PutraMOOC | PRT2008M Topic 5 Sustainable Agriculture (Part 2/3)

PutraMOOC UPM
29 Apr 201412:03

Summary

TLDRこのビデオスクリプトでは、農場における多様性向上のためのツールについて解説しています。多様性は生態系の強靭性を高め、害虫問題を軽減する効果があります。主なツールとしては、交差作、作物ローテーション、被覆作物、多種家畜放牧が挙げられます。交差作は異なる作物を隣接して栽培し、害虫の宿主を認識させる能力を低下させることで害虫数を減らす効果があります。作物ローテーションは杂草や害虫の生活サイクルを乱し、作物間の肥料補完を提供します。被覆作物は土壌構造を維持し、侵食を防ぎ、温度を調節し、水分を土壌に長期間保持します。堆肥は自然な有機肥料として土壌肥力を高め、農場内から材料を収集し、3〜6か月で腐敗させて完成させます。

Takeaways

  • 🌱 農場の多様性を高めるためのツールは、作物間作、作物轮作、被覆作物、多種家畜放牧などがあります。
  • 🌿 作物間作とは、異なる種類の植物を隣り合わせに栽培することで、太陽光の利用効率を高め、害虫の発生を抑えることができます。
  • 🐛 害虫が主株を見つけることが困難になるため、作物間作は自然敵の群れを増やし、害虫の認識能力を低下させます。
  • 🔄 作物轮作は、杂草や害虫の生活サイクルを断ち、作物間の肥料の相補性を提供します。
  • 🌾 作物轮作では、同じ場所に同じ作物を続けて栽培しません。例えば、トウモロコシの後には豆類作物を栽培し、害虫の発生を抑えることができます。
  • 🌼 被覆作物は、土壌構造を維持し、侵蚀を防ぎ、土壌の温度を調節し、水分を保持するのに役立ちます。
  • 🌱 被覆作物は、主作物の生育後期に栽培され、次の栽培シーズンを待っている間、土地の荒廃を防ぎます。
  • ♻️ コンポストは、自然な有機肥料であり、農場内にある作物残留物や動物の排泄物を原材料として使用できます。
  • 💨 コンポストの成熟過程で放出されるアメイジングガスは、農業の再生可能エネルギー源として利用できます。
  • 🌾 完了したコンポストは、細かく繊維質で水分吸収力が高く、徐々に栄養素を放出するため、遅効性肥料として使用されます。
  • 🔄 作物間作、作物轮作、被覆作物の違いは、異なる作物を同時に栽培する間作と、主作物の生育後期に被覆作物を栽培するという点にあります。

Q & A

  • 農業における多様性増加にどのようなツールを使うと効果的ですか?

    -多様性増加には交作、作物轮作、被覆作物、多種家畜放牧などのツールが使えます。これにより生態系の機能を高め、害虫問題を軽減することができます。

  • 交作とはどのような農法ですか?

    -交作とは異なる種類の作物を隣り合わせに栽培することで、太陽光のエネルギーをより効率的に利用し、害虫の侵入を防ぐことができます。

  • 交作による害虫防除の仕組みを教えてください。

    -交作は害虫が宿主を見つけることが困難になるため、害虫の認識能力を低下させ、害虫の数を自然に減らす効果があります。

  • 作物轮作の利点は何ですか?

    -作物轮作は雑草や害虫の生命周期を断ち切るだけでなく、作物間の肥料の相補効果ももたらします。

  • 作物轮作によって土壌の質をどのように改善できますか?

    -作物轮作は土壌の栄養バランスを改善し、土壌の腐殖質を増加させることで土壌の質を向上させます。

  • 被覆作物とは何で、どのような役割を果たしますか?

    -被覆作物とは土壌を覆う作物で、土壌構造を維持し、侵食を防ぎ、土壌中の水分を保持する効果があります。

  • 堆肥の利点とは何ですか?

    -堆肥は自然な有機肥料であり、土壌の肥沃さを高めるのに役立ちます。また、堆肥は徐々に栄養素を放出するため、持続可能な植物成長を促進します。

  • 交作、作物轮作、被覆作物の違いは何ですか?

