The Effects of Learning: Accuracy of Self-correction

Summary

Jem Russell explores the concept of self-correction in language learning, where learners identify and correct their own errors with varying degrees of guidance from teachers. The video discusses the efficacy of self-correction, individual variation in its effectiveness, and the impact of different conditions on learners' ability to enhance accuracy. It highlights that self-correction is most successful in basic morphology and suggests that while conscious grammar application is limited, it contributes to refining speech and writing, especially for advanced learners.

Takeaways

• 📚 Self-correction is an essential skill where learners identify and correct their own mistakes without teacher intervention.
• 👨‍🏫 Teachers can guide learners in self-correction by varying the level of guidance provided about the location and nature of errors.
• 🔍 Self-correction efficiency varies among individuals, with the level of conscious monitoring engagement affecting the outcome.
• 🏅 Professional linguists or trained monitors are expected to have better self-correction performance due to their advanced monitoring capabilities.
• 🔑 Different aspects of language output may have varying levels of self-correction accuracy, with some being more challenging than others.
• 🌐 Self-correction in natural conversation is primarily focused on communication rather than form, assuming natural difficulty with grammar.
• 📝 Conditions for self-correction can be categorized into five types, each influencing the accuracy and focus of the corrections made.
• 📊 Data from studies show that the conditions and subject differences significantly affect the accuracy of self-correction, especially in syntax.
• 🎓 Formal students tend to correct a higher proportion of their errors compared to informal students, indicating a focus on form and accuracy.
• 📈 Revisions in writing often aim for greater communicative effectiveness rather than just grammatical form, as noted in ESL student compositions.
• 🏆 The application of conscious grammar rules, while limited, can refine speech and writing, adding a 'cosmetic' impact important for advanced language learners.

Q & A

What is the main topic discussed by Jem Russell in the video?

The main topic discussed by Jem Russell is the effects of learning, specifically the accuracy of self-correction in language learning.

What is self-correction in the context of language learning?

Self-correction in language learning refers to the process where learners identify and correct their own mistakes instead of relying on a teacher to do it for them.

How can teachers involve learners in self-correction?

Teachers can involve learners in self-correction by providing varying degrees of guidance about the location and nature of their errors, as well as examples of good language use for comparison.

What is the significance of self-correction in monitoring strength?

Self-correction is considered the most valid object of study in investigating monitor strength because it is what a monitor actually does during performance.

What factors affect the efficiency of self-correction according to the script?

Factors affecting self-correction efficiency include individual variation, the aspects of output the learner attempts to correct, and the conditions under which the learner is operating.

What is the role of a conscious monitor in self-correction?

The conscious monitor is engaged in self-correction, and its level of engagement is expressed in the efficiency of self-correction.

Why might a trained or professional linguist perform better in self-correction?

A trained or professional linguist, being an ideal user of the monitor, is expected to perform better in self-correction due to their higher degree and capability of monitoring usage.

What are the different conditions that can affect the accuracy of self-correction?

The conditions affecting self-correction accuracy include free speech or natural conversation, focus on form, careful speaking and writing, being informed of an error without specifics, and having the error location and violated rule provided.

What does the data in the script suggest about the relationship between self-correction conditions and accuracy?

The data suggests that different conditions and subject differences affect self-correction accuracy, providing a picture of what can be expected in the domain of syntax.

What is the hypothesis regarding the relationship between form focus and accuracy improvement?

The hypothesis is that as learners concentrate more on form, their accuracy improves, which is consistent with studies classified under the second condition.

How do advanced second language learners benefit from the application of conscious grammar rules?

Advanced second language learners benefit from the application of conscious grammar rules by making their writing and speech more refined, even though these rules may make a minor contribution to communication.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Self-Correction in Language Learning

Jem Russell introduces the concept of self-correction in language learning, where learners identify and correct their own errors rather than relying on a teacher. The process can vary in guidance provided, focusing on the location and nature of errors. Self-correction is a key aspect of monitoring one's language performance, and its effectiveness is studied to understand learner's strengths and weaknesses. Factors affecting self-correction include individual variation, the aspects of language output the learner focuses on, and the conditions under which the learner is operating, such as free speech or a focus on form. The discussion also touches on the different conditions that can affect the accuracy of self-correction, from natural conversation to more structured educational settings.

