Micologia, Virologia e Microbiologia Clínica 02/06

Summary

This lecture delves into the topic of oncogenic viruses, focusing on HPV (Human Papillomavirus) and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). The discussion covers the role of HPV in causing cervical cancer, its transmission, and prevention through vaccines. It also explains the nature of HIV, its progression from HIV to AIDS, and the associated infections and complications. Key aspects such as the differences between HIV and AIDS, transmission methods, and the significance of effective treatments are also addressed, emphasizing the importance of vaccination and early intervention for both viruses.

Takeaways

• 😀 HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a DNA virus with a high prevalence in women with cervical cancer, and it has over 70 types, with 35 affecting the genital area.
• 😀 HPV can be transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, sexual relations, contaminated instruments, and vertical transmission from mother to baby.
• 😀 HPV infections can be classified into low, medium, and high-risk categories based on their association with cervical cancer.
• 😀 The most common high-risk HPV types (16, 18) are strongly associated with cervical cancer and other genital cancers.
• 😀 HPV can be diagnosed through cytology, such as Pap smears, which detect cell changes caused by the virus.
• 😀 HPV vaccines, including bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent versions, are available, with the nonavalent vaccine offering broader protection against more HPV types.
• 😀 HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is distinct from AIDS, with HIV being the virus that causes AIDS by damaging the immune system.
• 😀 HIV has two types: HIV-1 (most common worldwide) and HIV-2 (mainly found in West Africa).
• 😀 People living with HIV are vulnerable to opportunistic infections like pneumonia, candidiasis, and other severe illnesses due to immune system weakness.
• 😀 Treatment for HIV, including antiretroviral therapy, can reduce the viral load and allow HIV-positive individuals to live for many years with a good quality of life.

Q & A

What is the main oncogenic virus discussed in the script?

The main oncogenic virus discussed is HPV (Human Papillomavirus), which is associated with cervical cancer in women.

What is the prevalence of HPV in women with cervical cancer?

HPV has a prevalence ranging from 18% to 100% in women with cervical cancer.

What are the primary types of HPV that are considered high risk for cervical cancer?

The primary high-risk types of HPV for cervical cancer are types 16, 18, 45, and 46, with types 16 and 18 being the most common.

How is HPV transmitted?

HPV is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, including sexual intercourse, contaminated gloves or instruments, and even via vertical transmission from mother to baby.

What is the incubation period for HPV?

The incubation period for HPV can range from two weeks to eight months, depending on the type of infection.

What role does vaccination play in preventing HPV-related diseases?

Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing HPV-related diseases, including cervical cancer. There are vaccines available for various types of HPV, with some covering up to 9 types of the virus.

What is the difference between HIV and AIDS as mentioned in the transcript?

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system, leading to AIDS when the immune system is severely weakened.

How can HIV be transmitted?

HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse, blood transfusions, sharing contaminated needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

What are some common infections that HIV-positive individuals are more susceptible to?

HIV-positive individuals are more susceptible to infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis, hepatitis, neurological disorders, and opportunistic infections due to their weakened immune system.

What are the key factors that influence the likelihood of HIV infection after exposure?

Key factors include the concentration of the virus in the exposed biological fluid, the integrity of the mucosa involved, the duration of exposure, and the viral load transmitted.