Sistem Imun yang Terlibat Dalam Proses Patofisiologi Rheumatoid Arthritis [Patofisiologi RA Part 2]

Summary

This video script delves into the immunology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that predominantly affects women. It explores the genetic and environmental risk factors, such as smoking, which trigger the immune system to attack healthy body tissues. The script highlights the role of citrullination and autoantibodies in this process. Additionally, it discusses the involvement of cytokines, immune cells, and the resulting joint inflammation. The progression of the disease, along with potential systemic effects on organs, is examined. The script also emphasizes the importance of understanding RA's molecular mechanisms for effective treatment development.

Takeaways

• 😀 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of the global population, with a higher prevalence in women.
• 😀 RA is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, infections, diet, and age.
• 😀 The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues in RA, including joint tissues, due to a long autoimmune process.
• 😀 Smoking plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of RA by modifying proteins in the body (citrullination), making them appear foreign to the immune system.
• 😀 The immune response in RA is triggered by autoantibodies produced by B cells, which target modified proteins in the body.
• 😀 Key cytokines involved in RA inflammation include TNF, IL-6, and IL-17, which contribute to the disease's progression.
• 😀 RA primarily affects the joints, especially in the hands and feet, leading to symptoms like pain, swelling, redness, and warmth.
• 😀 Chronic inflammation in RA can lead to joint destruction, deformities, and restricted movement, with potential impact on other organs like the heart, lungs, and skin.
• 😀 Blood tests detecting rheumatoid factor, elevated cytokines, and modified proteins help diagnose RA.
• 😀 Targeted therapies against specific cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-17) have proven effective in treating RA and are actively being developed.
• 😀 RA's chronic inflammation can also affect other body organs, leading to systemic complications such as heart disease, lung issues, and gastrointestinal problems.

Q & A

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, including joints. It primarily affects women more than men and is influenced by genetic and environmental factors.

What factors increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis?

Risk factors include genetics, environmental influences, age, diet, infectious agents, and smoking. Smoking, in particular, plays a significant role in the development of RA due to a process called citrullination.

How does smoking contribute to rheumatoid arthritis?

Smoking triggers a process called citrullination, where proteins in the body are modified, making them appear foreign to the immune system. This leads to an autoimmune response where the immune system targets these modified proteins, contributing to the development of RA.

What is citrullination, and how does it relate to rheumatoid arthritis?

Citrullination is the modification of proteins, causing them to be recognized as foreign by the immune system. In rheumatoid arthritis, this process triggers the production of autoantibodies that target these modified proteins, leading to inflammation and joint damage.

Which immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?

Key immune cells involved in RA include B cells, T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, osteoclasts, and monocytes. These cells interact and produce inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to joint inflammation and damage.

What role do cytokines play in rheumatoid arthritis?

Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) are critical in RA. They amplify inflammation and the immune response, contributing to the chronic nature of the disease.

How are rheumatoid arthritis and joint inflammation linked?

In rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system attacks modified proteins in the joints, leading to the activation of immune cells within the synovium. This causes inflammation, which can damage the cartilage and bone, leading to pain, swelling, and limited joint movement.

What is the role of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis?

Synovial fibroblasts, specifically fibroblast-like synoviocytes, proliferate and invade joint spaces in RA. These cells secrete enzymes that degrade cartilage and bone, contributing to joint destruction and deformity.

How does the destruction of cartilage and bone occur in rheumatoid arthritis?

In RA, activated immune cells produce enzymes that break down cartilage and bone. Osteoclasts, which are normally involved in bone remodeling, become hyperactive and contribute to the erosion of bone tissue.

What are the systemic effects of rheumatoid arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis can affect organs beyond the joints, including the heart, lungs, eyes, skin, and digestive system. The inflammation in blood vessels can also increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.