Sejarah Perkembangan STEM

Summary

This video explores the historical development of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) education, with a focus on the United States. It traces key milestones, from the Soviet Union's Sputnik satellite launch in 1957, which sparked U.S. efforts to advance in STEM, to the significant developments in the 70s-80s, including the rise of personal computers and cell phones. The video highlights the education reforms of the 90s and 2000s, the introduction of STEM as a formal educational approach, and the continued evolution of STEM in schools today, preparing students for future technological leadership and innovation.

Takeaways

• 😀 The launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik satellite in 1957 triggered a response from the United States, leading to a greater focus on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).
• 😀 During the Cold War, the U.S. government encouraged citizens to develop skills in STEM to compete with the Soviet Union's technological advancements.
• 😀 NASA was created as a direct response to the Sputnik launch, marking the start of America's space exploration and technological development.
• 😀 In the 1970s to 1980s, technological advancements like personal computers, mobile phones, and artificial hearts highlighted the practical applications of STEM in everyday life.
• 😀 The 1990s saw a shift toward improving STEM education in the U.S., with a focus on teacher training, curriculum development, and student preparedness for STEM careers.
• 😀 The acronym STEM, which started as 'SMASH' (Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology), was officially recognized in 2001.
• 😀 The National Science Foundation's initiatives in the 1990s aimed to improve STEM literacy and prepare a workforce ready for global competition in science and technology.
• 😀 In the 2000s, the U.S. faced challenges in STEM education, as international assessments like PISA and TIMSS revealed that American students lagged behind their global peers in STEM proficiency.
• 😀 In response to global competition from countries like China and India, the U.S. increased investment in STEM education to maintain technological leadership.
• 😀 President Obama's 'Educate to Innovate' initiative in the late 2000s focused on raising STEM achievement and preparing 100,000 teachers for STEM fields by 2021.

Q & A

What event triggered the United States to focus more on STEM education?

The launch of the Sputnik satellite by the Soviet Union in 1957 triggered the United States to focus on STEM education. The U.S. government responded by challenging citizens to advance in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in order to compete with Soviet technological advancements.

How did the United States respond to the Sputnik satellite launch?

In response to the launch of Sputnik, U.S. leaders like President Dwight Eisenhower and Vice President John F. Kennedy challenged Americans to become leaders in STEM fields. This led to the formation of NASA and the beginning of significant investment in science and technology education.

What technological advancements were made in the 1970s and 1980s in the U.S.?

In the 1970s and 1980s, the U.S. saw the development and commercialization of significant technological advancements, including the first personal computers, cell phones, artificial hearts, and space exploration technologies like rockets.

What role did the National Science Foundation (NSF) play in the 1990s?

In the 1990s, the NSF focused on reforming STEM education by raising awareness of the importance of STEM literacy among U.S. citizens and fostering educational changes aimed at preparing students for careers in science and technology. They set three goals: growing the STEM workforce, developing STEM-literate citizens, and increasing U.S. global competitiveness.

When was the acronym 'STEM' officially used, and what was its predecessor?

The acronym 'STEM' was officially used in 2001, but prior to that, the term 'SMASH' (Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology) was more commonly used in the 1990s to refer to the same fields.

What was one of the primary challenges that led to the STEM education reform movement in the 2000s?

One of the primary challenges was the shortage of qualified candidates for STEM jobs, combined with reports from international studies like TIMSS and PISA, which showed that U.S. students were lacking in science literacy compared to students from other countries.

What was President Obama's 'Educate to Innovate' program about?

President Obama's 'Educate to Innovate' program, launched in 2009-2010, aimed to raise the achievements of elementary students in science and mathematics, as well as invest in training 100,000 STEM teachers by 2021 to help meet the growing demand for skilled STEM professionals.

How did the U.S. educational system address the increasing global competition from countries like China and India?

In the 2000s, the U.S. recognized the growing competition from Asian countries like China and India, which were advancing rapidly in technology and engineering. In response, the U.S. focused on improving its own STEM education system to ensure that its future workforce could compete globally.

What are the key focus areas of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)?

The NGSS focuses on three key areas: core ideas within the disciplines, cross-disciplinary concepts, and the integration of science and engineering practices. These standards aim to help students strengthen their understanding of STEM concepts and develop the skills necessary for real-world application.

How has STEM education evolved from its military and space exploration origins to its current educational role?

STEM education began with a focus on addressing national security needs, such as during World War II and the space race. Over time, it evolved to become more focused on preparing students for the modern workforce, with an emphasis on hands-on learning and the integration of STEM fields in school curricula to foster innovation and global competitiveness.