    -交作は異なる作物を同時に栽培する方法です。作物轮作は同じ場所に同じ作物を続けて栽培しない方法です。被覆作物は主作物の成長後、その場所に栽培される作物で、土壌を保護します。

  • 堆肥の原材料として使用できるものとは何ですか?

    -堆肥の原材料として作物の残骸や家畜の排泄物などが使用できます。これらを混ぜ合せると数ヶ月後に堆肥として完成します。

  • 堆肥を使った農業の利点は何ですか?

    -堆肥を使用することで、農場内から得られる有機物資源を有効利用し、環境に優しい農業を実践することができます。

  • 作物轮作における栄養素の相補効果とは何を意味しますか?

    -作物轮作における栄養素の相補効果とは、異なる作物を栽培することで、土壌中の栄養バランスを改善し、持続可能な農業を促進することを意味します。

Outlines

00:00

🌱 異種作物栽培とその利点

異種作物栽培(インタークロッピング)は、異なる種類の植物を隣接して栽培する方法です。この手法により、自然の天敵の数が増え、害虫の宿主認識能力が低下し、害虫問題が減少します。例えば、クルシフェル作物(アブラナ科植物)と塊茎植物を交互に植えることで、害虫が宿主を見つけにくくなります。異種作物栽培は、エネルギー利用や日光捕獲の効率を高め、農場の多様性を向上させます。

05:01

🌾 作物の輪作とその利点

輪作(クロップローテーション)は、同じ場所で異なる種類の作物を連続して栽培する方法です。この手法は、雑草や害虫のライフサイクルを断ち切り、作物間での肥料補完を促進します。例えば、トウモロコシの前に窒素固定植物(マメ科作物)を栽培することで、害虫の発生を抑え、土壌の質を向上させます。また、輪作は土壌侵食を防ぎ、土壌構造を改善します。

10:01

🌿 被覆作物とその利点

被覆作物(カバークロップ)は、土壌構造を維持し、侵食を防ぎ、土壌温度を調節するために使用されます。被覆作物は水分保持力を高め、蒸発を減少させます。例えば、トウモロコシの収穫後にターニップを植えることで、土壌が有効に利用され、次の栽培期までの土壌の利用が促進されます。被覆作物は、土壌の通気性を向上させることもできます。

Mindmap

Keywords

💡多様性

多様性は、農場において異なる種の植物や動物を育てることを指します。多様性を高めることで、エコシステムの安定性が向上し、害虫の問題が減少します。スクリプトでは、異なる作物を一緒に植えることや輪作を行うことで多様性を増やす方法が説明されています。

💡間作

間作は、同じ農地に複数の種類の作物を同時に育てる農法です。これにより、自然の天敵の数が増え、害虫がホスト植物を認識しにくくなります。例えば、バナナと野菜を一緒に植えることで、害虫がホストを見つけにくくなります。

💡輪作

輪作は、同じ農地に異なる種類の作物を季節ごとに交互に植える農法です。これにより、雑草や害虫のライフサイクルを断ち切り、土壌の肥沃度を向上させる効果があります。スクリプトでは、トウモロコシの後に窒素を固定するマメ科植物を植える例が挙げられています。

💡被覆作物

被覆作物は、土壌を覆って構造を保ち、侵食を防ぐために使用される作物です。また、土壌の温度を調整し、水分を保持する効果もあります。例えば、トウモロコシの収穫後にトウダイグサを植えることで、土地を無駄にせずに次の作付けまでの期間をカバーします。

💡コンポスト

コンポストは、農場内の有機廃棄物を分解して作られる天然の肥料です。これにより、土壌の肥沃度が向上し、ゆっくりと栄養分を放出するため、持続可能な農業に貢献します。スクリプトでは、家畜の糞や作物の残渣を利用してコンポストを作る方法が説明されています。

💡天然の天敵

天然の天敵は、害虫を捕食する他の昆虫や動物を指します。間作によって天敵の数が増えると、害虫の発生が抑えられます。例えば、アブラナ科の植物とジャガイモを交互に植えることで、害虫がホストを見つけにくくなります。

