Gr 11: Geography development

Summary

In this Grade 11 geography lesson, the instructor reviews key concepts of development covered in Grade 9, emphasizing the terminology, economic, social, and demographic indicators. The lesson explains development as a process that improves people's quality of life, varying by perception. It covers the importance of measuring development, indicators like GDP, GNP, and the Human Development Index, and differentiates between more and less economically developed countries. The session also includes activities to reinforce understanding, aiming to help students apply their knowledge effectively.

Takeaways

• 📚 Development involves a process of change that improves people's lives.
• 🌍 The United Nations Development Program defines development as leading a long, healthy life, having access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living.
• 📈 Economic, social, and demographic indicators are used to measure development.
• 💡 Development is perceived differently based on people's previous conditions and current improvements.
• 🏡 Importance of development includes determining the quality of life and identifying areas limiting progress.
• 💵 Economic indicators like GDP, GNP, and GDP per capita measure a country's economic output and development.
• 👷‍♂️ The structure of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary activities) impacts development levels.
• 📊 Social indicators such as literacy rates, access to healthcare, and life expectancy measure well-being and development.
• 🔢 Demographic indicators provide statistics like birth rates, death rates, and population growth, influencing development.
• 🌐 Human Development Index (HDI) combines economic and social factors to give a more comprehensive measure of development.

Q & A

What is the definition of development according to the United Nations Development Program?

Development is defined as leading a long, healthy life, being knowledgeable, having a good quality of life, access to resources, and the ability to participate in community life.

How does development vary based on perception?

Development varies based on what people had before and what they have now. For instance, moving from informal settlements to low-cost housing is considered development in poorer countries.

Why is measuring development important?

Measuring development is important to determine the level of development, identify areas limiting development, and develop strategies to improve development.

What are the three main types of development indicators?

The three main types of development indicators are economic, social, and demographic indicators.

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how is it measured?

GDP measures the value of goods and services produced within a country's borders by citizens and non-citizens for a specific period, usually a year.

What is the difference between GDP and Gross National Product (GNP)?

GDP includes goods and services produced within a country's borders by citizens and non-citizens, while GNP includes goods and services produced by a country's citizens both domestically and abroad.

What is the Gini coefficient and what does it represent?

The Gini coefficient represents income inequality within a nation, with a score ranging from 0 (full equality) to 1 (no equality).

How do economic indicators like GDP per capita help in understanding development?

GDP per capita measures the country's economic output per person, providing a better idea of the average income and quality of life, which helps in understanding economic development.

What are some examples of social indicators of development?

Examples of social indicators include literacy rates, access to healthcare, life expectancy, and the risk of diseases.

What is the Human Development Index (HDI) and what does it measure?

The HDI measures the level of human development based on three key dimensions: a long and healthy life, access to education, and a decent standard of living. It ranges from 0 (worst quality of life) to 1 (perfect quality of life).

Outlines

00:00

📘 Introduction and the Importance of Development

In this introductory section, the speaker addresses the topic of development for Grade 11 students. They emphasize that many of the concepts discussed are familiar from Grade 9 geography, ensuring students should be able to grasp them quickly. The speaker apologizes for not having professional studio quality and highlights that understanding development involves examining economic, social, and demographic indicators. The United Nations Development Program's definition of development is outlined, which includes aspects like leading a long and healthy life, having knowledge, and accessing necessary resources. The core idea is that development is a process of change that improves the quality of life as perceived by individuals.

05:01

🌍 Exploring Development and Its Indicators

This paragraph delves deeper into why measuring development is crucial. It helps determine the quality of life and identify areas that limit development, such as the lack of processed goods. The speaker discusses the need for strategies to enhance development, including human resource development. The concept of development indicators is introduced, which measure a country's economic, social, and institutional growth. These indicators include economic metrics like GDP and GNP, social measures like health and education, and institutional factors. The importance of understanding these indicators for analyzing development levels is emphasized.

10:02

💰 Economic Indicators of Development

Focusing on economic indicators, the speaker explains how GDP and GNP are used to measure the economic output of a country. GDP covers goods and services produced within a country's borders, while GNP includes the production by a country's citizens, both domestically and abroad. The concept of per capita GDP is introduced, highlighting that it's a better indicator of economic development as it accounts for population size. The example of China is used to illustrate how a high GDP does not necessarily translate into a high per capita income due to its large population. The distinction between GDP and GNP helps understand the size and economic health of a country.

15:04

🏭 The Structure of the Economy

This section discusses the different sectors of the economy—primary, secondary, and tertiary activities—and their roles in development. Primary activities involve the extraction and harvesting of resources, like agriculture and mining. Secondary activities involve processing raw materials into goods, such as manufacturing. Tertiary activities provide services like education, health, and commerce. The speaker also introduces the quaternary sector, which involves information processing and research. Understanding the distribution of employment across these sectors helps gauge the level of development, as more developed countries tend to have more employment in tertiary and quaternary sectors.

