Cover Crops - Dr. Al Orgeron

Summary

このスクリプトでは、カバークロップの重要性とその実践方法について議論されています。特に、台風などの大雨による土壌の流失を防ぐために、砂糖畑においてカバークロップを効果的に使用することが最も重要な時期だと示唆されています。また、草や雑草と同様に、カバークロップが畑に植えられた際には競合しないように、車輪の溝に植えることが最適であるとされています。さらに、異なる除草剤がカバークロップの成長に与える影響についても分析されており、最適な除草剤の選択やカバークロップの植え替え時期の重要性が強調されています。

Takeaways

• 🌱 覆盖作物是防止土壤流失的关键，特别是在甘蔗种植后不久的时期。
• 🛡️ 覆盖作物与甘蔗作物之间不应直接竞争，应种植在轮作沟中以避免影响甘蔗产量。
• 🌿 杂草定义为任何生长在错误地方的植物，覆盖作物如果与甘蔗竞争，就会变成杂草。
• 💡 通过轮作沟种植覆盖作物是一种实用的解决方案，可以减少与甘蔗的直接竞争。
• 🚫 使用草甘膦等除草剂时，需要考虑对覆盖作物的影响，避免杀死有益的覆盖作物。
• 🔬 在圣加布里埃尔进行的实验中，研究了多种覆盖作物种类对不同除草剂的耐受性。
• 📊 除草剂对覆盖作物的影响各不相同，有些对某些作物有很高的杀灭率，如草甘膦对大多数作物。
• 🌾 红三叶草对甘蔗中使用的除草剂方案非常敏感，不适合与这些除草剂一起使用。
• 📅 种植覆盖作物的最佳时间是9月中旬到10月中旬，以确保有足够的生长时间。
• 🌱 覆盖作物可以显著增加土壤中的生物量，提高土壤健康和养分含量。
• 🔄 覆盖作物的种植和适时终止可以改善土壤微生物群落的多样性，减少病原体。

Q & A

カバークロップの重要性は何ですか？

カバークロップは土壌の流出を防ぐために重要です。特に降雨が多い時期には、土壌が流出してしまう可能性があります。

カバークロップを広範囲に播種する方法の問題点は何ですか？

広範囲に播種すると、カバークロップが作物と競合し、作物の収量が減少する可能性があります。

カバークロップを車輪の溝に植えることの利点は何ですか？

車輪の溝に植えることで、カバークロップが直接作物と競合するのを避けることができます。

カバークロップに対する除草剤の影響はどのようなものですか？

除草剤によってカバークロップが枯れてしまうことがあります。特に、メトリビュージンはカバークロップに対して非常に影響が大きいです。

カバークロップの播種タイミングはいつが理想的ですか？

理想的な播種タイミングは9月中旬から10月中旬です。

カバークロップの早期終了が重要な理由は何ですか？

カバークロップの早期終了は、作物が雑草として競合するのを防ぐためです。

ダイコンラディッシュとオーストリアンウィニーピーの組み合わせの利点は何ですか？

ダイコンラディッシュは深い根で土壌の圧縮を解消し、オーストリアンウィニーピーは窒素を固定することで、土壌の栄養バランスを改善します。

カバークロップの播種方法として最も効果的な方法は何ですか？

カバークロップをドリル播種する方法が最も効果的です。

カバークロップを使用することで得られる窒素量はどのくらいですか？

適切なタイミングでカバークロップを使用すると、60単位以上の窒素を固定することができます。

カバークロップが土壌の微生物群に与える影響は何ですか？

カバークロップは土壌の微生物群を多様化させ、病原菌の選択を防ぎます。これにより、健康な微生物コミュニティが形成されます。

Outlines

00:00

🌱 カバークロップの重要性と栽培方法

第1段落では、カバークロップの重要性とその栽培方法について説明しています。カバークロップは、特に大雨後に土壌の流失を防ぐために重要な役割を果たします。カバークロップは、間伐された甘蔗と直接競合しないように、車輪の溝に植えることが最適だとされています。また、様々なカバークロップ種と、甘蔗用除草剤の相性が調査され、メトロブシンなどの除草剤はカバークロップに適していないことがわかっています。カバークロップの適切な栽培時期や、除草剤の半減期についても触れられています。

