9. SINIF - 2. DÖNEM 2. YAZILI - BİYOLOJİ - YAZILIYA HAZIRLIK + PDF

Summary

In this video, the host provides a comprehensive review for 9th grade students preparing for their second term written exam. The focus is on cell biology topics, including organelles like lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and others, explaining their functions. The video includes questions related to the structure of cells, organelle functions, and processes like osmosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis. It also covers the organizational levels in multicellular organisms, as well as various transport mechanisms in cells. The video aims to help students understand key concepts and practice for their exams.

Takeaways

• 😀 The 9th-grade biology exam preparation video focuses on cell biology topics for both 2024-2025 and 2025-2026 academic years.
• 😀 The first topic covered is cell organelles, including their functions like lysosome breaking down molecules, mitochondrion producing ATP, and the Golgi apparatus assisting with secretion.
• 😀 Mitochondria have a double membrane, with the inner membrane forming folds known as cristae. The matrix, containing organic and inorganic substances, is inside.
• 😀 Prokaryotic cells lack most organelles and nuclei, while eukaryotic cells (e.g., plants and animals) contain them, including lysosomes and mitochondria.
• 😀 Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, while animal cells lack these structures but contain centrioles for cell division.
• 😀 Water movement in plant cells is explained with processes like plasmolysis (water loss), deplasmolysis (water intake), and turgor (cell rigidity).
• 😀 The hierarchical organization of multicellular organisms progresses from atoms to molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems, and finally organisms.
• 😀 The video discusses cellular transport methods: active transport (requiring energy), endocytosis (intake of large molecules), and osmosis (water diffusion).
• 😀 In the U-tube experiment, amino acids diffuse from one side to the other, but starch does not because it is too large to pass through the membrane.
• 😀 Both endocytosis and exocytosis require energy and enzymes, and involve the transport of large molecules in or out of the cell through the membrane.

Q & A

What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?

Lysosomes are responsible for digesting cellular waste, old organelles, and foreign materials. They perform intracellular digestion by breaking down various molecules.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria are responsible for carrying out aerobic respiration to produce ATP, which provides energy for the cell.

What does the Golgi apparatus do in the cell?

The Golgi apparatus, in collaboration with the endoplasmic reticulum, is involved in organelle production, repairing the cell membrane, and synthesizing and secreting complex organic substances.

What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) works with the Golgi apparatus to produce organelles and is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell.

How is the structure of mitochondria adapted for its function?

Mitochondria have a double membrane structure with an inner membrane forming folds called cristae. These folds increase the surface area for ATP production during aerobic respiration.

What is plasmolysis, and how does it occur in plant cells?

Plasmolysis occurs when a plant cell loses water due to being placed in a hypertonic solution, causing the cell membrane to shrink away from the cell wall.

What is turgor pressure, and how is it generated in plant cells?

Turgor pressure occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, causing it to take in water and swell, exerting pressure on the cell wall. This pressure helps maintain the cell's shape and rigidity.

What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?

Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not require energy and moves substances from high to low concentration.

What is the process of endocytosis, and how does it differ from exocytosis?

Endocytosis is the process by which large molecules or particles are engulfed by the cell membrane and brought into the cell. Exocytosis, on the other hand, involves the expulsion of large molecules from the cell by vesicles fusing with the cell membrane.

How does osmosis differ from diffusion?

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane. Diffusion, on the other hand, involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration and can occur with any type of molecule.