Jonas Eliasson: How to solve traffic jams

TED
27 Nov 201208:28

Summary

TLDRビデオスクリプトの要約:交通渋滞は世界中の都市で共通の現象ですが、異なる都市構造にかかわらず存在します。計画的な解決策は効果がありませんが、ストックホルムでの交通渋滞料金の実験は、わずかな料金で20%の車が消失し、渋滞を大幅に軽減しました。渋滞料金は交通量を減らし、人々の行動を自然に変え、最終的には70%の市民がこの料金を支持しています。これは、複雑な社会問題を解決するのに「仕掛け」の力があることを示しています。

Takeaways

  • 🌐 交通拥堵是一个全球性问题,存在于几乎所有城市,尽管城市之间存在显著差异。
  • 🚦 城市类型包括典型的欧洲城市、美国城市和新兴世界城市,它们在道路容量、公共交通和车辆种类上各有不同。
  • 🛣️ 交通规划者尝试了多种措施来解决拥堵问题,但似乎没有什么方法能够完全奏效。
  • 🤔 这些尝试的共同点在于,它们试图规划人们在高峰时段不开车时应该做什么,这是一种对人们生活的规划。
  • 🏗️ 规划复杂的社会系统非常困难,城市如伦敦的面包供应系统能够自我组织,无需中央控制。
  • 💡 解决复杂社会问题的正确方法是创造激励机制,而不是详细规划,让人们自行适应新框架。
  • 📍 斯德哥尔摩通过在瓶颈处对驾驶员收取一两欧元的费用来尝试减少交通拥堵。
  • 💰 尽管收费不高,但这足以使20%的车辆在高峰时段消失,显著减少了交通拥堵。
  • 📉 交通是一个非线性现象,减少一部分交通流量可以更快地减少拥堵。
  • 📅 斯德哥尔摩自2006年1月3日引入拥堵收费以来,交通水平一直保持在较低水平。
  • 📊 2007年的试验和公投显示,尽管最初人们反对拥堵收费,但最终70%的人支持保留这一制度。
  • 🚶‍♂️ 那些减少开车的20%驾驶员可能自己都没有意识到他们的行为已经改变,他们的出行模式比想象中更不稳定。
  • 🗳️ 通过调查发现,超过一半的人认为他们对拥堵收费的看法从未改变,即使实际上他们已经接受了这一变化。
  • 🌟 通过适当的激励(如拥堵收费)来解决复杂的社会问题,可以让人们在不知不觉中接受并喜欢这种变化。

Q & A

  • 交通渋滞はどの程度世界中で普遍的な現象ですか?

    -交通渋滞は世界中のほぼすべての都市で存在する普遍的な現象であり、特に驚くべきことに、都市がどれほど異なるにもかかわらず。

  • ヨーロッパの都市とアメリカの都市の交通インフラの違いは何ですか?

    -ヨーロッパの都市は密集した都市地帯、良い公共交通機関があり、道路容量は多くない一方で、アメリカの都市は広大なエリアに多くの道路があり、公共交通機関はほとんどありません。

  • 交通計画者が試した様々な対策の中で、共通している点は何ですか?

    -彼らの試みは、ラッシュアワーの自動車運転を避ける方法を見つけるための計画であり、人々の生活を計画することにつながっています。

  • 1989年にベルリンの壁が倒されたとき、ロンドンの都市計画者が学んだ教訓は何でしたか?

    -ロンドンのパン屋の供給について誰も責任を持っていないという複雑な社会システムの自己組織化の能力についての深い洞察を学びました。

  • ストックホルムでの交通渋滞料金の実験は何を証明しましたか?

    -1〜2ユーロの料金でラッシュアワーの車の20%が減少し、交通渋滞が大幅に軽減されたことを証明しました。

  • 交通渋滞料金が導入されてからどのくらいの時間が経ちましたか?

    -交通渋滞料金は2006年1月3日に導入され、現在では6年半以上が経過しています。

  • 2007年に交通渋滞料金が一時停止されたとき、何が起こりましたか?

    -交通渋滞料金が一時停止されたとたん、車がすぐに戻ってきて渋滞が再び増加しましたが、その後も効果が続きました。

  • ストックホルムの交通渋滞料金に対する公衆の支持はどのように変化しましたか?

    -最初は70%の人々が渋滞料金に反対していたが、後に70%の支持を得ることとなりました。

  • 交通渋滞料金の導入により、車を減らした20%のドライバーはどのようにしていましたか?

    -彼らは自分たちがラッシュアワーの自動車運転を避ける方法を見つけるために、微妙に日常生活を変えていたようです。

  • 交通渋滞料金の支持を高めた要因は何だと分析されていますか?