20:06

👩‍🏫 Social Indicators and Their Impact on Development

The focus shifts to social indicators, which measure the well-being of people through access to services like education, healthcare, and adequate shelter. Social indicators also include literacy rates and life expectancy. The speaker compares these indicators between more and less economically developed countries, showing how higher literacy rates and better access to services contribute to development. The importance of human resource development is emphasized, highlighting how investing in people's skills and education boosts overall development.

25:09

👶 Demographic and Health Indicators

This paragraph covers demographic indicators that provide statistical insights into a country's population, such as birth rates, death rates, and infant mortality rates. These indicators are often higher in less developed countries due to inadequate healthcare and other services. The speaker explains that these figures are crucial for understanding the quality of life and overall development. For example, high infant mortality rates and low life expectancy are indicative of lower development levels. These indicators help identify areas where improvements can significantly impact a country's development.

30:10

📚 Access to Education and Technology

Education and technology are crucial indicators of development. The speaker highlights how access to primary, secondary, and higher education differs between more and less developed countries. Higher literacy rates and better educational opportunities correlate with greater development. Access to technology, such as mobile phones and the internet, also plays a significant role in development. More developed countries have higher access rates, which facilitate better communication, learning, and economic activities, further enhancing development.

35:13

📊 Understanding the Human Development Index (HDI)

The Human Development Index (HDI) is introduced as a composite measure that includes both social and economic indicators. It assesses three key dimensions: a long and healthy life, access to education, and a decent standard of living. The HDI ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating better quality of life and development. This measure is more comprehensive than purely economic indicators as it encompasses multiple aspects of development. The speaker underscores the importance of the HDI in providing a balanced view of a country's development level.

40:13

📈 Demographic Statistics and Development

This section delves into demographic statistics, such as age-specific death rates, population growth rates, and sex ratios. These figures provide concrete data to analyze development trends and are crucial for understanding the population dynamics of a country. The speaker explains that demographic indicators are the foundation for deriving social and economic indicators. For instance, life expectancy and infant mortality rates directly impact social development measures. These statistics offer valuable insights into the population's well-being and the overall development status.

45:13

🏢 Comparing More and Less Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs and LEDCs)

The speaker revisits the concepts of more and less economically developed countries (MEDCs and LEDCs). MEDCs are highly industrialized with advanced technology and a significant focus on tertiary activities. They have high access to healthcare, education, and other services. LEDCs, on the other hand, struggle with structural impairments and rely heavily on primary sector activities. The speaker discusses the geographical distribution of MEDCs and LEDCs and introduces the notion of newly industrialized countries (NICs), which are transitioning from LEDCs to more developed status, like China and India.

50:14

🌍 Case Study: Economic and Social Indicators in Different Countries

The speaker provides a comparative analysis of various countries using specific economic and social indicators. For instance, Kuwait and Bangladesh are compared in terms of GNP per capita, literacy rates, and life expectancy. These comparisons highlight the vast differences in development levels. The speaker emphasizes that understanding these indicators helps identify development challenges and opportunities. The analysis underscores the importance of comprehensive measures to accurately assess and compare development across different countries.

📖 Review and Reflect on Development Concepts

In the closing section, the speaker summarizes the key points covered in the lesson. They reflect on the importance of applying knowledge about development and understanding its indicators. The lesson emphasizes that development is multifaceted, involving economic, social, and demographic aspects. The speaker encourages students to think critically about these concepts and their applications in real-world scenarios. A brief activity is suggested to reinforce the learning, asking students to differentiate between development and development indicators, identify important measures, and classify countries based on their development status.

Keywords

💡Development

Development refers to the process of change that improves people's quality of life. In the video, it is described as a multifaceted concept that includes economic, social, and demographic improvements. For instance, moving from informal settlements to low-cost housing is an example of development, as it enhances living conditions.

💡Economic Indicators

Economic indicators are metrics used to assess the economic development of a country. In the video, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and GNP (Gross National Product) are discussed as measures of the value of goods and services produced, which help in understanding a country's economic performance. For example, the video explains how GDP per capita provides insight into the average income and economic development level.

💡Social Indicators

Social indicators measure the well-being and quality of life of people in a society. These include literacy rates, access to education, healthcare, and services. The video emphasizes how higher literacy rates and better access to services in more economically developed countries (MEDCs) contribute to higher quality of life and overall development.

💡Demographic Indicators

Demographic indicators are statistical measures that describe the characteristics of a population, such as birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy. The video highlights how these indicators provide insights into the health and development status of a country, noting that higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality rates are common in MEDCs.

💡Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period. In the video, GDP is used to illustrate the economic size of a country, with examples showing how GDP is a primary indicator of economic activity. For instance, South Africa's GDP is discussed in terms of its contribution to understanding economic development.

💡Human Development Index (HDI)

HDI is a composite index that measures a country's average achievements in health, education, and income. The video describes HDI as a reliable indicator of development that combines economic and social factors, providing a broader understanding of human well-being. It includes metrics like life expectancy and educational attainment.

