History of The Umayyad Caliphate | Casual Historian | Islamic History

Summary

The video explores the challenges of studying early Islamic history, particularly the Umayyad Caliphate, due to the scarcity of primary sources. Most available information comes from the later Abbasid period, often biased against the Umayyads. Despite this, the Umayyads played a crucial role in Islamic politics. Key events discussed include the succession crises after Muhammad's death, the conflicts between Ali and Muawiya, and significant administrative reforms and territorial expansions under various Umayyad rulers.

Takeaways

• 📜 There is a lack of primary sources for early Islamic history, including both written and artistic materials.
• 📚 Most information about the Umayyad Caliphate comes from the Abbasid period, which may be biased.
• 🏛 The Umayyad Caliphate was significant in the development of Islamic politics despite its negative portrayal by later historians.
• ⚔ The early caliphs included Abu Bakr, Omar, and Uthman, with Uthman's assassination leading to Ali's controversial succession.
• 🤝 The conflict between Ali and Muawiya resulted in the division of the caliphate, with Muawiya eventually gaining control.
• 👑 Muawiya moved the capital to Damascus and implemented significant administrative reforms, dividing the caliphate into four major regions.
• 🚢 Muawiya's attempt to conquer Constantinople was thwarted by the Byzantines' use of Greek fire.
• 💰 Under Muawiya's rule, the Umayyad Caliphate expanded its territory and established administrative and military structures.
• 🏺 The construction of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem was a major architectural achievement of the Umayyad period.
• 🔥 The Abbasid revolt in 747 led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty, although one Umayyad prince, Abd al-Rahman, escaped to establish a new caliphate in Al-Andalus.

Q & A

What is a major challenge in studying the early period of Islamic history?

A major challenge in studying the early period of Islamic history is the lack of primary sources, including both written materials and artistic materials.

Why are most sources about the Umayyad Caliphate from the Abbasid period potentially biased?

Most sources about the Umayyad Caliphate come from the Abbasid period, and these sources might be biased because the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads and may have portrayed the Umayyads negatively to justify their own rule.

Who became the first caliph after Muhammad's death in 632?

After Muhammad's death in 632, his father-in-law Abu Bakr became the first caliph.

What significant event led to the assassination of Caliph Uthman?

Caliph Uthman was assassinated due to the corruption of some Umayyad appointees in Egypt, which led to a group of Egyptian Muslims coming to Medina and killing him.

What was the outcome of the conflict between Ali and Muawiya?

The conflict between Ali and Muawiya was settled by arbitration, splitting the caliphate between them, which led to dissatisfaction among some of Ali's supporters and eventually his assassination.

What were Muawiya's major contributions to the caliphate?

Muawiya's major contributions included administrative reforms, the relocation of the capital to Damascus, the construction of the first Islamic navy, and territorial expansions including control of Rhodes and Crete.

How did the Shiite faction view the leadership of the Islamic world after the death of Muhammad?

The Shiite faction believed that the semi-divine leadership of the Islamic world passed from Ali to his sons Hassan and Hussein, who became the first, second, and third Imams respectively.

What was the significance of the Dome of the Rock, and who constructed it?

The Dome of the Rock was significant as a rival pilgrimage site for Muslims and a symbol of Islamic dominance over Jews and Christians. It was constructed by Caliph Abd al-Malik.

What led to the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate?

The fall of the Umayyad Caliphate was due to a combination of internal revolts, external invasions, and the Abbasid revolt in 747, which united various dissatisfied factions against the Umayyads.

Who was the Umayyad prince that escaped to Al-Andalus and established his own caliphate?

The Umayyad prince who escaped to Al-Andalus and established his own caliphate was Abd al-Rahman, the grandson of Caliph Hisham.