    -人々が渋滞料金を支持するようになった要因は、彼らが実際には自分たちの行動や考え方が変わっており、それに気づかずにいたという事実です。

  • 交通渋滞問題を解決する際に「nudge」とはどのようなアプローチですか?

    -「nudge」とは人々を正しい方向へ微妙に誘導するアプローチであり、彼らにどのように適応するかを教えるのではなく、彼らを適応する方向に動かします。

Outlines

00:00

🚦 交通渋滞問題の多面性と対策

第1段落では、世界各地の都市で起こる交通渋滞問題をテーマにしています。ヨーロッパの都市とアメリカの都市、そして新興国都市の異なる特徴と、それらの都市で行われてきた様々な交通改善の試みが紹介されています。しかしながら、これらの試みは効果が乏しく、渋滞を解決するための新たなアプローチが求められています。話は、社会の複雑なシステムを計画することの難しさにつながり、1989年のベルリンの壁の崩壊後の出来事から、複雑な社会問題を解決する際のインセンティブの大切さが説かれています。そして、ストックホルムでの渋滞料金の実験が紹介され、わずかな料金で多くの車がラッシュアワーから消えるという驚きの効果が語られています。

05:02

📊 渋滞料金の効果と社会的な受け止め方

第2段落では、渋滞料金が導入されたストックホルムでの交通状況の変化と、市民の受け止め方について詳述しています。渋滞料金の導入後、交通量は大幅に減少し、渋滞も大幅に緩和されました。しかし、この効果が持続するかどうかは疑問視されていました。実際には、渋滞料金が廃止された後にも交通量は増加しなかったことが明らかになり、市民の70%が渋滞料金の維持を支持するようになりました。この変化は、人々の行動や考え方の潜在的な柔軟性と、小さめのインセンティブが大きな変化を生む力があることを示しています。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡交通渋滞

交通渋滞とは、都市部で特に問題となる車両の停滞状態を指します。このビデオでは、世界中の都市で共通して存在する交通渋滞が議論の中心であり、その解決策を模索しています。例えば、ビデオではストックホルムでの交通渋滞の例を挙げ、渋滞緩和のために導入された渋滞料金制度が効果的であることを示しています。

💡渋滞料金

渋滞料金とは、交通渋滞を緩和するために特定の路段や時間帯で車両に課される料金です。ビデオではストックホルムでの渋滞料金の実験的な導入が、交通量を20%削減し、渋滞を大幅に軽減する効果を持ち、市民の支持を得るに至る過程が説明されています。

💡自己組織

自己組織は、複雑な社会系において、中央集権的な計画や指令なくとも秩序ある状態を自ら形成する能力を指します。ビデオでは、ロンドンのパン供給システムが自己組織している例として引用され、複雑な社会問題に対するアプローチとして自己組織の重要性が強調されています。

💡インセンティブ

インセンティブとは、人々の行動を誘導するための奨励や刺激を意味します。ビデオでは、渋滞緩和のために渋滞料金というインセンティブが導入され、それによって人々が自発的に交通渋滞を避ける選択をすることで、交通量の削減につながったと示されています。

💡ニュートラル

ニュートラルは、ある状態や感情が中立的であることを指します。ビデオでは、多くの人々が渋滞料金制度に最初は反対していたが、実際に制度が導入されると、徐々にその利点に気づき、最終的には支持する立場に変わるニュートラルな立場をとる人が増えたと説明しています。

💡複雑系

複雑系とは、単純なルールから複雑で予測困難な行動や現象を生み出すシステムを指します。ビデオでは、交通渋滞が複雑系の例として挙げられ、渋滞の原因や解決策が単純な計画では捉えきれないことを強調しています。

💡都市計画者

都市計画者は、都市の開発や設計に関わる専門家であり、交通渋滞の解決策の研究や提案を行っています。ビデオでは、世界各地の都市計画者が異なる方法を試みてきましたが、渋滞問題を解決する有効な手段を見つけることが困難であることが示されています。

💡ストックホルム

ストックホルムは、ビデオで交通渋滞緩和の例として取り上げられたスウェーデンの首都です。ビデオでは、ストックホルムでの渋滞料金の実験が交通量の削減に効果的であったと報告され、市民の支持を得るまでの状態が詳細に説明されています。

💡社会問題

社会問題とは、社会全体に影響を与える重大な問題を指します。ビデオでは、交通渋滞が社会問題の1つとして取り上げられ、複雑な社会問題に対するアプローチとして、インセンティブを通じた自己組織の能力を活用することが重要であると示されています。

💡ナッジ

ナッジとは、人々の行動を微妙に誘導する手段を指します。ビデオでは、渋滞料金がナッジの一形態として機能し、人々が交通渋滞を避ける選択を自発的に行うように仕向け、最終的にはその変更を支持するように心がけることが示されています。

Highlights

Road congestion is a global issue affecting cities with different urban structures and transportation systems.