💡Gini Coefficient

The Gini Coefficient measures income inequality within a nation, ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (maximum inequality). The video uses South Africa's Gini Coefficient to demonstrate how economic disparities can impact overall development. A higher score indicates greater inequality, which is more common in less economically developed countries (LEDCs).

💡Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sectors

These sectors categorize economic activities. The primary sector involves extraction of raw materials, the secondary sector involves manufacturing, and the tertiary sector involves services. The video explains how the distribution of employment across these sectors can indicate a country's level of development, with more developed countries having higher employment in the tertiary sector.

💡Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

NICs are countries that are transitioning from LEDC to MEDC status, with rapidly growing economies and increasing industrialization. The video mentions countries like China and Malaysia as examples of NICs, highlighting their movement towards more developed status through industrial growth and economic diversification.

💡Per Capita Income

Per capita income is the average income earned per person in a given area, calculated by dividing the GDP by the population. The video discusses how per capita income provides a more accurate reflection of individual economic well-being and is used to compare living standards between countries. For example, China’s GDP per capita is used to illustrate differences in income distribution.

Highlights

Introduction to the topic of development and its significance in grade 11 geography.

Explanation of the United Nations Development Program's definition of development, emphasizing a long, healthy life, access to resources, and a decent standard of living.

Simplified definition of development as a process of change that affects people's lives and involves an improvement in the quality of life.

Discussion on the importance of development in determining the level of development, quality of life, and identifying areas limiting development.

Introduction to development indicators and their role in measuring the level of development, including economic, social, and demographic indicators.

Explanation of economic indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Product (GNP), and per capita GDP.

Detailed breakdown of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities and their relevance to development.

Introduction to quaternary activities involving information processing and research, highlighting their importance in modern economies.

Comparison of less economically developed countries (LEDCs) and more economically developed countries (MEDCs) based on the employment distribution across economic sectors.

Social indicators of development, including literacy rates, access to healthcare, and quality of life.

Human Development Index (HDI) as a comprehensive measure of development, combining economic and social indicators.

Demographic indicators providing statistical data on population age structures, mortality rates, and life expectancy.

Examples of MEDCs and LEDCs with specific comparisons, highlighting the disparities in income, literacy, and life expectancy.

Introduction to Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs) and their characteristics, positioning them between LEDCs and MEDCs.

Summary activity reinforcing the concepts covered in the lesson, including development, development indicators, and their classifications.

Transcripts

[Music]

