kuliah obat antiparasit (antimalaria, antiamuba, anthelmintic dan obat infeksi ektoparasit)

Summary

The transcript covers a lecture on pharmacological treatments for parasitic infections, discussing the various drug classes used to treat protozoan and worm infections. It explains the mechanisms of action for antimalarial drugs like chlorophyllin and primaquine, amoebicides like metronidazole, and anthelmintics targeting different types of worms. The lecture also explores the life cycles of these parasites and how drugs interrupt their development. Additionally, it touches on the use of ectoparasitic treatments for scabies and other skin infestations, providing a comprehensive look at therapeutic approaches to parasitic diseases.

Takeaways

• 🦠 The lecture covers pharmacology related to parasitic infections, including protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.
• 🧬 Malaria is caused by different Plasmodium species and involves multiple life cycle phases in humans and mosquitoes.
• 💊 Antimalarial drugs are categorized based on their mechanism: metabolism inhibitors, electron transport chain inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, and folate antagonists.
• 🩸 Antimalarial therapies target different life cycle stages — liver (tissue schizonts), blood schizonts, and gametocytes.
• 🛰️ Examples of antimalarial drugs include chloroquine, quinidine, artemisinin derivatives, primaquine, and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
• 🪱 Amebiasis treatment involves luminal agents (e.g., paromomycin, diloxanide furoate), systemic agents (e.g., metronidazole), and mixed agents depending on the infection stage.
• ⚗️ Metronidazole is well-absorbed, widely distributed, and used for amoeba, trichomonas, and anaerobic bacteria, but may cause nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain.
• 🐛 Anthelmintic drugs target worms by interfering with enzyme function, glucose uptake, neuromuscular transmission, or microtubule formation.
• 💥 Albendazole and mebendazole damage worm cellular structures and inhibit glucose uptake, leading to parasite death; avoid fatty food to prevent excess absorption.
• ⚡ Pyrantel pamoate causes neuromuscular paralysis in worms, making them expelled easily, but is contraindicated in pregnancy and liver disease.
• 🧵 Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is used for filariasis, causing paralysis and immune-mediated destruction of microfilariae.
• 🧴 Ectoparasite treatments like permethrin, lindane, sulfur, and benzyl benzoate target scabies and lice by damaging parasite nervous systems.

Q & A

What are the main groups of drugs used to treat malaria?

There are four main groups of anti-malarial drugs: those that inhibit metabolism in Plasmodium, those that inhibit the electron transport chain, those that inhibit protein synthesis, and those that act as folate antagonists.

How does malaria transmission occur in humans?

Malaria is transmitted when an infected mosquito injects sporozoites into a human's bloodstream, which then travel to the liver where they mature and replicate, eventually entering red blood cells and causing symptoms.

What is the mechanism of action for chloroquine in treating malaria?

Chloroquine works by inhibiting the metabolism of Plasmodium, preventing it from digesting hemoglobin in red blood cells, which leads to the parasite's death.

How do anti-amoeba drugs, such as metronidazole, work in treating amoebiasis?

Metronidazole works by disrupting the DNA of the amoeba, effectively killing the parasite. It is commonly used for infections caused by *Entamoeba histolytica* and *Trichomonas vaginalis*.

What are the side effects of using metronidazole for amoebiasis?

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, and epigastric pain. It can also interact with certain drugs, potentially altering blood drug levels.

What is the purpose of using luminal amoebicides like paromomycin?

Luminal amoebicides such as paromomycin work locally in the intestinal tract to treat intestinal amoebiasis without being absorbed into the bloodstream, thus preventing systemic infections.

What is the difference between luminal and systemic amoebicides?

Luminal amoebicides treat the parasite in the intestines, while systemic amoebicides are absorbed into the bloodstream and can treat infections that have spread beyond the intestines.

How do anthelmintic drugs work in treating worm infections?

Anthelmintic drugs work by targeting worms' metabolic processes, interfering with their nervous system, or inhibiting their ability to absorb glucose. This results in paralysis or death of the worm.

What is the role of benzimidazole in treating worm infections?

Benzimidazoles like albendazole work by damaging the subcellular structure of worms and inhibiting glucose uptake, which leads to the worm's sterility and eventual death.

How does permethrin treat ectoparasite infections like scabies?

Permethrin works by disrupting the central nervous system of the parasite, causing paralysis and death, which helps eliminate scabies and other ectoparasites.