05:02

📅 カバークロップの植え付け時期と管理

第2段落では、カバークロップの植え付け時期とその後の管理方法が議論されています。カバークロップは、早期に終了する必要があり、1月下旬から2月上旬が最適な時期であることが強調されています。遅い終了は、甘蔗の生育に悪影響を及ぼす可能性があるためです。また、カバークロップの植え付け方法や、土壌との接触が良好であることが良好な生育に必要であることも指摘されています。さらに、カバークロップの種を選ぶ際には、除草剤との相性を考慮する必要があるとされています。

10:03

🌾 カバークロップの効果と土壌管理

第3段落では、カバークロップが土壌に与える影響と、それに伴う管理上の課題について説明しています。カバークロップは、土壌のバイオマスを増加させ、様々な栄養素を固定する効果があります。また、カバークロップの適切な植え付け時期は、10月1日からの中頃が最適であることが示されています。さらに、カバークロップの種を選定する際には、大豆や Fav Bean などの窒素固定能力の高い植物を選ぶことが考えられます。しかし、実際には、これらの植物を効率的に植える方法が課題となっています。

15:05

🌿 カバークロップと土壌微生物群

第4段落では、カバークロップが土壌の微生物群に与える影響について述べています。カバークロップは、土壌中の微生物群の多様性を変え、病原体が繁殖する環境から健康で多様な環境へと変えることができるとされています。特に、広葉植物のクロバーは、土壌微生物群の改善に大きな役割を果たしていることが強調されています。

Keywords

💡カバークロップ

カバークロップとは、主に土壌保護や肥やし効果を目的として、主に作物間や休耕地に栽培される植物のことです。このビデオでは、カバークロップが土壌を保護し、甘蔗への影響を最小限に抑える方法として議論されています。例えば、ビデオでは「カバークロップが甘蔗と競合しないように、車輪の溝に植える」というアイデアが提案されています。

💡土壌保護

土壌保護は、降雨による土壌の流出を防ぐことが目標としています。ビデオでは、特にDr. Saleemが強調しており、大雨が降った場合の土壌流失を防ぐためにカバークロップが重要な役割を果たしていると述べています。

💡甘蔗

甘蔗は、このビデオの主題の核心であり、糖分を提供する重要な農作物です。ビデオでは、土壌流失や草むしりへの影響を最小限に抑えるために、どのようにカバークロップを適切に使用するかが議論されています。

💡雑草

雑草は、場所によっては不要な植物であり、特に農業においては作物の成長を妨害する可能性があります。ビデオでは、「草むしりは甘蔗の収量を損なわないようにすることが重要」と述べられており、カバークロップが雑草として働くことを避ける方法が探求されています。

💡除草剤

除草剤は、雑草を排除するために使用される化学物質です。ビデオでは、様々な除草剤がカバークロップの成長にどのような影響を与えるかについて分析されています。例えば、「メトロブシン」という除草剤は、カバークロップを100％殺してしまうと報告されています。

💡微生物群

微生物群は、土壌内の微生物の多様なコミュニティを指し、土壌の健康と生産性に重要な役割を果たします。ビデオでは、カバークロップが土壌の微生物群にどのように影響を与え、病原菌の選出を防ぐことができるかが議論されています。

💡栄養素

栄養素は、植物の成長に必要な化学元素であり、特に窒素、リン、亜鉛などが重要です。ビデオでは、カバークロップが土壌にこれらの栄養素をどれだけ提供できるかが分析されており、特に豆類のカバークロップが窒素を固定できることが強調されています。

💡植込み

植込みは、作物を土壌に埋める行為であり、特にカバークロップの効果を最大限に引き出すために重要です。ビデオでは、植込みがカバークロップの成長と土壌保護の効果にどのように影響するかが議論されています。

💡種まき

種まきは、作物の種子を広範囲に撒く行為であり、特にカバークロップの栽培方法の一つです。ビデオでは、種まきと植込みのどちらがカバークロップの成長に効果的であるかが比較されています。

💡輪作

輪作は、同じ土地で異なる作物を交互に栽培することで土壌の健康を維持する方法です。ビデオでは、カバークロップを用いた輪作が土壌の微生物群を変え、病原菌の増加を防ぐ方法として紹介されています。

Highlights

Cover crops are crucial for preventing soil loss, especially after cane planting.

