How reading changes the way your brain works - BBC World Service

Summary

This video explores the fascinating science of reading, revealing how the brain’s circuits, which were not initially designed for reading, evolve over time to process written language. It delves into how different writing systems, such as logographic Chinese characters, activate various brain areas. The impact of technology, particularly the effects of screen reading, is also discussed, highlighting how it can impair attention and critical thinking. Ultimately, the video advocates for deep reading as a means to enrich the brain, shape our cognition, and build a better, more thoughtful society.

Takeaways

• 😀 Reading isn't a natural ability for humans; it requires specific brain development over time.
• 😀 The brain co-opts parts responsible for vision, auditory processing, and language to build the reading network.
• 😀 The Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics were among the first writing systems developed around 3300 BC.
• 😀 Reading activates all four lobes of the brain, involving complex processes including language, vision, and attention.
• 😀 Learning to read alters brain activity, structure, and connectivity, reflecting the brain's adaptability.
• 😀 The type of language we read can shape brain activity; for instance, reading Chinese activates more visual memory and processing.
• 😀 A bilingual patient who knew both Chinese and English showed how different writing systems can activate distinct brain areas.
• 😀 Reading is not just a mental process, but also affects us physically, with certain brain areas linked to emotional and gut responses.
• 😀 New technologies, like phones and tablets, have altered how we read, often leading to more passive reading habits and increased skimming.
• 😀 Excessive digital exposure, especially for children, is linked to poorer academic performance and shorter attention spans.
• 😀 To combat the negative effects of technology, parents and educators should encourage children to develop a strong reading habit, as deep reading enhances cognitive and societal growth.

Q & A

Why is reading considered an unnatural process for the brain?

Reading is not innate to the brain. While our brain is equipped with the circuitry for vision and language, it lacks the specific neural pathways for reading. Over time, we have adapted existing brain functions related to vision, auditory processing, and language to develop the ability to read.

What is the relationship between reading and brain activity?

Reading activates multiple regions of the brain, engaging all four lobes of the cortex. It connects different areas involved in vision, language processing, attention, and emotions, making it a highly complex and integrative brain activity.

How does the brain adapt to reading and language?

The brain alters its structure and activity as we learn to read. This process not only changes brain connectivity but also shapes how different parts of the brain communicate. As we read, the brain builds new networks that associate letters and words with sounds and meanings.

What makes Chinese characters different from alphabetic writing systems?

Chinese characters are logographic, meaning each symbol represents a concept or object, rather than a sound. This requires more visual memory and processing, which activates different brain areas compared to alphabetic systems like English.

What was the significance of the bilingual patient study with Chinese and English?

The study of a bilingual patient who suffered a stroke showed how different brain areas are activated by different writing systems. Despite losing the ability to read Chinese, the patient retained proficiency in English, highlighting the unique neural processes involved in each language.

How does reading affect our physical sensations?

Reading can evoke physical sensations, such as feeling nervous or pained, because the brain regions responsible for processing emotions and bodily sensations are also activated during reading. This shows how deeply reading can impact us on a physical level.

How has technology affected the way we read?

The rise of digital reading on phones and tablets often leads to passive, interrupted reading habits, such as skimming and frequent distractions. This reduces deep reading and increases vulnerability to misinformation, highlighting the need for critical thinking when engaging with digital content.

What are the consequences of early exposure to digital devices for children?

Research suggests that children exposed to digital devices early on may perform worse academically. Digital distractions can negatively affect attention and executive function, making it harder for children to focus and engage with tasks effectively.

Can screen time be beneficial for children?

While excessive screen time can have negative effects, studies indicate that monitored, education-focused screen time may be beneficial. This highlights the importance of balancing digital exposure with productive, focused activities.

What is the antidote to the negative effects of digital exposure on children?

The antidote is to immerse children in reading. Encouraging a love for reading, where parents and teachers model good reading habits and read to children, can have significant positive effects on their development and learning.