Outlines

00:00

📜 Lack of Primary Sources in Early Islamic History

The early period of Islamic history suffers from a scarcity of primary sources, both written and artistic, apart from architecture. Most available sources about the Umayyad Caliphate come from the Abbasid period, which can introduce biases. The Abbasids, who overthrew the Umayyads, might have portrayed the Umayyads negatively. Despite these biases, the Umayyads were crucial in Islamic political development. After Muhammad's death in 632, a succession crisis ensued, leading to Abu Bakr, Omar, and Uthman becoming caliphs. Uthman's appointment of many Umayyads led to his assassination, and Ali's controversial succession. Ali's conflict with Muawiyah, the Umayyad governor of Syria, led to a civil war and the eventual establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate after Ali's assassination.

05:01

⚔️ Umayyad Caliphate and Its Challenges

Following Ali's assassination, Muawiyah established the Umayyad Caliphate with its capital in Damascus. Despite attempts to conquer Constantinople, Muawiyah achieved significant administrative reforms, dividing the caliphate into major administrative divisions and preventing governors from having standing armies. His son Yazid's succession led to further conflicts, notably with Ali's son Hussein, who was killed at Karbala, leading to the Shiite rejection of the caliphate. Revolts continued under Yazid, with Abdullah ibn al-Zubair's revolt in Mecca highlighting ongoing instability.

10:02

🏛️ Architectural and Administrative Contributions

Marwan I's brief reign reestablished Umayyad control over Syria and Egypt, while his son Abd al-Malik focused on administrative and architectural achievements. He completed the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, minted the first Islamic coins, and created the first standing army. However, his reign was also marked by revolts, including al-Mukhtar's Shia-aligned revolt in Kufa. Despite these challenges, Abd al-Malik successfully reasserted control over the caliphate, putting down the revolt of al-Zubair in Mecca.

15:02

🌍 Expansion and Decline of the Umayyad Caliphate

Al-Walid I continued the Umayyad expansion, notably into Central Asia and North Africa, leading to the Islamic conquest of Iberia. However, subsequent caliphs faced significant challenges. Suleiman redirected efforts against the Byzantines, Umar II allowed non-Arabs to convert to Islam, and Yazid II dealt with numerous revolts. Hisham's reign marked the beginning of the end, with increased tax demands leading to widespread dissatisfaction. Failed military campaigns and numerous revolts further weakened the caliphate, leading to the eventual Abbasid revolt and the fall of the Umayyads.

📜 Transition to Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid revolt in 747 marked the end of the Umayyad dynasty. Diverse groups including Shia Muslims, non-Arab Sunni Muslims, and remnants of previous revolts united under the descendants of Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas. The revolt quickly spread, resulting in the killing of Marwan II and most Umayyads. One Umayyad survivor, Abd al-Rahman, escaped to al-Andalus and established a new caliphate. The video script concludes by encouraging viewers to explore more Islamic history on the al-Muqaddimah channel and promotes the video sponsor, World of Warships.

Keywords

💡Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate was an early Islamic dynasty that ruled from 661 to 750 AD. It played a significant role in the expansion of the Islamic empire and established Damascus as its capital. The script discusses the political and administrative contributions of the Umayyads, as well as the conflicts they faced, such as the revolt led by Ali's supporters and later Shia uprisings.

💡Abbasid Period

The Abbasid Period followed the Umayyad Caliphate, beginning in 750 AD. The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads and established their capital in Baghdad. The script highlights how most historical sources about the Umayyads come from the Abbasid era, which may reflect biases due to the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyads.

💡Caliph

A caliph is the leader of the Islamic community, considered a successor to the Prophet Muhammad. The script traces the succession of caliphs from Abu Bakr to the Umayyads and discusses the political struggles surrounding these successions, including the assassination of Uthman and the conflicts between Ali and Muawiya.

💡Ali

Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad and the fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. His controversial ascension and subsequent conflict with Muawiya, the Umayyad governor of Syria, are significant events in early Islamic history discussed in the script. His assassination marked the end of the Rashidun Caliphate.