💡土壌の構造

土壌の構造は、土壌中の粒子の配置や結合の状態を指します。被覆作物は土壌の構造を保ち、侵食を防ぐ役割を果たします。また、土壌の通気性も向上させます。

💡窒素固定

窒素固定は、植物が大気中の窒素を取り込み、土壌に蓄えるプロセスです。マメ科植物は特にこの能力に優れており、輪作において他の作物の成長を助けます。

💡エネルギーの利用

エネルギーの利用は、作物が太陽エネルギーを効率的に取り込むことを指します。間作や被覆作物を用いることで、光の捕獲率が向上し、全体的なエネルギー利用が最適化されます。

💡侵食防止

侵食防止は、土壌が風や水によって流されるのを防ぐことを指します。被覆作物は土壌を覆うことで、侵食を効果的に防ぎます。また、土壌の温度調整や水分保持にも寄与します。

Highlights

Intercropping involves planting different types of plants side by side to increase energy use and sunlight capture.

Intercropping can increase natural enemy populations and reduce pest insect recognition of their host plants.

Planting cruciferous plants like Brassica next to tuberous plants can confuse pests like the diamondback moth.

Intercropping with banana and vegetables can disrupt pests' ability to find their host due to the presence of different plants.

Crop rotation can break weed and pest life cycles and provide complementary fertilization among crops.

Planting legume crops before corn can reduce pests and weeds specific to corn.

Crop rotation reduces soil erosion and improves soil quality by not planting the same crop in the same area consecutively.

Cover crops help maintain soil structure, prevent erosion, and moderate soil temperature.

Cover crops also enhance soil aeration and water retention, improving overall soil health.

The difference between intercropping and cover crops is that cover crops are planted after the main crop has reached its end stage.

Compost is a natural organic fertilizer that can be made from farm waste and animal residues.

Composting takes three to six months and releases gases like ammonia, carbon dioxide, and methane.

Finished compost is a fine, nutrient-rich material with good water absorption capacity.

Compost acts as a slow-release fertilizer, releasing nutrients more gradually than compound fertilizers.

Small-scale farms can manage compost activities without the need for large-scale biogas collection.

Composting is an essential practice for increasing soil fertility and supporting sustainable farming.

Transcripts

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the table is to show you what other

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tools that can be used to increase the

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biodiversity in the farm as I mentioned

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before higher diversity in the farm

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would cause the highest ability within

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the from eco system and if reduced the

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pest problem and always pass always a

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problem in a farm where it can reduce

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the year okay what are the tool that can

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be used to increase the diversity the

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first one is a intercropping crop

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rotation cover crop and multi-species

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grazing okay let's go and talk about

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what is the intercropping well is a

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inter crop I mean we plan different type

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of plant beside each other okay I mean

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we cultivate more than one crop at the

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time in an area if you remember when one

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of the way to increase the use of the

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energy or sunlight and the energy is to

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cover cover crop that intercropping also

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can be part of the cover crop because it

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increased the sunlight capture with the

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intercropping the benefits the benefits

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of winter crappie we can increase the

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natural enemy population and it's also

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reduced the ability of the pest insect

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recognizing a host in the intercropping

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each of the insects have their own host

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for example we may plant

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cruciferous plants such as Brassica and

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where the host is the lepidopteran such

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as diamondback moth and

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roll we can plant the tuberous plan and

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the roll next up the death tuberous plan

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we can transfer the cruciferous plan so

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in the middle of this crucial forest

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plan we will have this tuberous well

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plants with these activities

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intercropping the holes from the

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cruciferous plants and as nettles cannot

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cannot find the other area for the

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cruciferous because in the middle there

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is already different types of plants

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though the insect cannot recognize it

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don't have ability to recognize their

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host daddy are the rules of the plants

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so this is the advantage order

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intercropping and naturally is going to

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reduce the number of the pests

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this is just for examples to show the

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intercrop between the banana and

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vegetable like you say they have banana

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vegetable and banana so this is the

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vegetables crop path if you plant

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another rose after banana is another

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vegetables I mean leafy vegetables so

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basically the insect have problem to

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recognize the horse

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because they have the banana in between

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and also another type of people can

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intercrop with coffee with pepper the

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second way is to increase the diversity

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of the farm is the crop rotation what's

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the advantage of the crop rotations it