05:00

🔍 Conditions and Accuracy in Self-Correction

This paragraph delves into the specific conditions that influence the accuracy of self-correction in language learning. It presents data that illustrates how these conditions and subject differences impact self-correction effectiveness, particularly in syntax. The summary highlights that formal students tend to correct a higher percentage of their errors compared to informal students, and that certain subjects, like letter 'p', outperform others. The paragraph also discusses the role of conscious grammar rules in enhancing communication and the importance of these rules in refining speech and writing, especially for advanced second language learners. It emphasizes the cosmetic impact of applying these rules for a more polished language performance, which can be crucial for students aiming to meet communicative needs in a target language environment.

Keywords

💡Self-correction

Self-correction refers to the process where learners identify and correct their own mistakes without the intervention of a teacher. It is a key concept in the video as it highlights the learner's active role in the learning process. For example, the script mentions that 'self-correction is when learners correct themselves instead of a teacher doing it,' emphasizing the importance of learners taking charge of their learning journey.

💡Learners

In the context of the video, 'learners' are individuals who are acquiring a second language. They are the central focus of the discussion on self-correction and language accuracy. The script discusses the varying degrees to which learners can be involved in self-correction, indicating the diversity in learning approaches.

💡Accuracy

Accuracy in language learning refers to the correctness of language use, including grammar, syntax, and vocabulary. The video explores how self-correction can enhance learners' language accuracy. It is mentioned that 'self-correction efficiency' varies among individuals, indicating that accuracy is a measurable outcome of the self-correction process.

💡Monitoring

Monitoring is the cognitive process of checking one's own language production for errors. The video discusses 'performer monitoring' as a factor in self-correction, suggesting that learners who are more adept at monitoring their language use will likely have higher self-correction efficiency.

💡Individual Variation

Individual variation refers to the differences among learners in their ability to self-correct. The script notes that 'there is individual variation with respect to self-correction efficiency,' which implies that not all learners will self-correct at the same level, affecting their language accuracy.

💡Syntax

Syntax is the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. The video script discusses the challenges learners may face with complex syntax and how self-correction can vary in effectiveness depending on the syntactic structure of the language being learned.

💡Conditions for Self-Correction

The video outlines several conditions that can influence the effectiveness of self-correction, such as the type of language output the learner is focusing on and whether the learner is aware of an error. These conditions provide a framework for understanding the circumstances under which self-correction is most likely to occur.

💡Error Identification

Error identification is the process of recognizing mistakes in one's language use. The video script mentions that in some conditions, learners are informed that an error exists but are not told where it is or what rule has been broken, which is a crucial step in the self-correction process.

💡Communicative Effectiveness

Communicative effectiveness refers to the ability of language to convey meaning effectively. The video suggests that revisions made by learners are often aimed at enhancing communicative effectiveness rather than just correcting grammatical form, indicating a balance between form and function in language learning.

💡Conscious Grammar

Conscious grammar refers to the learner's awareness and understanding of grammatical rules. The video discusses the use of conscious grammar in self-correction, suggesting that learners who are more conscious of grammar rules are better equipped to self-correct.

💡Second Language Acquisition

Second language acquisition is the process of learning and gaining proficiency in a language that is not one's native language. The video's theme revolves around this concept, as it explores how self-correction can aid in the acquisition of a second language and the factors that influence this process.

Highlights

Self-correction is defined as learners correcting their own errors instead of relying on a teacher.

Teachers can guide learners in self-correction with varying degrees of guidance on error identification and correction.

Self-correction efficiency is influenced by the level of conscious monitoring engaged by the learner.

Individual variation in self-correction efficiency is significant, with trained linguists expected to perform better.

The aspects of language output that learners attempt to correct can affect the accuracy of self-correction.

Learners may struggle more with complex syntax and other language aspects compared to basic morphology.

Conditions for self-correction include natural conversation, focus on form, and awareness of errors.

In natural conversation, self-correction is up to the performer with an emphasis on communication.

For writing, self-correction can be subdivided into careful speaking and careful writing conditions.

When errors are pointed out without specifics, learners may struggle to identify and correct them.

Teachers can underline errors and explain them to help students recognize and correct mistakes.

Data shows the proportion of errors successfully corrected under different self-correction conditions.

Formal students tend to correct a higher representation of their own errors compared to informal students.

Concentrating more on form improves accuracy, as seen in studies focusing on communicative effectiveness.

ESL students focus on vocabulary choice and minor specifics, with less emphasis on grammatical improvements.

Many corrections are attempts to enhance intelligibility rather than grammatical form.

The use of conscious grammar rules is limited to easily learned and applied rules that contribute to refined speech or writing.

Advanced second language learners may focus on polishing their language skills for cosmetic impact and refined communication.

