ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN PADA KASUS GEA: PATOFISIOLOGI, TANDA GEJALA, DIAGNOSTIK, ASKEP

Summary

In this video, the topic of gastroenteritis (GE) and its nursing care is discussed in detail. The video explores the definition, causes, and symptoms of GE, including viral, bacterial, and amoeba infections. It highlights risk factors such as age, weakened immunity, and underlying diseases. The script delves into the physiology of digestion, explaining how GE disrupts the absorption process and leads to symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The nursing management focuses on fluid balance, fever control, pain relief, and patient education, with a strong emphasis on collaboration with medical and nutritional teams for effective care.

Takeaways

• 😀 Gastroenteritis (GE) refers to inflammation of the stomach and small intestine, commonly caused by viral, bacterial, or amoeba infections.
• 😀 Acute GE lasts from a few days to a week, while chronic GE can last more than six months and often affects individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV or autoimmune diseases.
• 😀 Common symptoms of GE include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever, often caused by infections in the stomach or intestines.
• 😀 Poor hygiene practices, such as not washing hands before eating or after using the toilet, contribute to GE infections.
• 😀 Age and weakened immune systems (such as in the elderly or children, or those with autoimmune diseases) increase the risk of contracting GE.
• 😀 GE causes impaired absorption of nutrients and fluids in the intestines, leading to symptoms like bloating, nausea, and vomiting due to unabsorbed food and fluid buildup.
• 😀 GE can result in dehydration, which may lead to hypovolemic shock, especially in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly.
• 😀 In GE cases, laboratory tests such as blood chemistry, hematology, stool samples, and imaging (e.g., endoscopy or colonoscopy) are crucial for diagnosis.
• 😀 Treatment for GE includes managing symptoms like dehydration, fever, pain, and diarrhea, and providing appropriate medication such as antibiotics for bacterial infections.
• 😀 Nursing care involves monitoring hydration levels, managing fever and pain, observing stool consistency, and providing patient education on hygiene and diet to prevent further infection.

Q & A

What is gastroenteritis (GE), and how is it defined?

Gastroenteritis (GE) refers to inflammation or irritation of the stomach and small intestine. It is caused by infections, typically viral or bacterial, and sometimes by parasites like amoeba. The condition can be classified as either acute (lasting for days to a week) or chronic (lasting more than six months).

What are the common causes of gastroenteritis?

The main causes of gastroenteritis include viral infections (e.g., rotavirus), bacterial infections (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella), and parasitic infections (e.g., amoeba). Poor hygiene practices, such as not washing hands before eating or preparing food, are also significant contributing factors.

How do viral and bacterial gastroenteritis differ in terms of symptoms?

Viral gastroenteritis usually results in watery diarrhea, while bacterial infections may cause diarrhea that is bloody, often accompanied by fever. However, these symptoms are not absolute and can overlap between the two types of infections.

What are the risk factors for gastroenteritis?

The main risk factors include age (children and the elderly are more vulnerable), weakened immune systems (such as in patients with HIV or autoimmune diseases), and pre-existing medical conditions like diabetes or heart disease.

How does gastroenteritis affect the digestive system?

Gastroenteritis causes inflammation in the stomach and intestines, disrupting the absorption of fluids and nutrients. This leads to symptoms like bloating, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea due to the accumulation of unabsorbed food and liquids.

What are the key symptoms of gastroenteritis?

The primary symptoms of gastroenteritis include diarrhea (more than three loose stools per day), nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever. These are the result of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Why does gastroenteritis cause bloating and nausea?

Bloating occurs because unabsorbed food and fluids accumulate in the stomach and intestines, leading to a feeling of fullness. Nausea is a reflex response due to the disruption of normal digestive processes and the irritation of the stomach lining.

How can gastroenteritis lead to dehydration?

Gastroenteritis causes excessive loss of fluids due to diarrhea and vomiting. This leads to dehydration, especially if the body cannot replenish the lost fluids, resulting in symptoms like dry mouth, decreased urine output, and dizziness.

What is the role of epithelial cells in the gastrointestinal system during gastroenteritis?

Epithelial cells line the gastrointestinal tract, and they play a crucial role in nutrient absorption. During gastroenteritis, these cells are damaged by infections, impairing nutrient absorption and contributing to symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

What are the common complications of gastroenteritis?

Common complications of gastroenteritis include dehydration (especially in children and the elderly), anal irritation due to frequent diarrhea, and in severe cases, the formation of abscesses, particularly when caused by amoeba infections.