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can break the weeds and pests life

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cycles and also provide complementary

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fertilization among the crops because in

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the crop rotation we plant at the same

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area we don't plan the

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same type of crop for the next season

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the example can do here is you can

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cultivate nitrogen fits in legume crops

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before the corn and these activities

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also can reduce the view of pests and in

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some insect pests and also weeds of the

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area is this because if you plant the

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corn the insect for the corn

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if you plant the corn in the first

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season and the next season we at the

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same area we plant the legume crops the

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insect for the corn and the legging

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crops basically are a different types

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therefore the insect don't have time to

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bring out a high population at the area

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and also this crop rotation activities

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can reduce the soil erosion and increase

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the soil quality these are to show you

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at the one area we came the first year

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we can at the center we can plant the

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leafy area the second year we plant the

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fruits and the third year we plant roots

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and we just rotate the type of plants at

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the same area never plants the same

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plants at the same area at the two

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season in a row we're going to show

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different examples of the crop rotations

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okay and then come to the cover crops

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compost and fertilizer yeah so cover

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crops boom as we mentioned before what

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is the cover crops yeah in the energy

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flows just now okay it can maintain the

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soil structures and prevent erosion and

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since the cover crop will cover the

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so therefore it reduce the temperature

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of the size of the area okay it's a

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moderate the temperature and also

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because it's covered when Israel the

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water can be keep in the soil at a

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longer period the if a transformation

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process will reduce yeah and also it

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handsome enhance the soil erosion it

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enhance the soil aeration in the farm

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okay this is to show their cover crops

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of radishes and Syria right again and

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then what is the difference between the

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crop rotation intercropping and cover

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crop you might from the picture you

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might say oh this is a intercropping

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yeah with the difference with the inter

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crappie and cover crop is with the cover

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crop in the cropping you may plan this

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different type of crop at the same time

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however for the cover crop what usually

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practice is they will plan the main crop

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first start the first like that there

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you have the bottom side there they have

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a corn the main crop at that area is

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corn when the con reaching the end stage

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of the development then we'll start

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planting the cover crop such a here is

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the tourney when the time for harvest

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the corn Dan the techniques grow have a

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more sunlight can use more Stanga and it

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grow faster and it can be under land

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areas is not being wasted while waiting

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for the next planting season for the

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corner so this is the cover crop the

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next one is composed as mentioned before

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compost is good

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to increase the soil fertility and this

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is a type of a natural organic

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fertilizer in the compost we can get all

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the material from the farm environment

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within the firm itself as an example if

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the farm in the form is you have a crop

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I'm gonna have animals such as cattle

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goat or chicken so the crop residues can

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be put in the compost for a pal and the

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residues from the animal also can be

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used put into the compost pile about and

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all these can become this raw material

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will mix it together and we did it takes

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a few months three to six months to

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process within that time a few gases the

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ammonia carbon dioxide methane are going

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to be released to the air and in the end

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going to have a compost product during

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the composting period yes you can see

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they're going to have a meeting of that

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release many of the farms such a kettle

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big cattle farm in united states where

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they have producing the bio or renewable

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energy from this material they will

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collected the cow down yeah and

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processes men become the compost and

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then during that process that collected

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the meat n gas and the cell this gets to

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the industry however this process not

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necessary in the B scale if you have a

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small farm and you kondeh have a loss

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always do the compost activities

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can always collect the Mateen and use it

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for them from activities for the firm's

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energy yeah okay let's see how the

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finished compost look like so if can if

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you can imagine all the full crop

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residues yeah they have been chopped

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into small pieces and put in the compost

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pile pile at the same time also we have

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all these organic methods visas from the

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animal and put it also in the compost

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pile it doesn't look nice but when the

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good compost system if the process of

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composting done correctly this is how is

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the finished product new plant is very

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fine and have contained many morgen ISM

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and nutrient and it's also have a good

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capacity for absorb water yeah and

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compost also has been known to be I can

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be used as a slow-release fertilizers

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because it releases the nutrients slowly

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compared to the this compound fertilizer

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農業多様性作物共作作物轮作多種放牧自然敵害虫対策土壌改善有机物資源堆肥農業環境持続可能
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