Lecture 15: Aggression || PSY 203: Social Psychology
Summary
TLDRThis social psychology lecture delves into the multifaceted nature of aggression, exploring its definitions, forms, and the harm it inflicts. It discusses the ABC model of aggression, distinguishing between instrumental and emotional aggression, and examines the biological, environmental, and social factors contributing to aggressive behavior. The lecture also touches on the impact of heat, the presence of weapons, and media influence on aggression. It highlights the importance of empathy in reducing aggression and dispels myths associated with rape culture, emphasizing the need for societal interventions to mitigate aggressive tendencies.
Takeaways
- π The lecture discusses various forms of aggression, its definition, sources, and the harm it causes.
- π Aggression is broadly defined as any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm another person or living thing, including oneself.
- π The ABC model of aggression includes Anger, Behavior (violence), and Cognition (hostility).
- π There are two types of aggression: instrumental (inflicting harm to achieve a goal) and emotional (inflicting harm for its own sake).
- π€ The harm caused by aggression can range from physical harm to psychological trauma, including PTSD and anxiety.
- 𧬠Biological sources of aggression include genetic factors, such as the MAO-A gene, and hormonal influences like testosterone.
- π‘ The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that frustration can increase the likelihood of an aggressive response.
- βοΈ Seasonal factors, particularly heat, are associated with increased aggression, as are certain situational factors like the presence of weapons.
- π³οΈβπ Social learning theory emphasizes the role of modeling in learning aggressive behaviors, as demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiments.
- πΊ Gender differences in aggression show that males tend to engage in more physical aggression, while females are more likely to participate in relational aggression.
- π Cross-cultural research indicates that aggression levels can vary significantly between cultures and are influenced by both biological and social factors.
- πͺ The concept of 'rape culture' is explored, highlighting the social and cultural factors that contribute to the perpetuation of sexual violence.
Q & A
What is the definition of aggression according to the lecture?
-Aggression is defined as physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt another person or any other living thing, and can also include inanimate objects.
What are the two types of aggression mentioned in the lecture?
-The two types of aggression are instrumental aggression, which is inflicting harm to obtain something of value, and emotional aggression, which is inflicting harm for its own sake.
What is the harm caused by aggression?
-The harm caused by aggression can range from physical harm, such as immediate or lasting feelings of pain, suffering, injury, or death, to psychological trauma, including generalized anxiety, hypervigilance, sleeplessness, irritability, self-blame, post-traumatic stress disorder, and serious harm or death.
What is the role of the MAO-A gene in relation to aggression?
-The MAO-A gene, particularly its short form, is linked to aggression in non-human species. In humans, the presence of the short form of the MAO-A gene, combined with a history of childhood abuse, is associated with a higher likelihood of being convicted of a violent crime.
How does testosterone relate to aggression?
-Testosterone is associated with aggression as it is linked to increased impulse control and temper issues. However, the relationship is bi-directional, meaning that not only does testosterone increase aggression, but aggression also increases testosterone levels.
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
-The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that when an individual is thwarted from reaching a goal, it increases the probability of an aggressive response.
What is the weapons effect and how does it relate to aggression?
-The weapons effect refers to the phenomenon where the mere presence, description, or visual representation of weapons increases the probability of aggressive behaviors.
What is the role of social learning theory in understanding aggression?
-Social learning theory, as demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiments, suggests that children learn aggressive behaviors by observing and modeling the actions of others, especially when those actions are rewarded.
What are the gender differences in aggression mentioned in the lecture?
-Men and boys are more likely to engage in physical aggression, while women and girls tend to participate in relational aggression, which involves harming someone through their relationships or social status.
What is the concept of a culture of honor and how does it relate to aggression?
-A culture of honor is characterized by strong concerns about reputation and a sensitivity to insults, which can lead to a willingness to use violence to avenge perceived wrongs. This concept is particularly associated with the American South.
What is the definition of rape culture and how does it relate to aggression?
-Rape culture refers to an environment characterized by pervasive or normalized sexual violence, which is largely perpetuated by men on women. It is not a biological drive but a conditioned response that maintains gender inequality.
What are some ways to reduce aggression as discussed in the lecture?