Traffic planners have tried various measures to alleviate congestion, but none have been completely effective.

Attempts to solve congestion often involve trying to plan people's lives for them, which is challenging.

The story of the Berlin Wall's fall illustrates the concept of self-organizing complex social systems.

Creating incentives rather than detailed plans is a more effective approach to complex social problems.

Stockholm's congestion pricing experiment reduced rush hour traffic by 20% with a small charge.

Traffic congestion is a nonlinear phenomenon where small changes can have significant impacts.

The introduction of congestion charges in Stockholm led to a substantial reduction in traffic and congestion.

Despite initial resistance, public support for congestion pricing in Stockholm has grown to 70%.

The removal of congestion charges led to an immediate return of traffic, demonstrating rapid adaptation by drivers.

The reintroduction of congestion charges was followed by a referendum, providing a unique opportunity for study.

The shift in public opinion towards congestion pricing indicates a change in perception and acceptance of the charges.

Interview surveys revealed that many drivers were unaware of their own behavioral changes due to the charges.

More than half of the surveyed individuals believed they had always supported congestion pricing.

The power of nudges in influencing behavior and solving complex social problems is demonstrated by the Stockholm case.

Properly implemented nudges can lead to embraced and even liked changes in behavior.

Transcripts

play00:00

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

play00:16

Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion,

play00:19

namely road congestion.

play00:21

Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon.

play00:23

It exists in basically all of the cities all around the world,

play00:26

which is a little bit surprising when you think about it.

play00:28

I mean, think about how different cities are, actually.

play00:31

I mean, you have the typical European cities,

play00:33

with a dense urban core, good public transportation

play00:36

mostly, not a lot of road capacity.

play00:38

But then, on the other hand, you have the American cities.

play00:40

It's moving by itself, okay.

play00:43

Anyway, the American cities:

play00:46

lots of roads dispersed over large areas,

play00:49

almost no public transportation.

play00:51

And then you have the emerging world cities,

play00:53

with a mixed variety of vehicles,

play00:54

mixed land-use patterns, also rather dispersed

play00:57

but often with a very dense urban core.

play01:00

And traffic planners all around the world have tried

play01:02

lots of different measures: dense cities or dispersed cities,

play01:06

lots of roads or lots of public transport

play01:08

or lots of bike lanes or more information,

play01:11

or lots of different things, but nothing seems to work.

play01:15

But all of these attempts have one thing in common.

play01:18

They're basically attempts at figuring out

play01:20

what people should do instead of rush hour car driving.

play01:23

They're essentially, to a point, attempts at planning

play01:26

what other people should do, planning their life for them.

play01:30

Now, planning a complex social system

play01:32

is a very hard thing to do, and let me tell you a story.

play01:35

Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell,

play01:38

an urban planner in London got a phone call

play01:41

from a colleague in Moscow saying, basically,

play01:43

"Hi, this is Vladimir. I'd like to know,

play01:46

who's in charge of London's bread supply?"

play01:49

And the urban planner in London goes,

play01:50

"What do you mean, who's in charge of London's —

play01:52

I mean, no one is in charge."

play01:54

"Oh, but surely someone must be in charge.

play01:55

I mean, it's a very complicated system. Someone must control all of this."

play01:59

"No. No. No one is in charge.

play02:02

I mean, it basically -- I haven't really thought of it.

play02:05

It basically organizes itself."

play02:07

It organizes itself.

play02:10

That's an example of a complex social system

play02:13

which has the ability of self-organizing,

play02:16

and this is a very deep insight.

play02:18

When you try to solve really complex social problems,

play02:21

the right thing to do is most of the time

play02:23

to create the incentives.

play02:25

You don't plan the details,

play02:27

and people will figure out what to do,

play02:29

how to adapt to this new framework.

play02:31

And let's now look at how we can use this insight

play02:35

to combat road congestion.

play02:36

This is a map of Stockholm, my hometown.

play02:39

Now, Stockholm is a medium-sized city, roughly two million people,

play02:42

but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water

play02:45

means lots of bridges -- narrow bridges, old bridges --

play02:48

which means lots of road congestion.

play02:51

And these red dots show the most congested parts,

play02:55

which are the bridges that lead into the inner city.

play02:57

And then someone came up with the idea that,

play03:00

apart from good public transport,

play03:02

apart from spending money on roads,

play03:04

let's try to charge drivers one or two euros at these bottlenecks.