hello learners

hope that you are keeping well and uh

apologies uh for the

shine in my eyes i don't have those

studios

right maybe i've got a natural shine in

my eyes

okay so i do apologize for that i hope

it doesn't affect you much i have to use

other forms of

writing at home okay i'm not in the

studio

okay but our grade 11 lesson

today is actually on development

now one thing you must realize you must

say you may be saying to yourself

i remember these things all right uh

some of these concepts i know already

and yes you do

because in your grade nine geography you

covered a lot of these concepts already

so if you do still have your

grade 9 geography books which i hope you

do

and you go over that you'll find there's

so many things

that you've already covered okay so it's

nothing new to you so we expect good

marks

for this section all right

so let's get going

what we will be looking at here the

terminology associated with development

sounds familiar grade 9a the

concept of development

the economic social and demographic

indicators of development

and we're going to look at examples

all right to illustrate the difference

in development all right just simple

examples

will be coming across factors etc in

later lessons

okay so very familiar to you from grade

nine all right but let's go on

so we should be getting good marks all

right let's first of all look

at what is development

all right and first of all let's look at

the united nations development program

how he defines it

he defines it as leading a long

healthy life to be knowledgeable

so good quality of life to have skills

to have access to resources

all right whether it's your needs

you understand housing again education

sanitation uh

institutions for study and i'm repeating

myself

all these things to have a decent

standard of living all right

to live comfortably and be able to

participate in life of the community you

can actively participate

so includes all that in terms of even

the quality

of life of a person okay that's a bit

long name

let's shorten it a bit okay so simply

put

development is a process of change

that affects people's lives it may

involve

an improvement in the quality of life

as perceived by people

undergoing change all right

how they perceive it remember that is

development

okay you may get situations where

somebody all the learners in the schools

got laptops that's development

but let's take a poorer country

moving from informal settlements

or checks to low-cost housing

is a development so it varies it depends

on how we perceive

development based on what we had and

what we

now have that is development so it's

different

in terms of perception all right but we

all want to head through where we have

all the skills etc okay

right now importance of development i

know i've added this on

but it's necessary to know why

development

is important all right

okay why do we measure this development

and why is development is important

it determines the level to determine the

level of development

you understand okay to determine the

level of the where

are we now where should we be where can

we be

right to determine the average quality

of life of the citizens

okay what's the quality of life it's

glow

how could we up it because it makes us

start thinking hey

all right makes us start thinking all

right can you see why i have included

this

uh identify areas limiting development

now why

is it what are the factors we are not

processing enough goods we selling our

raw materials

so let's make a change so we develop

strategies

to handle the problem to improve

development

i've taken this from grade nine all

right but it does bring out

significance so now we say let's invest

in

processing our raw materials so we can

have

we need more skills we'll train more

people can you see it so development is

not just a theoretical thing

that we just learned and given exams it

makes us think

and in future years maybe you will be

involved

in working and developing the country i

hope so

you are geographers all right can you

see here it talks about

human resource development that's a big

thing

all right we tend to focus on other

things but

like infrastructure which is important

but we need to develop our human

resource

develop our people you understand that

is very very important we can have the

technology

you understand but we need to develop

the people

you want to set user technology also

okay

development indicators it's going to be

so important

as we go through these sections what are

development

indicators they measure

the level of development

can you see with regards to the

country's economic

social and institutional growth

all right in terms of uh economic

how much money in comparison to others

we measure

how much money we made the gnp the gdp

cross domestic product cross national

product we

measure it to see where we stand okay

social you understand the health of the

people

the debt rate the birth rate you

understand

all these things we start looking at the

institutional growth

of infrastructure institutions village

universities colleges whatever

you understand we do all that and

generally it's a numerical

measure okay of the quality of life can

you see here

we have gdp in u.s dollars

right we have uh

per person gdp okay we look at all these

things we look at the figures

all right later on we'll be doing uh the

genie coefficient we look at the figures

all right uh the number of years in

school and we look at figures

so i'm not going to go into detail in

all this but we give exact

or sort of average figures for each

thing

all right and that's how we work through

it so it's numerical

which makes us easier to analyze it

and of course again by measuring it it

compares the level of development

okay why are we here who's there who's

developing

or ledc low uh less economic developers

more economic developed how can we

improve we look at all these

statistics and again there's three types

social

uh economic and

we also look at environmental

but we are not going to look so much at

environmental yet we're going to put it

as a

factor all right we can look

more at demographic

indicators these are the stats

okay now example of indicators are

gross domestic product human development

index don't worry about the explanation

of this it's gonna come to you now

so don't stress all right the indicators

will be explained in the presentation

okay right let's go on

now economic indicators

is our first one we're gonna do it

economic

social and we're gonna bring in the

demographic indicators

right what does this do it

looks at the economic development of the

country

the economic development of a country

the finance the money

earning you understand the average

income

all this is economic remember the impact

you understand the impact that you look

at the per capita

gdp the average for it for the people

across the country

it impacts on the social obviously if

it's higher you have a better social

life so they don't work

independently but they work hand in hand

eh

right this is the most common method of

measuring development

all right when we look at the financial

situation

of course the money makes everything

happen hey

all right not total happiness always

it's other issues

but it makes you be able to afford

things

okay so the first one we look at is the

grass domestic product

also known as the gdp i told you we're

gonna cover this

in more detail now this measures the

value of goods and services

produced within the

country's borders so if it's south

africa

it's within south africa not outside

okay so it's within the country what's

goods and services produced and it's by

citizens and non-citizens

so it's alive it's by south africans and

people who came into south africa from

other countries