-Ways to reduce aggression include societal interventions like improving quality of life to reduce frustration, controlling the availability of guns to mitigate the weapons effect, punishing aggression effectively using operant conditioning, and reframing media depictions of aggression.
Outlines
π Understanding Aggression and Its Forms
This paragraph introduces the lecture on aggression within the social psychology series. It defines aggression as any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm another person or object. The lecture will cover the various forms of aggression, its sources, and the harm it can cause. It also mentions the inclusion of a discussion on rape culture. The ABC model of aggression is introduced, which includes the components of affect (anger), behavior (violence), and cognition (hostility). The paragraph distinguishes between two types of aggression: instrumental (aggression as a means to an end) and emotional (aggression for its own sake).
𧬠Biological Sources of Aggression
The second paragraph delves into the biological roots of aggression, highlighting the role of genetics, specifically the MAO-A gene, which is associated with aggression when combined with environmental factors like childhood abuse. It also discusses the influence of testosterone on aggressive behavior, noting its correlation with both male and female aggression levels. The paragraph explains that testosterone can increase due to aggression and vice versa, creating a bi-directional relationship.
π₯ Frustration and Aggression: The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
This paragraph explores the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which posits that frustration in achieving a goal can lead to aggressive behavior. It cites a study where children who were delayed from playing with toys exhibited more destructive behavior compared to a control group. However, the paragraph also introduces the Neo Associative Model, which suggests that frustration may lead to anger and subsequently to aggression, but this is not always the case, indicating a more complex relationship.
βοΈ Environmental Factors Influencing Aggression
The fourth paragraph examines environmental factors that can trigger aggression, such as high temperatures, which are associated with increased incidents of violence. It also discusses the 'weapons effect,' where the presence of weapons can escalate aggressive behavior. The paragraph provides examples from baseball and an experiment involving handling a pellet gun versus a non-violent toy, illustrating how environmental cues can influence aggressive tendencies.
π€ΌββοΈ Social Learning Theory and Imitation of Aggression
The fifth paragraph discusses Albert Bandura's social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of observation and imitation in learning aggressive behaviors. The famous Bobo doll experiment is highlighted, showing how children who observed an adult acting aggressively toward the doll were more likely to imitate these behaviors. The paragraph also touches on the impact of violent media consumption on aggression, noting that while there is a link, the relationship is not as straightforward as some might believe.
πΉ Gender Differences and Cultural Aspects of Aggression
This paragraph addresses gender differences in aggression, noting that males are more likely to engage in physical aggression, while females tend to participate in relational aggression. It also explores cultural factors, such as the concept of 'cultures of honor,' which can influence levels of aggression. The paragraph provides examples from different countries and discusses how cultural norms and values can shape aggressive behaviors.
π The Impact of Culture and Rape Culture
The seventh paragraph discusses the cultural aspects of rape, highlighting that it is largely a crime perpetrated by men against women. It presents statistics on the prevalence of sexual violence globally and emphasizes that rape is not a biological imperative but a conditioned response. The paragraph also addresses the issue of rape culture and the myths and attitudes that perpetuate it, stressing the importance of recognizing and challenging these misconceptions.
π‘ Strategies for Reducing Aggression
The final paragraph of the script outlines potential strategies for reducing aggression. It suggests societal interventions, such as improving the quality of life to reduce frustration, controlling the availability of guns to mitigate the 'weapons effect,' and ensuring consistent and timely punishment for aggressive behavior. The paragraph also emphasizes the importance of reducing and reframing media depictions of aggression and calls for interpersonal interventions, such as improving parental care, strengthening social connections, and enhancing empathy.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Aggression
π‘ABC Model of Aggression
π‘Instrumental Aggression
π‘Emotional Aggression
π‘Harm
π‘MAO-A Gene
π‘Testosterone
π‘Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
π‘Weapons Effect
π‘Social Learning Theory
π‘Rape Culture
Highlights
Aggression is defined as physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt another person or living thing, including inanimate objects.
The ABC model of aggression includes Anger, Behavior (violence), and Cognition (hostility).
There are two types of aggression: instrumental (inflicting harm to obtain something of value) and emotional (inflicting harm for its own sake).