play03:09

Now, one or two euros, that isn't really a lot of money,

play03:12

I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc.,

play03:14

so you would probably expect that car drivers

play03:17

wouldn't really react to this fairly small charge.

play03:19

You would be wrong.

play03:21

One or two euros was enough to make 20 percent of cars

play03:25

disappear from rush hours.

play03:27

Now, 20 percent, well, that's a fairly huge figure, you might think,

play03:31

but you've still got 80 percent left of the problem, right?

play03:33

Because you still have 80 percent of the traffic.

play03:35

Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be

play03:38

a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that

play03:41

once you reach above a certain capacity threshold

play03:44

then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly.

play03:47

But fortunately, it also works the other way around.

play03:49

If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion

play03:53

will go down much faster than you might think.

play03:56

Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm

play03:59

on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture

play04:04

of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2.

play04:08

The first day with the congestion charges looked like this.

play04:12

This is what happens when you take away

play04:15

20 percent of the cars from the streets.

play04:17

You really reduce congestion quite substantially.

play04:19

But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right?

play04:23

So after a while they would all come back because they

play04:26

have sort of gotten used to charges.

play04:28

Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago

play04:31

since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm,

play04:33

and we basically have the same low traffic levels still.

play04:37

But you see, there's an interesting gap here in the time series

play04:39

in 2007.

play04:41

Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges,

play04:43

they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced

play04:46

in January and then abolished again at the end of July,

play04:50

followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced

play04:53

again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity.

play04:57

I mean, this was a really fun experiment to start with,

play05:01

and we actually got to do it twice.

play05:03

And personally, I would like to do this every once a year or so,

play05:05

but they won't let me do that.

play05:07

But it was fun anyway.

play05:09

So, we followed up. What happened?

play05:12

This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31,

play05:16

and you see the same street but now it's summer,

play05:18

and summer in Stockholm is a very nice

play05:20

and light time of the year,

play05:22

and the first day without the congestion charges

play05:25

looked like this.

play05:26

All the cars were back again, and you even have to admire

play05:29

the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly.

play05:32

The first day they all came back.

play05:34

And this effect hanged on. So 2007 figures looked like this.

play05:39

Now these traffic figures are really exciting

play05:42

and a little bit surprising and very useful to know,

play05:44

but I would say that the most surprising slide here

play05:47

I'm going to show you today is not this one. It's this one.

play05:51

This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm,

play05:54

and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced

play05:57

in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it.

play06:01

Seventy percent of the population didn't want this.

play06:04

But what happened when the congestion charges

play06:06

were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more.

play06:09

No, on the contrary, they changed, up to a point

play06:13

where we now have 70 percent support for keeping the charges,

play06:16

meaning that -- I mean, let me repeat that:

play06:18

70 percent of the population in Stockholm

play06:21

want to keep a price for something that used to be free.

play06:25

Okay. So why can that be? Why is that?

play06:29

Well, think about it this way. Who changed?

play06:32

I mean, the 20 percent of the car drivers that disappeared,

play06:34

surely they must be discontent in a way.

play06:36

And where did they go? If we can understand this,

play06:39

then maybe we can figure out how people can be so happy with this.

play06:43

Well, so we did this huge interview survey

play06:45

with lots of travel services, and tried to figure out

play06:47

who changed, and where did they go?

play06:49

And it turned out that they don't know themselves. (Laughter)

play06:53

For some reason, the car drivers are --

play06:58

they are confident they actually drive the same way that they used to do.

play07:01

And why is that? It's because that travel patterns

play07:04

are much less stable than you might think.

play07:06

Each day, people make new decisions, and people change

play07:09

and the world changes around them, and each day

play07:11

all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly

play07:15

away from rush hour car driving

play07:17

in a way that people don't even notice.

play07:19

They're not even aware of this themselves.

play07:21

And the other question, who changed their mind?

play07:24

Who changed their opinion, and why?

play07:26

So we did another interview survey, tried to figure out

play07:28

why people changed their mind, and what type of group changed their minds?

play07:33

And after analyzing the answers, it turned out that

play07:36

more than half of them believe that they haven't changed their minds.

play07:40

They're actually confident that they have

play07:42

liked congestion pricing all along.

play07:45

Which means that we are now in a position

play07:46

where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon

play07:49

with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers,

play07:52

and people aren't even aware that they have changed,

play07:56

and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along.

play08:00

This is the power of nudges when trying to solve

play08:03

complex social problems, and when you do that,

play08:06

you shouldn't try to tell people how to adapt.

play08:10

You should just nudge them in the right direction.

play08:12

And if you do it right,

play08:14

people will actually embrace the change,

play08:16

and if you do it right, people will actually even like it.

play08:19

Thank you. (Applause)

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