okay that's your gdp within the country

and by citizens and not citizens for a

specific

period okay like in many cases

a year they measure it for it each year

you understand and how much you can see

whether it's improving

or it's decreasing whatever then gross

national product gnp

measures again the value of goods and

services

produced only by only

a country's citizens only by south

africans okay but the difference here

now is not only by south africans

it includes the excludes the

non-citizens

but it's produced both domestically

and abroad so south africa is producing

in the country and

outside the country for a specific

period again

generally we find a year for each eighth

measure so they can compare

so we have these two all right now

what we must know to be learners

is that these are used to indicate the

size of a country's economy

all right generally already used for

development

but the size of a country's economy not

necessarily how developed it

is okay i'll show you examples just now

all right the gdp is the main

indicator more than the gnp the gdp is

used

all right but let's bring in another

concept

per capita gross domestic product

all right or gdp as it's known as

what is this is the country's economic

output

per person and it's calculated by

dividing the gdp of the country

by its population so we say

this is the amount earned so many

billion dollars maybe south africa 500

billion i'm just giving an example

we take the number of people in the

country and divide it

okay and that gives you an average

income okay it's not the best

but it gives you a better idea of how

developed we are

the quality of life that people are

living

so it's actually a better indicator of

economic development all right

i will show you an example here let's

take china

twelve point two three two four trillion

dollars fifteen point four

percent of the world's

well there it's huge you understand

and they unite second to the united

states

all right but remember china has

uh said to be corrected but maybe more

than 1.5 billion people

large number so if you take you you may

be in your house

you have maybe 20 people

a big family all right and you earn

80 000 rent if you divide it by the

people

it'll come to 4 000 grand per person

okay let's take your neighbor your

neighbor earns

40 000 rare you understand

and he has uh maybe two people in the

family

okay or let's put it four people let's

make it a bigger family too

and he ends forty thousand rand now if

you divide it by the four people

okay it comes to ten thousand rand per

person

okay so you may and eighty eighty

thousand grand but

you're twenty people each person gets

you

send four thousand grand your neighbor

earns forty thousand rand

and you divided by his four members it

comes to ten thousand rand

so his average is higher so do not be

fooled by the

gdp which huge depends on the number of

people

that is what i'm saying but if you look

at the gdp

per capita income you'll notice

china doesn't even appear in the top ten

can you see

doesn't appear because the average

income is

much lower okay so that's also a factor

in

development that we must remember

okay we must remember that a very very

important

right let us go on

now other economic indicators the gini

coefficient all right nothing dealing

with those

fairy tales hey the genie comes out of

the lamp this is our

geography okay now it represents

the income inequality

or wealth inequality within a nation

all right it shows maybe there's a lot

of

there's rich people and then there's

very four people

people facilities people no facilities

etc

so we work on that now what we have here

is score ranges from

zero to one

a zero shows full equality

and one shows no equality so watch out

some

indices are differently so if you

getting a score of

of zero it's totally equal of course

it's difficult to get a source called

zero but score closer to zero

is excellent you understand because it

shows more equality

there's not extremely rich extremely

poor etc

okay and one shows no way equality

across the country

you understand no equality okay example

south africa we have very rich people

and a lot of poor people

the development is not properly spread

across our country

not properly and our score ranges from

0.66

0 to 0.696

more towards the one not right at the

one we're not that bad

you understand but it's more that side

can you see it

so in terms of inequality

or equality there's a challenge and

that's how the genie coefficient is

worked

can you see higher scores in the less

economically developed countries

eh can you see it

in terms of 0.65 etc

and then as we move through the

developed countries

we find this better equality

where the scores now go towards 0.35

0.25 etc okay

there's more equality in the more

economically developed

countries then another

economic uh

economic indicator is structure of the

economy

all right what do you mean by structure

you're going to come across this

in grade 12 also let us exactly the same

things

now we have a structure where we divide

it into different

activities okay like primary activities

all right this is extracting or

harvesting

products from the earth such as your

basic foods

your raw materials examples are

agriculture mining

forestry fishing like these young ladies

they very happy because they're eating

healthy with those vegetables

therefore they smiling that is the

farming

which is primary planting crops you

understand getting basic foods

from there this man the strong man here

is mining all right he's taking out raw

materials

so that's primary so i need to go

through these sectors

in order to appreciate how it involves

development

all right then we got

secondary activities which is

processing that is manufacturing or

transforming

raw materials into products of goods

this young lady all right is

sowing clothes but the cotton which was

farm now it's sowing

you understand yeah they're using the

iron and steel

okay first it was i know it was

developed into iron and steel

and they manufacturing the cars

this is secondary can you see iron

ore to iron and steel food manufacturing

which is not the basic now you take the

food

and you make cereals with it it looks

slightly different now

you take the sugarcane you make sugar

textile manufacturing like the young

lady

or at motor vehicle manufacturing this

is secondary activities

okay then we go on

then we have tertiary activities and we

know this is the provision of

services okay that's education yeah

teaching is a service the health

department

public health safety not just health

department public health safety

to offering a service to make sure

things are safe

all right with those people so it's a

wide range this is very wide from

commerce

to administration buses

all the businesses etc administration

you understand to transport because

that's a service

the construction may be building but

there is roads offer

service to people moving around

financial

you understand your banks etc real

estate

your activities your

selling of houses personal services

businesses education

health like hospitals etc social workers

so there's various say right

then we have quaternary

before we just said three as the years

went by this

true way this is pro getting

processing and sharing of information

all right this is quite nearly it

involves things like

research which is very important

you understand for development okay uh

because you research new things you come

up with new ideas to improve development

for

machinery whatever and then we have

things like sharing of

information gis geographic information

systems

you should know it by now but how

information is shared and manipulated

you understand where you can drop your

maps you can find

areas that are good you can observe

things all right