Aggression can cause physical harm, psychological trauma, and collateral damage to unintended targets.
The MAO-A gene, particularly its short form, is linked to aggression, especially when combined with a history of childhood abuse.
Testosterone is associated with aggression, with higher levels often found in prison populations and rowdy environments, and can be influenced by both nature and nurture.
The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that being thwarted from reaching a goal increases the likelihood of an aggressive response.
The presence of weapons, such as guns, can increase aggressive behavior due to the 'weapons effect'.
Social learning theory, demonstrated by Bandura's Bobo doll experiments, shows that children can model aggressive behavior after observing adults.
Violent media consumption does not necessarily lead to aggressive behavior, contrary to popular belief.
Gender differences in aggression show that males are more likely to engage in physical aggression, while females tend toward relational aggression.
Cross-cultural research indicates that aggression levels can vary significantly between countries and cultures.
The culture of honor, particularly in the American South, is linked to higher levels of aggression and sensitivity to insults.
Rape culture involves forced sex acts and is largely perpetuated by men on women, with significant global variation in prevalence.
Rape myths and victim-blaming attitudes are prevalent and contribute to a culture that tolerates sexual violence.
Reducing aggression requires societal interventions, including improving quality of life, controlling access to weapons, and enhancing empathy.
Transcripts
hey everybody and welcome to another
lecture in the social psych lecture
series this one is on aggression so
we're gonna be talking about different
forms of aggression
what aggression that really is where it
comes from that sort of thing and then
talk a little bit about rape culture to
end this discussion okay so what is
aggression what is the harm caused by it
what are the sources so we'll talk about
a few of the sources these are this is
not exhaustive okay we're going to talk
about reducing aggression okay at the
end
so what is aggression well
is it accidentally injuring someone is
it working
tenaciously to try to sell a product to
a customer is it biting someone on the
neck is it swinging a stick at someone
but missing is it swinging a stick at a
pinata and hitting a person instead
hurling insults at someone deliberately
falling - failing to prevent harm
murdering for money hiring someone to
breaking competitors kneecaps
hitting others while in rage in a rage
hitting a pillow while in a rage if you
answered yes to all of these then you're
right that's all aggression that's all
aggressive acts whether they were
physically harming someone or not
although some of those are pretty wild
like murdering for money or hiring
someone to break a committed and caps
you didn't actually do the kneecapping
break but that's still a very aggressive
move Tonya Harding okay so
physical or verbal behavior intended to
hurt another person or any other living
thing right or actually not even just
living things but inanimate objects as
well
in Yoda's for example who does not want
to be hurt hey hey look it's the ABC
bottle crash
a DC model of aggression so the effect
part a anger okay anga behavior is the
violence
and cognition is generally speaking
hostility hey these are this is the ABC
model
there are two types of aggression
instrumental aggression this is
inflicting harm to obtain something of
value so means to an end
some sort of job that you have to do you
know breaking somebody's kneecaps and
then there's emotional aggression or
hostile or um effective okay this is
inflicting harm for its own sake the
means and the end do not need or do need
to coincide the means and the ends are
the same thing I want to inflict harm
because I want to inflict harm so
instrumental aggression is using a
weapon emotional aggression is using
words
to be harmful okay
to to just rap somebody up and and into
a little ball and laughing about it okay
so what is the harm caused from
aggression well can take and multiple
forms it can be physical harm Hey into
immediate or lasting feelings of pain
suffering injury or death that lasts
non-lethal physical psychological trauma
over generalized anxiety hyper vigilance
sleeplessness irritability self blame
post-traumatic stress disorder and
serious harm or death so that's
non-lethal physical that's not gonna
kill you and it's mostly psychological
but you can also be collateral damage so
this is not you are not the intended
target of the harm and yet you suffer
from the harm because you are nearby or
you are related or something like that
lot of harm is collateral damage to be
to be sure
sources of aggression include biological
sources
include biological sources so so your
genes are interesting your genes are
interesting so the idea here that I
wanna do that I want to share is that
there is a particular identified gene
it's called the mao-a gene and there are
apparently two forms of it long form and
short form okay
what the mao-a gene is supposed to do is
produce an enzyme that helps metabolize
certain nap neurotransmitters and the
short form is what is linked to