💡Muawiya

Muawiya was the first Umayyad caliph, who established the Umayyad dynasty after Ali's assassination. He relocated the caliphate's capital to Damascus and implemented significant administrative reforms. The script details his conflicts with Ali, his establishment of the first Islamic navy, and his efforts to consolidate power.

💡Sunni and Shia

Sunni and Shia are the two main branches of Islam. The script explains the origins of the Sunni-Shia split, focusing on the conflict over the rightful succession to Muhammad. Ali's supporters, who later became known as Shia, rejected the Sunni caliphs and established their own line of Imams.

💡Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate refers to the first four caliphs following Muhammad's death: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The script discusses the political challenges and assassinations during this period, leading up to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.

💡Battle of Karbala

The Battle of Karbala occurred in 680 AD and is a pivotal event in Shia Islam. It involved the martyrdom of Hussein, Ali's son, by the forces of the Umayyad caliph Yazid. The script highlights Hussein's refusal to accept Yazid's rule and his tragic death, which solidified the Shia opposition to the Umayyads.

💡Dome of the Rock

The Dome of the Rock is an Islamic shrine in Jerusalem, built during the reign of Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik. The script mentions its construction as a significant architectural achievement and a symbol of Islamic dominance, serving as a rival pilgrimage site to Mecca and Medina during Al-Zubair's control.

💡Abbasid Revolt

The Abbasid Revolt led to the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate in 747 AD. The script describes how various factions, including Shia Muslims and non-Arab Sunni Muslims, united under the Abbasids to defeat the Umayyads, culminating in the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Highlights

The early period of Islamic history suffers from a lack of primary sources, both written and artistic, aside from architecture.

Most sources about the Umayyad Caliphate come from the Abbasid period, which may contain biases portraying the Umayyads negatively.

The Umayyads were crucial in the development of Islamic politics, despite their negative portrayal in some historical sources.

After Muhammad's death in 632, a quick succession crisis occurred, leading to Abu Bakr becoming the first caliph.

Uthman, a member of the Umayyad clan, was appointed as the third caliph but was assassinated due to perceived corruption among his appointees.

Ali, the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law, became caliph but faced opposition from the Umayyad governor of Syria, Muawiya.

The conflict between Ali and Muawiya led to arbitration, splitting the caliphate and causing further internal strife.

Ali was assassinated in 661, ending the Rashidun Caliphate, and Muawiya established Umayyad control by moving the capital to Damascus.

Muawiya's administrative reforms included dividing the caliphate into four major divisions and centralizing power in Damascus.

Yazid, Muawiya's son, faced significant challenges during his reign, including opposition from Hussein, Ali's son.

Hussein's martyrdom at Karbala became a pivotal event, leading to the Shiite rejection of the caliphate in favor of their own imamate.

The Umayyads faced multiple revolts and political instability, leading to significant territorial and administrative challenges.

Abd al-Malik's reign saw the construction of the Dome of the Rock and the first Islamic coins, asserting the caliphate's political power.

Al-Walid I continued expansion into Central Asia and began the Islamic conquest of Iberia, laying the groundwork for Al-Andalus.

The Umayyad dynasty ended with the Abbasid revolt in 747, uniting various discontented groups and leading to the rise of the Abbasids.