The most critical time to establish cover crops is immediately after cane planting to avoid soil erosion.

Competition between cover crops and cane can lead to significant yield loss.

Broadcasting cover crops can result in them acting as weeds and competing with cane.

Planting cover crops in wheel furrows is a practical approach to avoid direct competition with cane.

Different herbicides have varying impacts on cover crops, with some being highly toxic.

Metrobusin, a popular herbicide in cane, can completely kill certain cover crops.

Prowl, another herbicide, shows more tolerance for cover crops except for red clover.

Timing is key for planting cover crops; ideally, they should be in by mid-October for best growth.

Termination of cover crops should be done early to prevent competition with cane.

Different cover crop species were tested for their compatibility with herbicides and their growth patterns.

The use of a mixture of Daikon radish and rapeseed on the row's edge is suggested for effective soil coverage.

Vining species like Austrian winnipi and hairy vetch are recommended for the center of the row for nitrogen fixation.

The importance of soil seed contact for better establishment of cover crops was emphasized.

The timing for planting cover crops is critical, with mid-September to mid-October being the optimal window.

High biomass production from cover crops can contribute significantly to soil health and nutrient availability.

The integration of cover crops can change the microbial community in the soil, promoting a healthier environment for cane growth.

Legume cover crops can fix nitrogen, offering a cost-effective alternative to synthetic fertilizers.

