Bloque 9 Historia de España EVAu

Summary

This video delves into the events surrounding the fall of the Spanish monarchy and the rise of the Second Spanish Republic. It discusses the political climate under King Alfonso XIII and his collaboration with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. As republican forces gained strength, the pact of San Sebastián was signed, leading to a military uprising and the eventual resignation of the government. The video concludes with the monarchy's collapse after municipal elections on April 12, 1931, and Alfonso XIII's decision to go into exile, paving the way for the proclamation of the Second Republic.

Takeaways

• 😀 Alfonso XIII began his reign in 1886, inheriting the throne after the death of his father, Alfonso XII.
• 😀 During his reign, the Spanish monarchy faced significant challenges, including military defeats and political instability.
• 😀 The political system in Spain was based on the 'turno pacífico,' where the two major parties alternated in power, but this system began to break down by the early 20th century.
• 😀 The reign of Alfonso XIII was marked by several political crises, including the loss of Spain's last colonies in the Spanish-American War of 1898.
• 😀 The military dictatorship of Primo de Rivera was a response to these crises, which led to a temporary suspension of the parliamentary system.
• 😀 In 1930, the growing opposition to the monarchy and the dictatorship led to the creation of the San Sebastián Pact, uniting various republican forces against the regime.
• 😀 The socialist party (PSOE) and the labor union (UGT) played a key role in the opposition movement, gaining significant political momentum.
• 😀 A failed military uprising in Jaca in December 1930 further pushed the monarchy towards crisis, leading to the resignation of Primo de Rivera.
• 😀 After the resignation of the dictator, a new government under Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar was formed, and municipal elections were called for April 1931.
• 😀 The republicans and their allies won the majority in the municipal elections, leading to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic and the exile of Alfonso XIII.

Q & A

What were the key political challenges faced by Alfonso XIII during his reign?

Alfonso XIII's reign faced several political challenges, including his constant interference in politics, the weakening of the 'caciquismo' system, the rise of new political movements like socialism and republicanism, and the growing influence of the military, especially after the 'Disaster of '98'.

How did regenerationism influence the politics of Spain during Alfonso XIII's reign?

Regenerationism aimed to modernize Spain's outdated political system. Figures like Joaquín Costa sought to address Spain's economic and social issues, but their efforts were largely unsuccessful in reforming the electoral fraud system, and the monarchy's influence waned.

What role did the military play in the political instability of Spain during this period?

The military played a significant role in the political instability of Spain. After the disastrous Battle of Annual in 1921, the military's frustrations with the monarchy and its inability to defend Spain led to a military coup in 1923, led by General Primo de Rivera. The military's discontent was a key factor in undermining the monarchy.

What was the impact of World War I on Spain's political and economic situation?

Spain remained neutral during World War I, which resulted in economic gains. However, inflation and social unrest followed, as the working class struggled with the rising cost of living. This economic hardship fueled protests and discontent with the monarchy's governance.

How did the Spanish socialist movement develop during Alfonso XIII's reign?

The Spanish socialist movement gained strength during this period. The PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) began to grow in influence, with key figures like Pablo Iglesias leading the way. The rise of the socialists contributed to the increasing dissatisfaction with the monarchy and the political system.

What was the 'Semana Trágica' and how did it affect Spain's political landscape?

The 'Semana Trágica' (Tragic Week) occurred in 1909 in Barcelona, when a series of violent protests erupted in response to the government's decision to send troops to Morocco. The protests were met with violent repression, further inflaming social tensions and contributing to growing opposition to the monarchy.

What was the significance of the Pact of San Sebastián in 1930?

The Pact of San Sebastián, signed in 1930 by various republican political forces, was a pivotal moment in Spain’s transition to a republic. It created a revolutionary committee supported by the PSOE, UGT, intellectuals, and parts of the military, all aiming to replace the monarchy with a republic.

Why did Alfonso XIII leave Spain in 1931?

Alfonso XIII left Spain in 1931 following the results of municipal elections, where republican candidates won in most major cities. The republican victory led to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on April 14, 1931, forcing the king into exile.

What were the results of the municipal elections in April 1931?

In the April 1931 municipal elections, republican candidates won in the majority of large cities. This outcome significantly undermined the monarchy and led to the decision by Alfonso XIII to leave for exile, as it was seen as a clear rejection of the monarchy.

How did the monarchy's failure to address social and economic issues contribute to its downfall?

The monarchy's inability to address key social and economic issues, such as widespread poverty, rising inflation, and political corruption, fueled public discontent. This discontent was channeled by growing republican, socialist, and nationalist movements, ultimately leading to the downfall of the monarchy and the establishment of the Second Republic.