through digital stuff okay so that's

your quaternary

and now what we notice by looking at the

number of

people employed in different economic

sectors

gives us an indication of the level of

development

we look at these two here learners right

less economically developed country more

people employed in the primary sector

they still getting the raw materials

so there's not much uh exports of

process goods

you understand raw materials may be

exported

because most people are employed in that

i do apologize

for that what am i looking at here i'm

looking at this one

and not uh the uk my apologies hey

i'm looking at kenya here most of them

are employed in the

primary sector but look at the uk let's

get back to this one made my job easier

because now i don't have to

uh draw my yellow line and look at the

uk

most of them are involved in the

territory

you understand the institution they're

building technology

and technology is helping with

industrialization

uh processes are speeding up in fact if

you look at certain things computers

are just making the cars humans just

press a button and the computer hands

come and sort things out

so they growing in research technology

with quaternary service tertiary

services therefore they are more

developed so more economically developed

countries

uh people are more employed in the

tertiary sector

which shows more development okay

can you see how it was important for us

to go through the

sectors in order to get to that

conclusion

okay then social indicators

again learners this is grade 9 again

all right but we're revising it it

measures the

well-being of the people in terms of

social needs

such as access to adequate shelter

services education healthcare their list

is endless

all right and the ability to take part

fully

in society and all that is offers

so the quality of life of the people

okay and once again you look at it

you know you find all these more

economically developed countries

can you see with regards to uh

literacy rate can you see how high they

are compared to the

less economically developed countries

which are lower

and you see they sit around here the

dark blue

and the light blue down there shows us

these countries

especially these ones are all above 95

literacy rate and how much development

if you've got skills in your country

you understand you are developed so it

looks at social indicators okay

there's various social indicators all

right

we're going to just go through a list

here all right

uh

what we're saying here is some

democratic indicators from which social

indicators

are derived remember social indicators

are derived from demographic which is

statistics

all right like birth rate the number of

babies born

in a country per thousand during a year

all right is higher for less

economically developed countries

all right the death rate

the number of deaths per thousand of

people in the country

is also higher for less economically

developed countries

because they don't have a full birth

control the need

and death rate they have facilities are

not that good

you understand so less uh

or higher debt rates which affects

development people die

right the quality of life is poor infant

mortality rates

the number of newborns dying under the

and

one year one year of age divided by the

number of live

births obviously multiplied by a

thousand

but that tells you the number of people

dying under one year

all right that's the main focus and of

course again it'll be

higher for less academically developed

countries

because of lack of facilities like a

lower income

etc okay but here again learners i'm

giving you a full thing

if you know the number of newborns dying

under

one year of age that is fine for us all

right

life expectancy the total number of

years

a person is expected to live

all right and you know obviously it'll

be lower it'll be lower

in the less economically

developed countries because the health

facilities

are not as effective right and if it's

low

you understand the development will be

low

because people die earlier means they're

not as healthy etc

population growth rate is another one

rate at which the number of individuals

in the population increased

in a given number of time again it's

higher for less economically developed

countries

you understand people just grow and

sometimes they need

people to be born so that more people

can work

but lower incomes and adding together it

makes more sense for them

okay can you see i'm bringing in all

this grade nine work

which can help you to understand these

indicators we not taught them a chance

as i always say

take a chance and leave out some

concepts what if the examiner decides to

test you on this

all right if i look at this the infant

mortality rate

you can see it here all right

and the blue shows you the developing

nations can you see much higher

and this is the developed nations the

medcs

all right and you can see it's much

lower okay

in each year it's much lower compared to

that look at this

the blue and the green the blue and the

green the blue and the green

much lower okay

other social indicators okay

again the more favorable in developed

countries they're better off

like poverty okay indicates the passage

of people living below the poverty line

with very small incomes

access to basic services

you know sanitation clean water

pipe water etc the services available

necessity for healthy lives such as

clean water

and sanitation they affect development

also because the quality of life is

affected

and it's more in the less developed uh

countries access to health care okay

count 36 such as how many doctors there

are for every patient

okay so that's access to healthcare and

of course

there'll be more doctors to patients in

a

medc country risk of disease

it calculates the percentage of people

with diseases such as aids malaria

tuberculosis and obviously again

it will be higher in the led seas

because of

lack of or not

actually high quality general eye

quality

medical care etc and again it affects

the quality of life

again it affects uh development all

right

access to education measures this one

year measures

how many people attend primary school

secondary school

and higher education and you'll find

as you move up the ledc's have a

far lower percentage of people attending

education whether it's high education

secondary school etc

compared to the medc so their

development is affected

because you don't have a proper

education you can't get into a proper

job

you lack necessary skills not that

you're not intelligent

all right but these are things that

effects and development

literacy rate the percentage of adults

who can read and write

you understand and in developed

countries

because the developments are because

almost everyone can read and write it's

something 99 or 98 or 99.8

right compared to the early and it

affects your quality of life it affects

your

development access to technology

includes statistics such as percentage

of people have access to phones

you understand mobile phones television

internet all these things help you

whether it's with your studies

all right you notice when over that

coming those who had internet facilities

etc

were able to

learn online etc okay compared to others

and the development was happening

and of course it's lower in led sees

gender equality compares the statistics

such as

literacy rate and employment between

genders

and we find there's a greater gender

inequality

in ledc's okay compared to the

medcs where it's close and not totally

there

you find women are still being

disadvantaged okay

but it's closer so there's more

development

and this shows you social indicators

this is

these young cute little people here you

understand they're very

uh adorable but they lack the facilities

like ledc countries how much development

