miles
and a large truck 40 miles and a gallon
of tarp recovering roads or roofs
and a quart of motor oil but wait
there's more
you'll have enough petrochemicals left
to make either 540 toothbrushes or 135
rubber balls
[Music]
foreign
is over Britain and France secretly
agree to carve up the Middle East
between them
and it's all about the oil
the Arabs are not consulted but they're
fractured into tribes and kingdoms so
powerless to stop events
the seeds of a conflict that will last
decades are planted
especially as in the Years between the
two World Wars more oil is discovered in
the region but why exactly is the Middle
East blessed with so much oil
[Music]
Way Way Back at least 100 million years
ago what's now desert in the Middle East
was the bed of an inland sea
microscopic organisms sank to the bottom
getting crushed over the centuries they
were pressure cooked into crude oil
eventually the water is receded and the
dry Dunes of the Middle East emerged
leaving those massive deposits of oils
tantalizingly close to the surface
[Music]
now everyone knows where the oil is and
why it's so valuable so when World War
II breaks out the Allies make sure
Hitler never gets his hands on it
the huge demand for oil both during the
war and in the Years following Spurs
companies to hunt for more black gold
throughout the Middle East
turns out it's everywhere
in 1938 oil is found in Kuwait and then
Saudi Arabia in in 1940 it's discovered
in Qatar
oil is found in 1958 in the United Arab
Emirates
in Yemen in 1961
and in 1962 Oman finds oil
[Music]
after World War II America's newly
thriving middle class wants more
convenience and luxury
and unscarred by the war America's
factories quickly pivot from making
weapons to churning out consumer goods
increasing America's thirst for oil a
nation's standard of living surged
forward
but post-war France in Britain start to
lose their Global influence
and their grip on the oil supply
especially when Middle Eastern Nations
realize just how much wealth Lies
Beneath their feet
they want to take control of their own
death
British influence in Jordan is under a
class
Saudi Arabia formed its own kingdom back
in
1932. in 1946 Syria and Lebanon free
themselves from France
that same year Britain needs Jordan
but America still needs to keep that oil
flowing time to start cutting deals
in 1951 America agrees to supply Saudi
Arabia with arms if they'll continue to
supply America with oil the Saudi royal
family is soon rolling in profits and
weapons
and the rest of the oil soap nations in
the Middle East sit up and take notice
storming through the streets in a
riotous month
in 1953 Iran's democratically elected
leader kicked out the British after
nationalizing the country's oil fields
two years earlier
there's a power struggle to remove the
Monarch the Shah
the UK and the US are Furious the Shah
is a keen supporter of their oil
interests
American and British spies engineer a
coup to return power to the throne
literally overnight the whole picture
was reversed
they've reinstate the Shah who had flown
to Italy to escape the violence
the stay of the child Pasha and queen
Soraya in Rome was of short duration and
from the turmoil of Tehran news came
that the royalist school had been
successful after all
but Iran isn't the only Middle East
nation in political turmoil because of
oil
[Music]
now the most dangerous crisis of all
revolution in Iraq
in 1958 another coup this time in Iraq
the Army seizes power overthrowing the
king a longtime supporter of British
interests in the region
King five's law enthroned in 1953 and
his cousin Crown Prince abdulillah
regioned for 14 years were reported to
have been met
the young king and his government had
committed the crime of Friendship with
the Whisk
the coup ends British influence over oil
in Iraq and leads to the rise of a man
who will later become America's Arch
Enemy Saddam Hussein
as the old Colonial Powers lose
influence and new States emerge the
Middle East takes on a new independent
spirit
oil producing states start working
together to protect the value of their
oil fields
they want Arabian oil for the Arabs
in September 1960 they form a new and
Powerful Alliance
Coupe
organization of petroleum exporting
countries
its public mission is to stabilize oil
prices and supply
in truth it's a price fixing cartel
the first Middle East members are Iran
Iraq Kuwait and Saudi Arabia
but their Newfound oil profits aren't
being reinvested in their people
instead Middle East autocrats use their
riches to spend lavishly on personal
palaces cars and military hardware
in one deal the U.S supplies the Saudis
with an air defense system worth 1.6
billion dollars
but the flow of riches for oil comes
through a crushing halt in 1973 with the
first oil shock
the US dollar takes a nosedive and OPEC
feels the pinch all their oil contracts
are in dollars
flexing its muscles OPEC embargoes oil
exports to the United States western