aggression in non-human species so
chimpanzees gorillas Tigers etc in one
study researchers had a sample of men
and tested for this gene and 37% had
that short form they also categorized
men as either having been abused in
childhood or not then they measured
their violent crimes
so the mao-a short form of the gene did
not predict violence by itself however
boys who have the gene
and were abused were three times more
likely to have been convicted of a
violent crime by age 26
they were 12% of this particular sample
but they were responsible for 44 percent
of total crimes in that sample so they
were an eighth of the people in the
sample and yet that eight was nearly
half of the crimes so there is a gene by
environment interaction so is it nature
or is it nurture it's the interaction of
both the other thing about biology is
testosterone so
all humans make testosterone but male
humans tend to have quite a bit more
than female humans and other and other
sexes
and so yeah you see a lot of aggression
associated with testosterone okay
prison populations tend to have higher
levels of tea overall Rowdy frats tend
to have more tea on average than known
rowdy frats when trans men are
transitioning in addition to body hair
dropping body fat and lowering the voice
testosterone also creates the issue of
them having to deal with more impulse
control and temper issues
however we also know things that inspire
anger also increased testosterone levels
so this is a bi-directional relationship
right so it's not just that testosterone
increases aggression aggression also
increases testosterone so it's back and
forth right so insults
insults can increase somebody's
testosterone level and so there's an
association with testosterone not a
causal relationship so just because you
have a lot of testosterone doesn't mean
you're an aggressive person
and this same goes for women who also
have lower levels of testosterone but
also may have higher levels than the
average woman okay they won't be
necessarily more aggressive than any
other woman okay so this is a
correlation and then the mao-a gene is a
gene by environment interaction so the
gene by itself doesn't make somebody
more or less aggressive but if they have
issues in the environment that that
changes the way the mao-a gene works
then you have the then you have that
issue so the frustration-aggression
hypothesis
frustration-aggression hypothesis
hypothesis so imagine you are
frustrated by something okay
now have you ever thought to yourself is
the definition of frustration I always
say I'm frustrated but what does that
mean well frustration is imported on the
way to a goal
so being prevented from reaching a goal
and so the frustration-aggression
hypothesis suggests that being thwarted
on the way to a goal increases the
probability of an aggressive response in
one study children were either delayed
from playing with toys so frustrating or
allowed to directly play with them which
was the control group
those children who are frustrated were
more destructive with the toys than the
control group children
so does frustration always lead to
aggression
this is a great question
the Neos Oceania stick count of
aggression
doesn't necessarily agree and this is
the newest associate istic account right
so you have an aversive event things
like frustration but also paying heat so
frustration would be blocked goals but
things like heat and pain are also
aversive events in this model okay those
things will lead to anger which is the
emotion associated with frustration
right so you get perceived injustice and
then anger increases arousal levels just
think of anger from inside out when he
gets super angry fire comes from his
head that's representing the sympathetic
nervous system kicking itself into high
gear right that anger then leads to the
behavior of aggression okay so
physically attacking someone or
something or harming someone emotionally
you know some sort of relational thing
like spreading rumors or something okay
so that's another way to suggest
frustration leading to aggression Neo
Association neo associate istic account
it's hard to say
includes this anger level right
so sometimes frustration won't lead to
anger
therefore won't lead to aggression so
that's the difference between the two
Romeo and Juliet I pray thee God
Mercutio let's retire the day is hot the
Capulets abroad and if we meet we shall
not scape a brawl for now these hot days
is the mad blood stirring so even
Shakespeare knew
that aggressive acts increase during the
summer months and then just fall away
in the winter months
so you have more uprisings more domestic
disturbances more rapes more assaults
these are of course
correlations
but he really does make people really
agitated makes people really agitated
okay so let me let me tell let me let me
give you one of the reasons I think why
so this is a personal opinion but it
seems right to me so when you're cold
generally speaking we have the means to
increase our warmth we put things on we
can put as many layers of clothing on to
prevent our skin from feeling cold air
temperatures right we bundle up but when
it's really really hot you can get naked
and still be really really hot
you can't take off your skin and so
there's a limit to how much relief you
can get
from disrobing
if it's really really hot there's only