will they

face will they be able to get you

understand

if they we don't remove them from these

conditions

you can see from those eyes there's a

huge amount of intelligence here

beside them looking so cute all right

but

unfortunately that's what happens okay

whereas on the other hand the

opportunities

are yeah you can see the quality of life

is higher

strong chance you understand that this

young lady is going to get into

skills development she's going to move

up in life and of course development is

greater okay

then we come across the human

development index i've seen

this human development index been called

an economic indicator in certain

references

i've been seeing it called a social

indicator

you understand what is this

the human development index measures

the level of human development all right

that's what he does it measures

now it has three key dimensions

the long and healthy life social

you understand the access to education

and a decent standard of living it's

about economic

also you understand so i would consider

it

a mixture of both you understand

so it includes social and economic

independent

indicators and it's more dependable for

depend

working out level of development you

understand

because it brings in both factors can

you see it

right now watch out for this one it

ranges from zero to

one it works the opposite from the gini

coefficient now

with zero being the worst quality of

life

and one being the perfect quality of

life

can you see all right it's opposite just

be careful

now look at this learners can you see it

brings in the gross

national income per capita the money and

can you see but it also brings in social

issues like health

you understand education all right

schooling all these things life

expectancy

so it brings both eh you understand so

that's what makes it even more reliable

you can get a better indication

of course no one will be totally zero or

no one will be one

okay but mdc's will be more towards one

and lots of ledc's will be more towards

zero okay and showing development

all right let me just go on and my

computer then demographic indicators

they are demographic indicators of

population statistics the figures

it's the figures you look or it gives

you exact figures

in terms of age specific decorates can

you see it

and they draw graphs you can see less

developed

countries there's high in terms of that

can you see it low

but it's all dealing with figures can

you see it

all across even at a separate 75 plus

let's develop the higher end gives you a

figure can you see it

okay so it actually deals with

statistics

numbers a social indicator is derived

readily from our demographic indicators

in fact the economic indicators also

because these are statistics but social

indicators like

population age structures mortality

rates

sex ratios children women ratios

you understand infant mortality rate

life expectancy death rate

literacy rate it comes from statistics

so it's demographic indicators that give

you a good idea about

these things okay dealing with

statistics

then of course let's just summarize

again because

we do need i know you've done more

economically developed

countries unless but we need to look at

it again just to

have a review over it so that you

haven't forgotten i know you didn't

grade 9

it's a term referring to a country that

is developed

or highly industrialized highly

industrialized

okay lots of technology used tertiary

activities factories whatever but it's

highly

not dependent so much on the primary

sector although it's fine sector is

important

but they process their goods they sell

them at higher prices

make big money right in which

the in the most people

have access to health care and education

etc

most people now we look at the chair

it's

includes most of europe north america

parts of latin america

and east asia okay now if we look at

this mr brat

he actually put a north south divide

line

and if you look at it carefully you'll

notice this is where

the medcs are found the more

economically developed countries are

here

and less economically here they may be

in between here some countries that are

more economically developed etc or newly

industrialized countries

right but generally this is the trend

but mr

trump has done shown us in his life so

we can say that

most of the more economic developed

countries are found

in the northern hemisphere

okay let's go to

other concepts less economically

developed countries

the ledc's okay they are low-income

countries

confronting severe structural

impairments like obstacles impedements

means

obstacles all right structural it's

infrastructure etc

all right to sustainable development

to maintain the development over a long

time

they have enough resource using the

resources wisely

so this left for the future you

understand

human sustainable development all those

things but you find many of these ledc

countries

are selling their raw materials they're

not processing that much

of course of various difficulties you

understand that they experience

lack of proper education uh markets

whatever

domestically these are problems so

these are obstacles they have and

they're selling raw materials they're

not getting much if you sell processed

goods to other countries you're going to

get more money

right so they are highly vulnerable

they're at risk to economic and

environmental shocks

in terms of economic recession of the

world who gets worse

is the led seas because they don't have

that capital backup

whereas if the covert hit you find a

people unemployed during that time

you understand and or during the covert

time

america can send off trillions of

dollars to support the people

but many ledc countries can't they don't

have the money

you understand okay environmental shocks

hurricane hits america they got money

they support

less tragedies but if it hits

places like bangladesh or whatever

massive disaster you understand because

they don't have the infrastructure and

the support

so they have generally low levels of

human assets

okay in terms of people's income

their savings whatever you understand

and even their skills

okay not because they're not intelligent

but they haven't been given the

opportunities

okay and includes most countries in

africa

indian subcontinent parts of latin

america

right lots of them are in the sun

hemosphere

okay not all of them because the indian

subcontinent

is in the northerns but lots of them are

in the southern hemisphere

now we do need to know the point

learners

we can't just have led seas and medcs

we also have nic's

newly industrialized countries

newly industrialized because what

happens here

these are countries who economies have

not reached the medc

they're not in the more economically

developed but they have

gone above the ledc stage

that means they've gone above the less

economically developed

they are places like china brazil mexico

south africa malaysia

i think i like china they're twice all

right

india thailand philippines turkey

many countries let's look at this let's

look at china

and in people employed you'll notice

most of them are employed in the primary

sector

74 percent tertiary sector

15 can you see so it's mostly dealing

with

extraction raw materials not much

processing etc or technology to use

okay that's clearly an ledc let's look

at the uk

tertiary 79 compared to 15.

all right primary labor or employment

3 compared to 74.

can you see doesn't mean they're

producing less agricultural products

but what we see here is

that they highly industrialize using

technology

etc so they can even produce more food

than they need

because using all the different

harvesters the machinery this is clear

cut

but let's take malaysia

is malaysia same as this no tertiary

activities is 45 percent yeah it's 15.