Transcripts

all right guys well um we'll talk about

cover crops a little bit uh right now

and from a king's perspective this is

the perfect backdrop you know this cane

was planted a couple days ago it's

packed but if we get a deluge rain guess

what soul is going out in that ditch

there's no doubt about it uh some work

done by Dr Saleem said this is the the

most critical time to try to prevent

soil loss

um so one of the Dynamics that we have

to manage is

having a cover crop and having a king

crop uh you know a weed is any plant

growing out of place

and the last thing we want to do is give

up cane yield

so uh some of our initial work

we said what is the easiest approach we

broadcast cover crop C on a fatal feel

like this

well

lo and behold cover crop came up with

the cane it looked beautiful

but what it did is it competed as a weed

uh we lost in the neighborhood of five

tons of cane we definitely don't want to

do that

so we started rethinking how can we

approach this and to me the the most

practical approach is trying to to plant

it in the wheel furrows where where

these cover crops are not competing

directly with the cane uh but Mr Carr

brings up a good point you know

one of our biggest problem with grass

weeds in a grass can crop and we use a

lot of different pre-emerged herbicides

so if you look at this sheet that was

handed out we did some work in St

Gabriel last year we looked at uh

several different cover crop species

rape red clover Daikon radish hairy

vetch winter pea and Sun hemp and then

we took some of the popular herbicide

programs we use in cane to look at the

impact they would have on them so we

drill seeded these cover crops uh after

we they would drill seated we came back

and we replicated and put these

herbicide treatments so we looked at

asthma tolichlor that that's a generic

dual product called streless2

metrobusin very very popular herbicide

that we use in cane uh tri-core uh is

the trade name pandemethylene another

old uh standard herbicide that we use in

cane prowl and the last one was

chromosome or command so like I said

these uh different herbicides have have

different activities uh they all have

grass activities but some of these have

activities on broadleaf crops so the

last thing we want to do is plant a

cover crop and kill it with the

herbicide uh that that we put out to

protect the cane from grasses

um like I said metrobusiness is a very

very popular herbicide and if you look

across that column where metrobusin is

you see a lot of hundreds and and

uh killing a hundred percent of what we

planted

so if you're gonna cover crop metrobusin

is not the best herbicide uh to use on

your cane uh

if you go one spot down and look at

prowl the pin the methylin

um it was a whole lot more tolerant on

most of the cover crops with the

exception of red clover red clover or

all the Clover species really don't like

any of these herbicide programs uh that

we use in cane so one of the things that

we've looked at in the past is okay

um planter King

even if you want to use metabuse and

give it about six weeks that's kind of

the break point you've got to give it

about six weeks so if you come back here

in mid-october and plant those cover

crops a lot of times that herbicide

breaks down that Half-Life we get a lot

of rain God knows it was 92 degrees so

so uh the microbial uh degradation is

rocking and rolling right now on our

saws so uh they don't last forever

that's why we have to to apply multiple

times we have to put out grass

herbicides

but but it's trying to to grow these

cover crops in a way that is beneficial

to the soil but not a a negative impact

on that cover crop so if you flip that

sheet over to the back page

um some of the initial work we did in uh

the New Iberia area with Ricky Gosling

uh we we had a just a a very um

diverse group of uh cover crops

including uh winnipee Harry vetch uh and

some radish it established well

uh it ended up taking over the whole row

at the end of the winter

so we looked at termination timings

so

when we terminated that crop with a

brass which is 240 in dicamba and and

our metrobusin like we typically put in

the spring it did a beautiful job every

time we went to terminate it it did its

job

but but if you look at this sheet uh

look at the January 5th the 25th

terminations versus the February 16th

versus the March h

so you know these are uh three weeks

apart boom boom boom if you look at that

stock population what do you see you see

a constant decrease in the number of

sugarcane stalks per acre so it can

compete as a weed so the moral of the

story we have to terminate early

so early uh February or late January is

when you want to be targeting this we

don't want to be doing this in March

even though the cane is not not as

established as you'd like we got to give

it time for that that biomass to die

break down and let that King crop come

and be vigorous and you can see that

same relationship with stalk height uh

you know our tallest stock height is

when we terminated earliest and it

decreases as we go down so

um I think we got some good options here

uh but you know it's a balance game life

is a balanced game it's a balanced game

um

ideally if if I had to do it and I had

unlimited resources what I really have

been lacking is going with a Daikon

radish and reef on the hip of the row

and I'd love to plant like an Austrian

winnipee and a hairy vet down the center

of the road because those are Vining

species so you have a a legumus uh

species in the middle fixing some

nitrogen then you have deep rooted uh

crops where it'll break some of that

soil compaction and let some percolation

but it won't encroach them to the cane

so that that's kind of

if I got a dream up an ideal situation

that's what I'd love to do so with that

any questions can you say that one more

time

so on the hip of the row either Daikon

radish with a mixture of rape

and down the center of the wheel Furrow

I'd like to have a Vining one like a

Austrian winnipi and Harry vetch mix

that down that drill so you know I think

about how we plant soybeans on the top

of King beds with with three drills uh I

don't know how we do it in in this

arrangement with them all set I'm not

that smart I'm not a former so you don't

have a planner I have a single uh rope

planter is what I have that drills on

the top but I hadn't uh one of the

things that that I've noticed over my my

time

um you know just like with King that