so much relief you can get in winter you
can pile on them clothes and be like I
am nice and toasty I'm under this
blanket you can't do that when it's hot
outside and so what does your body do
well it starts getting agitated and when
it gets agitated your body temperature
increases and so the more agitated you
get the more hot you get and it's still
hot outside and so you're sweating and
then you're trying to get and then so
the rage just builds and you're like ahh
and then you turn green and start
smashing
another situational source of aggression
is oh no this is still hot this is
baseball because I enjoy baseball here's
Albert here's Albert pools getting
plunked when he was a cardinal he's
getting hit and you can see that when
the temperature is 90 degrees and above
more batters are hit
more batters or hit okay
more more often okay and this is
especially true on the unwritten rules
of baseball and if a batter is hit by
the opposing team
then you can bet that they'll hit a
batter later in the game because you
know turnabout is fair play
and in baseball you hit me I hit you and
then everyone gets warned and then you
know it's becomes no fun or benches
clear or brawls happen uh loser
I miss baseball okay so that's another
piece of evidence for heat hot heat okay
now this one is an interesting one okay
this is an additional situational
variable and it has to do with the
presence of guns has to do with the
presence of guns right so the task was
write instructions on how to use the
object okay and the independent variable
was either a non violent toy
or a pellet gun so they had to sew so
people had to write instructions how to
use either one okay
nonviolent toy or pallet gun
and they measure testosterone through
saliva samples before and after handling
the toy or the gun
and then they had to do a hot sauce test
okay so
increases in testosterone
were significant for the gun and they
didn't increase for the toy though
grams of hot sauce though is really
interesting so people who had to handle
the gun and write instructions for how
to use the gun ingested more hot sauce
than those who utilized the toy and so
the gun it increased
um aggressive behaviors doing more harm
to my mouth with hot sauce and this was
increasing my tea so this is called the
weapons effect the weapons effect the
mere presence of weapons the description
of weapons and the visual representation
of weapons increases probability of
aggressive behaviors
I'm gonna put more hot sauce
or the next person
they're gonna love it here you go enjoy
your mouth burning
now what are other sources of aggression
well social social sources social
learning theory from bandura in ninth in
the 1970s
now this one's pretty famous because
this is the Bobo doll set of experiments
and the idea behind Bobo was that
bandura didn't believe the behaviors
perspective at the time he said you know
what
I don't think behaviorists understand
that aggressive behavior is modeled just
because we watch somebody perform an
aggressive act like boxing we don't get
that cathartic we don't get that
cathartic release that was suggested by
behaviorists he said no kids learn from
that because if it's rewarded then the
kid will learn that that's reinforcing
okay that that's reinforcing and so they
will also act in that way so here's a
poor drawing of Bobo it's an inflatable
clown is what it is it's inflatable
clown I have a video for you you can
actually see the Bobo doll so it's an
inflatable clown and there is a wait at
the bottom of it so the center of mass
is toward the bottom of it and so you
can you know if you hit Bobo he will
come right back up okay
so essentially coming back for more okay
so there were 72 boys and girls that
watched
adults play in a playroom and they
watched them play with Bobo
Hey and they men measure the kids
playing with those
toys and how they acted toward Bobo
named just measured physical aggression
and verbal aggression so here is a video
of that
[Music]
my initial research and observations
below
centered on the social modeling of
aggression in our experiment preschool
children observed an adult model beat up
an inflatable doll in novel ways she
pummeled it with a mallet flung it in
the air kicked it repeatedly and threw
it down and beat it and these novel acts
were embellished with hostile remarks
the children were then left in the
playroom that had a variety of toys now
the children who had observed the
aggressive modeling adopted much of it
they even invented new ways for
attacking the doll children who had not
observed the adult model were less
aggressive and never hit the Bobo doll
in the novel ways that were bottled the
children who had been exposed to the
aggressive modeling showed an increased
attraction to guns even though the adult
model never used them at the time we did
this research it was widely believed at
seeing others venting aggression would
drain away the viewers aggressive drive
as you can see exposure to modeled
aggression is hardly cathartic hardly
televised violence has four major
effects it teaches aggressive styles the
behavior weakens restraints over
aggression desensitizes and habituates
viewers to human cruelty and shapes
viewers images of reality
yeah yeah that's a lot right so the idea
here is that
consuming violent media will increase
the aggressive response of the of the