primary subjects is 15

yeah it's 74. so malaysia is not like

kenya

on the other hand tertiary is 45

uk is 79.

primary is 15 uk is 3.

so they not at the most

more economically developed countries

they sort of in between

heading towards the medcs and this is

what we call

the newly industrialized countries

they're coming for places like china

india as i said

big money earners in terms of

uh gdp etc so they're moving forward

you understand okay so that explains

that right

now there's some here i'm just using two

united kingdom can you see that's your

medc

bangladesh that's your ledc

all right look at the per capita income

learners

from the united kingdom the per capita

gnp

you understand is 35 000

bangladesh 1600

massive difference literacy rate 99

in the united kingdom bangladesh 47

massive all right infant mortality rate

five per thousand in the united kingdom

look at bangladesh 58 000

lack of healthcare or proper healthcare

for

all you understand they still will have

private hospitals there

but many people won't have those

facilities of top quality

hospitals etc but doctor look at this

2.2 per thousand

zero point two six percent uh

doctors rather the thousand newspapers

rate

332 per thousand six

per thousand for bangladesh can you see

the difference tv ownership

one thousand one hundred per thousand

means that some families have two tvs or

more

you only said look at this seven per

thousand

so we talk about just a tv imagine the

internet facilities etc there's massive

differences

and it affects development life

expectancy 79 in uk

60 in bangladesh

look at this people employed all right

in the uh primary uh in farming

right in the farming 1.2

okay in farming right now look at here

45 so

just let alone the farming only we have

45 percent involved it just gives you an

idea

how development will be affected all

right if we look at these

uh statistics that you were given to us

here

all right it's a massive massive

difference learners i thought i'd bring

that to your

attention now obviously

we have to do a little activity all

right just a simple one

just for us to reflect on what we did

for this lesson

okay let's look at what's given to us

they gave us three countries

all right kuwait bolivia and bangladesh

and he gave us statistics per capita

is 1886.

all right in terms of dollars olivia 757

bangladesh 145 massive difference say

correct massive difference you can

already start looking at it what it say

kuwait medc bangladesh

ledc birth rate 2036

40. not much of a difference all right

i think they're like for making babies

in kuwait also

percentage living or in the urban areas

58

bangladesh 11 massive difference

life expectancy going 69 bangladesh 47

massive difference right agriculture

percentage

17 in percent in agriculture

71 for bangladesh i'm just using these

two

as an example all right because i i like

the questions on them

right differentiate first question says

differentiate between the concepts

development and development indicators

let us just be careful right if it says

differentiate

all right i just took the one straight

from the nodes to illustrate something

to you

okay let me get my face moved a little

bit all right

development is a process of change that

affects people's lives

okay and it may involve the improvement

quality but if you have this

it is fine all right now watch a word

whereas because you want a

differentiation

development indicators measure the level

of development

to a country's economic and social

and institutional growth can you see it

i must have that way as

thing all right must must have it

because it's showing a comparison

don't do them separately maybe the

markers will give you

but why take a chance learners show a

comparison

okay that's what i want to demonstrate

to you yeah

state two importances of measuring

development

straight from the notes learners can you

see

it shows you the level of development it

shows you areas

uh or challenges that i experience in

which

areas when you look at development

indicators

and it also allows you to look at

strategies

then why is that area low you start

investigating

there's so many taken straight from the

nodes identify

an economic and social indicator

right we can see economic gdp

can you see is there a social indicator

birth rate a thousand all right

life expectancy

economic telling you how many people are

involved in agriculture

all right can you see any two all right

classified kuwait and bangladesh as

either more economically developed or

less economically developed

right and there again you know kuwait

more economically than bangladesh less

economically developed give reasons you

can use anything

social or economic you can see the gdp

or gnp per capita for bangladesh is 18

086

and for bangladesh for kuwait and for

bangladesh is 145.

bangladesh is much lower involved in

agriculture you can say

kuwait 17 bangladesh 71

can you see it all right life expectancy

for bangladesh for kuwait is 69

bangladesh is much lower

47. can you see that's what you give

okay

give reasons for your answers to

question four

i've got one more here a positive social

indicators

results in good development explain this

all right of course we're looking at the

quality

of life and the productivity of the

people

so when i talk about positive social

indicators if they

good you understand like for instance

gnp

per capita is high the life expectancy

is good

you understand or even the literacy rate

is good

you understand which tells you they have

lots of skills

okay and they're living a better quality

of life

therefore they'll be more productive

there'll be more technology

there'll be more technology in

industrial areas

there'll be a higher level of

industrialization with all the skills

resulting in good development

can you see how we relate those things

and please

you must go well in this remember it's

about applying your work

all the notes will be there different

resources will pop up

like i've used different resources in

this to give you examples

so you should be able to understand and

interpret

them all right lettuce

i hope you enjoyed the lesson all the

best

goodbye