Transcripts

[Music]

good day everyone i am jem russell

and i will discuss to you the effects of

learning

accuracy of self-correction

[Music]

so what is self-correction

self-correction is when learners correct

themselves instead of a teacher doing it

teachers can involve learners in

self-correction

to different degrees by giving learners

more or less guidance

as to the location of nature of their

errors

and examples of good use of language to

compare their own too

[Music]

after we discussed the previous chapter

in the discussion of the lesson

and performer monitoring which rules are

applicable

we are now turned into the next question

of how efficacious monitoring is

how much will the performer of the

second language

enhance accuracy by referring the

conscious grammar

according to novel hook self correction

is the most valid object of study in

investigating monitor strength since

this

is what once monitor actually does in

your performance

based on the statement

teacher is using the self-corrections of

a student

to identify the strength or the

weaknesses

of each of them and able

to guide students

to correct their errors

factors affecting self-correction

accuracy

first as we can infer from the

discussion in chapter 2

there is individual variation with

respect to self-correction efficiency

to the extent that the conscious monitor

is engaged in self-correction

this will be expressed in

self-correction efficiency if there is

individual variance

in the degree and capability of

monitoring usage

from a trained or professional linguist

who is an ideal user

monitor we could expect much better

performance

from other performers all other

conditions

kept constant second factor

we might expect variation depending on

which aspects of output the performer

attempts

to correct for basic mythology the

monetary tends to function best

may be less accurate for complicated

syntax

and may have even more trouble with

other parts of the problem

this is because there is sufficient

knowledge

to speculate on the comprehensibility

of much of the grammar hook robertson

and krashen distinguish the following

conditions

first there is free speech or natural

conversation

self-correction is up to the performer

and form does not have a special

emphasis

instead in most situations the emphasis

is on communication when looking at the

grammatical structure

errors in this state we would assume

natural difficulty second condition

moving in the direction of focus and

form

[Music]

in order to predict more self-correction

for writing

we have to subdivide this kind of

condition into two sub-conditions

one for careful speaking and one for

careful writing

in the third condition the student is

informed that an

error exists but does not know

where the error is or what rule has been

broken

this is approximately similar to the

structure in which

learners are clearly told that their

paper includes

certain mistakes and that they should be

corrected

fourth condition corresponds to

composition correction

in which the teacher underlines the

errors

it explains students that have errors on

his or her paper

teachers are able to underline those

errors

so that students will recognize their

errors in the paper

especially for example on writing essay

and the fifth condition existence

location

and description of the violated rule

are provided the data

as we can see on this data in horizontal

line

we can see the proportion of errors

successfully corrected

while on the other hand the vertical

line

is the conditions for self-correction

[Music]

the figure 4.1 or the data attempts to

illustrate

how conditions and differences in

subjects

affect self-correction accuracy and

gives us a picture of what we can expect

at least in the domain

syntax and the following sheet five

men's

formal students correct a higher

representation of their own errors

informal students do and our subject

letter p outperforms everyone

[Music]

it is also consistent with the

hypothesis

that as we concentrate more on form

accuracy improves

several studies all classified as

falling under condition

two or the second condition

show that revisions are typically aimed

at

greater communicative effectiveness and

not

merely on form cited in hatch 1979

hassan noted the improvements in the

second and third drafts

of compositions made by esl students

he reported that the students focused

primarily

on the choice of vocabulary added minor

specifics

and made fewer improvements that

resulted

in grammar improvement overall

came to similar calculations noting that

her subject seems to be

closely observing their speech but not

for grammatical memories

their knowledge of speech was more based

on their success

or inability to express their message

hook robertson and gretchen noted that

many of subject's corrections were

obviously attempts that enhance

intellegibility rather than grammatical

form

other effects of conscious rules the use

of the conscious grammar

we have maintained is limited to easily

learned

late applied rules simple morphological

additions that do not make

an overwhelming contribution to

communicating the speaking

language message english speakers

understand sentences with singular

markers absent

in the third person and thanks to the

inclusion of other markers of intense

and pragmatic information have chopped

standard past endings fairly well

there is nevertheless some real value in

applying these rules when time permits

when role use does not interfere with

communication

providing these local goods makes

writing speech

more refined even though they make a

minor contribution to communication

it adds a cosmetic impact that can be

very important for many students

of second language in the advanced

second language class providing such

polish may become the main goal

one that is quite justified for many

students

advanced second language acquirers

especially those

who have been in a country where the

target language

has been spoken for a few years may have

acquired a great

deal but not at all all the second

language

sufficient to fulfill communicative

needs but still

below the level

[Music]

you