viewer now the research is still out on
that and no violent videogames do not
make you a potential school shooter or
any other kind of shooter so that there
is no strong link to those things
behavior brothers have a song called
bang bang and it's about how they think
that all of this consumption of violent
media is leading to people to take up
arms in that way and go on shooting
sprees and that is one of the ills of
[Music]
the United States
and while it's a catchy song and I do
enjoy it the message misses the point
because access to guns
is really where the struggle is not in
using those guns and access to guns so
another bangbang shoot-'em-up movie
why not it's not going to increase your
levels of aggression to go shoot up the
bad guy having access to guns though
and the weapons effect does
all right gender differences
physical versus relational aggression
okay so men and boys are more likely to
engage in what is called physical
aggression okay that is actually harming
each other like these two high school
boys right here man they're gonna Oh
somebody's gonna get punched in the face
although he's winding up his punch and
and his elbow is up this this this dude
could totally like block it he'll punch
the end up punching the
locker know hurt hurt real bad
men are more arrests are arrests
arrested more often for violent crimes
than women are girls and women tend to
participate in what is called relational
aggression
harming somebody through their
relationships or social status okay so
are they biological or social
so we need cross-cultural research to
help us with this and cross-cultural
research finds that young male writes
stories with more violent solutions than
women do in each culture males are
consistently higher than females within
a context
although sorry although males are
consistently higher than females within
a culture females from some countries
had higher levels of aggression than
males from different countries so
Australia vs. Korea okay so the females
in Australia had higher levels of
aggression than males in Korea okay so
cross culturally these are these are
issues right so is this nature or
nurture well it's probably both probably
both do not buy into the trope of boys
will be boys boys should not be harming
each other like this rough-and-tumble
play while innocuous can lead to more
violence
cultural other cultural issues include
cultures of Honor so let's talk about
the American South and their insistence
on maintaining the honor of the
Confederacy
the idea of the culture of honor in the
American South is that its members
strong concerns about their own and
others reputations so there is a
sensitivity to slights and insults and a
willingness to use violence to avenge
those perceived wrongs or insults okay
so this is found all over the place
we're hurting animals is where many
people make a living because hurting
animals is tough right herders are
susceptible to losing all of their
wealth in an instant if animals are
stolen
so here's a quote for you from an early
age small boys were taught to think much
of their own honor and be active in its
defense honor is in this society meant a
pride of manhood in masculine courage
physical strength and warrior virtue
male children were trained to defend
their honor without a moment's
hesitation lashing out against their
challengers with savage violence
yeah
so northern United States was saddled by
farmers from England Germany Netherlands
farmers agrarian hey while the South
were settled by Scottish and Irish
settlers that had hurting systems okay
and so you end up with this difference
of opinion about what aggression even in
the verbal sense can lead to Hey
felony related murders in non-south and
Thomas these are
murders right so felony related murders
so felony related murders are murders
committed in the commission of another
felony okay
not not a big difference there but
argument related murders
argument related murders white a bit
more we're talking almost three for
100,000 more and this is among white
males no other no other demographic is
is represented here okay in a classic
set of studies and I want to share with
you a classic set of studies students at
the University of Michigan were brought
to the lab they had walked down a narrow
hall past someone working at a filing
cabinet filing cabinets in hallways when
they passed the Confederate who was the
person working at a filing cabinet the
Confederate bumped into the participant
and muttered [Β __Β ]
and so they measured things like
testosterone anger in the face how hard
they shook the experimenters hands like
these is all anger related behaviors how
close they got to the big burly guy
before they deflected like this is this
is a lot and you can see here that
people were characterized by their
southern Nisour their northern Ness
right and on the y-axis here is distance
at which subject gives way to
Confederate after the muttering of the
[Β __Β ] so how close are they how close
are they you can see here there's a
break in the scale so from 0 to 40 and
then every 10 from there and so in the
control the southern subjects identified
by the U of M gave them quite a few
inches of leeway this is as much space
as they possibly could inside this
hallway northern subjects kind of just
did whatever but when you look at so a