Transcripts

do my own period of islamic history

suffers from a similar problem that most

of the early period of islamic history

has and that is a lack of primary

sources not only is there a lack of

written materials but there's also a

lack of artistic materials as well aside

from architecture there's really not

much from the time period that talks

about the time period itself most of the

sources we have about the umayyad

caliphate come from the abbasid period

which is important to note because the

abbasids overthrew the umayyads and

historians of the time period would have

seen it fit either for their own

political biases or those of their

patrons to portray the abbasids as

righteous and just and the umayyads is

deserving their inglorious fate and this

interpretation of the umayyads is seen

in both sunni and shia sources despite

that however the umayyads were very

important in the development of islamic

politics muhammad died in 632 and a

quick succession crisis occurred in

which his father-in-law abu bakr would

become the successors to the prophet

called a caliph he would then be

succeeded first by omar and then by

uthman a member of the umayyad clan

during his time as caliph he appointed a

sizable number of umayyads and positions

of power around the caliphate some of

these appointees in egypt were corrupt

which resulted in a group of egyptian

muslims coming to the capital in medina

and killing uthman in the chaos of this

assassination the prophet's cousin and

son-in-law ali was made caliph this was

controversial because the people who had

made him caliph were the ones that

killed uthman and ali refused to punish

them for it in response the umayyad

governor of syria mualia took up the

task of achieving justice for his fallen

clan member this conflict between ali

and mualia was eventually settled by

arbitration in which the caliphate was

split between them this arbitration

upset a portion of ali's supporters who

ended up rejecting the claim of ali or

anyone else claiming to rule based on

the right of their familial ties to

muhammad or the quraish after which

becoming the karajits

in 661 one of these card rights would

assassinate ali and his capital at kufa

putting an end to the rashidun caliphate

when news of ali's death reached mualia

in damascus he called up his army and

marched down to kufa where he gained the

support of most of ali's followers

through a combination of bribery and

violent ultimatums the most diehard of

ali supporters wanted his eldest son

hassan to take up the mantle of caliph

and challenge muwalia however hassan and

mualia came to some sort of agreement in

which hassan promised to not challenge

mualia for control of the caliphate in

exchange for being left alone there may

have been other stipulations in their

agreement but the sources disagree on

what those may have been regardless of

the exact details hassan retired from

public life and settled in medina where

he died in 670 10 years before mualia

most historians suspect foul play in the

death of hassan because mualia was 20

years older than him

and yet hassan died 10 years earlier and

it's suspected that muabia had him

killed probably by poison because he

wanted his son yazid to succeed him as

caliph however the exact means by which

he would have had him poisoned is

uncertain under his rule the caliphate

relocated its capital from kufa to

damascus where his base of power was

strongest

it was also closer to the frontier with

the byzantines so he could continue to

lead territorial expansion he made one

major attempt at taking constantinople

in the 670s when he had the first

islamic navy constructed he might have

succeeded in taking the city where it

not for the byzantine strategic use of

greek fire which set the navy ablaze

despite this failure to conquer

constantinople moabia was still able to

gain control of the islands of rhodes

and crete for a time

the longest lasting contributions of

muwalia to the caliphate were

administrative reforms he continued

uthman's policies of bureaucratizing the

caliphate which he divided into four

major administrative divisions

egypt and north africa

iraq and persia

arabia and syria which would be governed

by the caliph directly

in order to avoid challenges from his

own governors he did not allow any of

them to have their own standing armies

if they needed troops to engage in wars

of expansion they would have to recruit

tribal mercenaries shortly before his

death in 680 he called a council in

order to pick a successor for him well

one of the menotheus council is believed

to have been under the pay of muwalia

because he ended up threatening violence

against anyone who did not vote for

yazid to succeed the caliph

unsurprisingly yazid won but

unfortunately for him his reign would be

short and full of turmoil not everyone

accepted yazid's ascension ali second

eldest son hussein the younger brother

of hassan refused to accept yazidis

caliph and unlike his brother and father

was not willing to accept peace with the

umayyads so he set out from his home in

medina with 70 followers mostly