Europe and Japan drastically cutting
back their supply so prices will rise
well here's what you can look forward to
the critical gasoline
will relax
oil prices go through the roof from just
under three dollars a barrel to eleven
and a half dollars a barrel
oil dependent Nations suffer a recession
the Western industrialized world was
shocked
opec's decisions were seen as
high-handed unreasonable verging on
blackmail
cartel with a unified voice
member nations are actually growing more
suspicious of one another
are they telling each other the truth
about how much oil they actually produce
about the real size of their oil
Reserves
and Iran and Iraq are about to collide
[Music]
Ayatollah khomeini's Islamic revolution
in Iran worries Saddam Hussein who
thinks the revolution May spread to his
country
the Ayatollah regards Saddam as nothing
more than a brutal greedy tyrant
in 1980 using planes and missiles bought
by their oil riches Iran and Iraq erupt
into a devastating eight-year War
oil prices actually plummet
at the very worst time
why
because the war comes just as globally
oil consumption dips and other oil
states are producing a lot more
meanwhile after enduring those gas lines
of the 70s
Western Nations wake up to their
addiction to Middle East oil
and start searching for other sources
OPEC desperate to keep the cash coming
in Cuts production to keep oil prices
High
in the early 1980s they cut their output
by nearly half from around 30 million to
15 million barrels a day
but oil prices still fall
almost 36 dollars a barrel in 1980
to around 14 in 1986 because demand is
dropping spectacularly
OPEC market share is slashed from 49 in
1976.
so just 28 in 1985.
1991. and we're back to the first Gulf
War
the conflict starts when Saddam
Hussein's troops overrun neighboring
Kuwait
he claims they're cheating on their oil
quotas and their oil fields actually
belong to him
the Western allies decide to intervene
they can't afford to stand by anymore
while the Middle East oil producers rip
each other apart
the West's oil supply must be protected
the U.S led Coalition is one of the
largest Invasion forces in history
as one piece activist noted if Kuwait
exported broccoli we wouldn't be there
now
Kuwait is once more in the hands of
kuwaitis in control of their own destiny
we share in their Joy
in the aftermath and an easy truce
emerges
Saddam remains in power
but everything changes
on a bright blue Autumn morning
September the 11th 2001.
[Music]
The Mastermind behind 9 11 Osama Bin
Laden and 15 of the 19 hijackers are all
originally from Saudi Arabia
but seeing as how that country is the
biggest supplier of oil to the West
punishing the Saudis wouldn't be a smart
move
still the U.S is hungry for an excuse to
use its strength in 2003 America's old
foe Saddam Hussein has become even more
unpredictable
turning his oil Taps on and off as he
likes and disrupting oil supplies to the
West
[Music]
when America gets sketchy reports Saddam
might also have weapons of mass
destruction
they decide to act once and for all
the US launches airstrikes and a ground
invasion
[Applause]
in the aftermath Saddam is found hiding
in a hole in the ground
three years later he's executed
it appeared America and her allies are
now shaping events in the Middle East to
their own liking
but during Wars and boom and bust Cycles
it's the people of the Middle East who
suffer most
always facing uncertainty and danger
and always in the background there is
oil
foreign
and the Middle East is sitting on more
oil resources than anyone else
in 2012 a barrel of OPEC crude oil costs
over 109 a barrel four times the price
in 2003
10 Middle East countries covered just
3.4 percent of the earth's land surface
concentrated in this small area is 48 of
the world's known oil Reserves
Saudi Arabia has 17.2 percent Iran nine
percent Iraq 8.5 and Kuwait 5.9 percent
so OPEC continues to hold a tight fist
on the future of oil or does it
in 2008 America's fracking Revolution
kicks in
fracking a nickname for hydraulic
fracturing involves drilling down into
energy-rich Shale and pumping a highly
pressurized mixture of water and
chemicals into it releasing oil and
natural gas from The Rock
thanks in part to the successor fracking
the us becomes the world's biggest
single oil producer outpacing the
nations of the Middle East
but also more and more Nations start
turning away from oil altogether
acknowledging the role fossil fuels play
in global climate change
so where will that leave the mighty
towers of Dubai
ever since middle east oil was first
discovered it has brought incredible
wealth to the region and benefits and
blessings to The Wider world
has also brought the curse of conflict
war and terrorism
now the Region's dominance in oil
production is at a Crossroads
the modern nations of the Middle East
have never known a world that does not
cover their oil
perhaps for everyone's sake it's time
they did
[Music]
5.0 / 5 (0 votes)