good good 5 to 6 feet
of space but in the insult condition you
see a massive decrease this is about 30
inches it's about three feet so they
moved from 110 feet 8 feet inches to
close to 30 they moved in they were like
I ain't giving you any room because you
called me and [Β __Β ] no sir
and you have comments like these from
even women from the south it's true us
country girls are Devils when it comes
to revenge so the culture of Honor I
want to say is not just for men in the
south
it also includes women do not slight
women because they will come after you
according to this idea
now I do want to talk about rape culture
like I said and rape culture is a rape
is a is forced sex acts okay so sex
without consent but it is also a
physical assault
name
both men and women according to Peggy
San days anthropological archival
research of 156 cultures both men and
women are the victim of rape but it's
largely perpetuated by men on women
and so globally
20 percent of women experience sexual
violence in a relationship at some point
during their lives
it's huge range 3 percent in a place
like Cambodia 59 percent in a place like
Ethiopia ok
there are according to Peggy sand a
there are 17 on the ambiguous rape prone
Society 70% but then on the other side
of the coin a large number of societies
are rape free 47 percent
and then in the middle 36 percent rape
present in remaining of them so
unambiguous rape free in the middle rape
present the United States is one of the
36 percent where rape is still present
it's also used as a ritual part of a
marriage ceremony or rite of passage
into adulthood for males sometimes it's
part of a gang initiation in the United
States
it's a threat to maintain gender
inequality
so the point here
it is not coming from a biological drive
but rather a conditioned response
sexual violence is no more inherent to
masculinity than football I want that to
sign want that quote to sit with you
sexual violence is no more inherent to
masculinity than football
you
and here are the rape myths everything
you hear about race rape blaming the
victim is a myth okay the she asked for
it it wasn't really rape he didn't mean
to she wanted it she lied rape is a
trivial event rape is a deviant event
and you have the statements from these
where they say where she asked for it
when women going around wearing low-cut
tops for short skirts they're just
asking for trouble that's a statement
and you asked do you agree one to five
if a woman doesn't physically resist sex
even when protesting verbally it can't
be considered rape
so scale of one-to-five agree/disagree
men don't usually intend to for sex on
women on a woman but sometimes they get
to sexually carried away
she wanted it although most women would
it wouldn't admit it
they generally find being physically
forced into sex a real turn-on again
these are statements on a scale from one
to five do you agree or disagree and you
can find out whether or not somebody has
explicit attitudes
explicit attitudes
about rape okay so these are all myths
names these are all victim-blaming myths
nobody should ever be no one should ever
be raped but no one should ever be
blamed for their own rape okay
I think it's it's pretty crucial
distinction don't you tell you
last thing how do we reduce aggression
well again this is kind of like reducing
prejudice a little bit it's very
difficult but societal interventions
have to be part of it so improving
quality of life will reduce frustration
controlling guns weapons effect this is
this is where David Brothers missed the
point this is where and Durres work is
really important but also sort of misses
the point
punishing aggression
so using operant conditioning
but in multi-systemic therapy to be
effective punishment must be severe
without modeling aggression delivered
promptly before aggressors benefit from
a change in their behavior
perceived as justified and administered
consistency
the American legal system rarely meets
criteria two and criteria for
which means that it's not delivered
promptly I don't know if you know this
but it takes a while for somebody to be
tried for murder takes a long long long
long time so it's not delivered promptly
and for administered consistence
consistently well I can go on and on and
on and on and on about how this isn't
consistent across things like race and
SES mandatory minimums and all of that
stuff while they seem great mandatory
minimums everyone gets the same sentence
for the same crime does not get levied
the same way so - and for the American
legal system does not do and reducing or
reframing media depictions of aggression
so how is the regression consume
regression aggression
portrayed and then consumed but then we
also have to have interpersonal and
interventions right improving parental
care is one of those things
strengthening social connections is
another one and enhancing empathy I
think that's number one and if you can
cultivate empathy in another human being
I think you won I think you have one
life okay takes a lot of work though to
enhance empathy and teach empathy to
someone takes a lot of work
that's gonna be it for this episode of
the lecture series please leave your
comments suggestions and feedback down
below if you have any and until the next
episode
mie
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