relatives of his and planned to march

north to kufa hoping that he would find

supporters in his father's former

capital however no help came and when

hussein and his party arrived to karbala

he was confronted by yazid and they were

all slaughtered the party of ali or the

shiites reject the institutions of

caliph and caliphate and substitute it

with their own imam and imam i'll go

into further detail about this in a

later video but the short version is

after the death of muhammad the

semi-divine leadership of the islamic

world passed from ali

to his son hassan and then to his

younger son hussein who became the first

second and third imams respectively

another revolt against yazid had to be

put down in medina and shortly after

another one broke out in mecca in 683

this revolt was led by abdullah ibn

al-zubair he had refused to recognize

the authority of yazid but didn't

proclaim himself to be caliph until

after yazid's death in 683 when yazid's

young and sickly son muawiyah ii was

made caliph

the same army that had crushed the

revolt in medina was sent south to put

down al-zubair but during the siege

muawiyah ii died and when this news

reached the general of the besieging

army he offered al-zubair the position

of caliph if he would march with him up

to damascus to restore order however

al-zubair refused suspecting that this

was a trap

not unreasonable considering similar

things had been done under muwalia and

yazid the first

regardless the army left mecca in the

control of al-zubair and thus returned

north

where another umayyad marwan had taken

control

marwan had been uthman's secretary and

was there in medina the day he was

assassinated similar to his two

immediate predecessors he didn't have a

long reign but in his short time as

caliph he was able to reassert umayyad

control over syria and egypt

since the death of yazid al-zubair had

managed to take control over much of

arabia and mesopotamia while the

umayyads were distracted in damascus in

685 marwan would be succeeded by his son

abdal malik who spent much of his reign

putting down rebellions and reasserting

umayyad control

during his reign he began and completed

the construction of the dome of the rock

in jerusalem it was built on top of the

former temple mount where the holy site

and judaism had once stood the reasons

for building it were numerous some

scholars believe that it was built to

serve as a rival pilgrimage site for

muslims because both mecca and medina

were under the control of al-zubair it

also served as a handy tool for

asserting islamic dominance over the

jews and christians of the region during

this time al-malik built the first

standing army in the history of the

islamic world he also began minting the

first islamic coins because up until

that point most of the coins being used

in the caliphate had been from the

byzantine or old sasanian empires by

minting their own coins they are telling

the world that they are a true political

power and not just a band of barbarians

coming out of the wilderness amalek

would also have revolts to put down

there was a continuing revolt from

al-zubair down in mecca but on top of

that there was a shia revolt in kufa led

by al-mukhtar al-takafi now calling it a

shia revolt isn't exactly appropriate

but it was definitely shia aligned prior

to his revolt amuktar was a low-level

government official serving in kufa

during the reign of ali he briefly sided

with al-zubair during the siege of mecca

but then returned to kufa where in 685

he led a revolt in which he proclaimed

another son of ali muhammad bin

alhanafiya to be both the caliph and

imam al-hanafia unlike his brothers

hassan and hussein were not born to the

prophet's daughter fatima which is why

he is not recognized by moshia as a

legitimate imam alhanafiya had taken no

part in this revolt and had sworn

allegiance to al-malik al-mukhtar gained

control over much of iraq and western

persia and while governing the region he

granted equal rights to non-arab

converts to islam and punished those

involved to the massacre of hussein the

revolt was put down two years later in

which its supporters were either killed

or went into hiding amalek was able to

reassert control of iraq in 691 and

finally put down al-zubair in 692 when

he died in battle during another siege

of mecca after his death in 705 he was

succeeded by his son alwaleed the first

who continued his father's attempts at

expanding and stabilizing the caliphate

he made further conquest into central

asia where he made deals with the local

rulers where they would be allowed to

continue to rule and collect taxes so

long as they paid him tribute this

decision although prudent in the moment

would come to bite his successors later

as this became one of the parts of the

caliphate where non-muslims would govern

muslims which would inspire later

revolts

the only places where muslims were

initially given control were the cities

of samarkand and bukhara where arab army

garrisons were stationed and zoroastrian

temples were torn down and replaced with

mosques

he continued the ongoing conquest of the

north african berbers and from there