that soil seed contact is so important

so anytime we've drilled the cover crops

we've gotten much better establishment

than if we broadcast and just leave it

to be now if we broadcast and tickle it

it's great but but but this on top of

the ground you better put even this

fresh even this fresh even this fresh

soil okay we did some work uh last year

with Ricky Ghostland blurry bear in

general in uh New Iberia and uh

side by side he came in with a

fertilizer card and just put a little

fertilizer with his cover crop and I

came and I broadcast it and uh oh God I

forget the name of the tool but

basically he he just reshape so this was

in a fallacy he just reshaped and where

I I'll just spread it he had probably

three times the amount of cover crop

that germinated than I did

so all right so Al let me ask a question

about the timing of the planting of a

cover crop what is in in a in a perfect

world you know this field was planted a

few days ago and sprayed with or will be

sprayed with

inside

so you got to wait six or eight six

eight weeks or six weeks six weeks wait

six weeks and so here's the the other

caveat you gotta understand

to get critical biomass these things

need to be in by by mid-october

because when you get into November

you're just not going to get the

vegetative growth okay I planted these

things as early as July and you say oh

they won't survive they will survive

every one of them survive but then you

got army worms and uh every other uh

insect pest you could you can imagine

The Sweet Spot to me is mid-september to

mid-october that that's where we've done

our our best had our best success uh

with this project and you are you gonna

get

you feel cough cough cough to grow with

getting enough vegetative growth

from sep let's let's round it you see

you said September 15th October 15th so

October 1st you planted this field and

uh and uh your recipe of clovers and

whatnot uh radishes uh I wouldn't plant

clover but I'd plant radishes

you plant that here October 1st and

October's is not a that's our driest

month of the year on average but you do

get a rain quickly after you plant it

let's assume all that and come January

uh how tall is your your green matter

out here your cover crop and is it a nut

does it have enough time to do

good do what you try and it absolutely

has enough and Mr Carl I don't have the

data with me but I'll send it to you but

um

with uh some of the work we did last

year and it's on our uh sugarcane

website uh what actually showed how much

biomass dry biomass and I want to say we

were talking almost two tons of uh no

that's

it was Elite at least a tone a dry

biomass and we calculated how much NP

and K that that we fixed and it was

pretty outrageous I mean it was better

than 60 units of nitrogen that we had uh

accumulated planting at the right time

uh

picked up some sulfur some zinc some

some of the Microsoft

macronutrients that we saw a big

contribution coming out from the mixes

of cover crop species that we've been

planting in the sugar model

okay so how wide a drill are you trying

to get planted if you if I got a plan

right here where you don't have any cane

right there right there and I'd like to

have one in the middle you want the P

Austin winter peas down here right here

because they're going to Bush they're

going to bind they're gonna be four or

five foot wide by the end of it

but you also want to get some seed right

here yeah all right yeah yeah

wow

the John Deere planter Engineers better

get after it

okay

because the spreader isn't going to work

if you just wanting some of these things

I mean I mean you'll have some germinate

but to me you need much higher seating

rates uh it's just not nearly as ideal

of a situation uh

you know

the the technology we have at the sugar

research station I inherited a a old

planet from Jimmy Flanagan it Brenda's

used that that planner and uh many

researchers and we plant anything from

corn and it's just a brush planner and

it doesn't have a whole lot of fine

tuning it's not like an air planter

where you can Precision plant seeds and

such so we tend to plant them a little

heavier than we would like to

um but I think with an airplane and a

good engineer you really can uh you know

uh

oh

a fava Bean a fava Bean is a great great

fixer nitrogen but all the research I've

done this is they're using garlic plants

to plant fava beans but I was like man

this would be an ideal

but but again you you got to have a way

to to practically do it in in a very

efficient way but I think that'd be

another good fit for a legume cover crop

um and you know you brought up the the

aspect of the high nitrogen prices and

y'all were talking about that I actually

have some growers in North Louisiana

that's really interested in this because

you know if you can pick up 20 pounds of

nitrogen with a legume and terminate it

at a timely standpoint So within a uh

two to three weeks you start releasing

the nutrients

that these cover crops pick up after you

terminate them so if you could

theoretically do it in in a uh

especially if your cover crops are not

competing which you can if you can uh

control uh what's in in the wheel Farrow

uh a little bit later and and have that

nitrogen available for the plant that's

a cost savings

so that that's some of the kind of

thought process we're planting uh of

course I'm in the northern part of the

cane bout but we are able to plant

soybeans and make pretty consistently

high yields

and uh one of the reasons driving that

is

and how the old school was uh that the

number was 15 units of nitrogen you

going to uh get from planting the

soybean crop and

um so that's 15 bucks right there if

it's a dollar a unit

Dr fultz is the microbiologist but the

other thing you you do

is you never think about that that uh

microbial Community but when you plant a

cane crop after a cane crop after that

cane crop you start selecting a bacteria

and pathogens that that feed on the

roots of cane and and become negative

whenever we we incorporate cover crops

especially a broad leaf clover crop you

you change up that microbial community

in the soil you know old ground versus

new ground I mean yes there may be a

little bit more nutritious but really

with Dr Hoy found is that microbial

community in that old ground is very

selective as what lives on cane and it's

pathogenistic versus a a healthy

Community that's diverse

so that you know just another big

benefit of

cover crop