began the islamic conquest of iberia so

in a way alwalee can be both blamed for

the ultimate fall of the umayyad

caliphate and credited for the creation

of its safety valve al-andalus

awali died in 715 and over the next

decade he would be succeeded by three

short-ranged caliphs

suleiman would redirect resources

towards fighting the byzantines and

attempted another siege of

constantinople

his successor umar would allow non-arabs

to officially convert to islam which

subsequently resulted in less tax

revenue coming into the treasury however

this was mitigated by umar's ending of

the ongoing campaign against the

byzantines he also encouraged the

conversion of jews and christians to

islam first by requiring christians and

jews to wear specific kinds of clothing

that marked them out as christians or

jews he also put on top of this

forbidding them to ride horses or camels

and most egregiously forbid them from

building new churches or synagogues he

was succeeded by yazid ii who spent the

whole of his reign either putting down

revolts from karajits and rebellious

governors or post hoc accepting the

overthrow of his appointed governors by

locals in order to prevent further

rebellions

yazid's death in 724 resulted in

al-hasham the last son of al-malik to

ascend to the caliphate

reigning for 20 years he was able to

establish himself firmly all the while

putting the final touches into place

that would spark the end of the umayyad

dynasty

hasham is portrayed as greedy by most

sources he is said to have demanded

higher levels of tax revenue from

provincial governors these demands for

more taxes would inevitably be passed on

to the common people both muslim and

non-muslim

this resulted in more and more resources

being drained from the provinces they

were obtained from which simultaneously

angered the locals and weakened the

local administration's ability to put

down descent

hasham decided to renew the campaigns

against the byzantines that umar had

stopped but this didn't result in better

outcomes for the caliphate

not much territory was won from the

byzantines but worse than that is that

the caliphate began to fray at the edges

the attempted invasion of france failed

in 732 when charles martel defeated the

umayyad armies of al-andalus at the

battle of tours

an even bigger threat to the umayyads

was the berber revolt in 739 they

managed to defeat the syrian army in

morocco the remnants of this army had to

retreat to al-andalus which isolated it

from the rest of the caliphate they also

saw failed incursions into the caucasus

being pushed back by the khazars as well

as in transoxania against the turgash

he also faced a small shia revolt led by

zaid ibn ali the son of the fourth imam

ali ibn hussein he attempted a revolt in

kufa but no one in the city rose up with

him he died in battle with umayyad

forces but his followers got his body

out of the city his death became the

inspiration for the zeity sect of shia

islam

hisham would be succeeded by his nephew

awalid ii the son of yazid ii awalid was

so insecure in his position that he

spent most of his reign paying his army

to not rebel against him as well as

rounding up any prominent non-umayyad

arab who might pose a challenge to him

yazid iii the son of allah will lead the

first would revolt against alwaleed the

second and managed to capture damascus

with little bloodshed all waleed would

eventually be killed by yazid the

third's men in 744 after his own men had

abandoned him due to a lack of pay yazid

iii promised to avoid the corruption of

his predecessors but he wouldn't have

much time to do so because he died after

six months and his brother ibrahim whom

he appointed as his successor would only

reign for two months when he abdicated

in favor of marwan the second a grandson

of marwan the first

marmon ii had all the same problems of

his predecessors karajit revolts shia

revolts rebellious governors rebellions

by the sons of previous caliphs and on

top of all this he also had to deal with

invasions by the byzantines who decided

to take advantage of their political

instability

the end of his reign and the umayyad

dynasty came with the abbasid revolt in

747.

all the enemies the umayyads had made

since the ascension of mualia came

together shia muslims non-arab sunni

muslims karajits and the remnants of the

muktar revolt all coalesced around the

descendants of the prophet's uncle

al-abbas

the revolt which began in northeastern

persia quickly spread across the

caliphate killing marwan the second and

most of the umayyads

the sons of marwan the second escape to

eritrea where they would eventually die

in battle

one umayyad survivor prince abdal rahman

grandson of kayla fisham escaped and

fled to al-andalus where they were still

loyal to the umayyads and set up his own

caliphate but that's a story for another

video

now if you want to jump ahead in the

narrative of where i am now then i

suggest you check out the channel

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video or any of my other islamic history

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