The Cultural Iceberg
Summary
TLDRこのビデオスクリプトは文化的アイスバーグの比喩を通じて文化的アイデンティティの深い層を探求します。文化的アイスバーグの表面には、言語、芸術、宗教、食文化、服装、慣習などが見られますが、その大部分は水面下に隠れており、信念、理想、規範、役割、概念といった深い文化的な要素を含んでいます。深層には、価値観、欲望、前提、嗜好、態度といった人々の内面的な感情や思考が存在し、文化的アイデンティティを形成しています。このスクリプトは文化的多様性と深さについて考えさせ、文化的アイデンティティをより深く理解するためのガイドラインを提供します。
Takeaways
- 🧊 文化とアイスバーグの比較は、文化的特徴の大部分が水面下にあることを示唆しています。
- 👀 文化の表面には、言語、芸術、伝統、宗教、食品、服装、制度、マナーなどが見られます。
- 🌐 言語は文化的アイスバーグの表面と深層を結ぶ重要な要素です。
- 💭 文化の深層には、信仰、理想、規範、役割、概念、神話などが存在し、言語では完全に表現できない抽象的な側面を持っています。
- 🌟 信仰は宗教を超えた文化の基本的な見方を含むものです。
- 🏆 理想は個人や社会全体にとって何が最善かという一般的な理解を表しています。
- 📜 規範は社会が通常と見なす人々の行動や行動です。
- 🎭 役割は人生を通じて個人が果たす様々な社会的地位を指します。
- 💡 概念は家族の重要性や個人性、プライバシーの価値など、人々が物事について考え方を持つ一般的な方法を表しています。
- 📖 神話は事実上真実でないかもしれないが、文化的アイスバーグの最も深い層につながるメタ的真理を含んでいます。
- 🎨 芸術は言語の限界に直面した文化的アイスバーグの深層を探求する助けになります。
- 💖 文化的アイスバーグの最も深い層には、感情や感覚、価値観、欲望、前提、嗜好、態度が含まれています。
- 🌍 気候や地理、人口統計、経済、技術革新は文化的アイスバーグの外的要因であり、文化的アイデンティティに大きな影響を与えます。
Q & A
文化的アイスバーグ理論とは何ですか?
-文化的アイスバーグ理論とは、文化的特徴をアイスバーグに例え、文化的アイデンティティの大部分が目に見えないように水下に隠れているとされる理論です。水上部分は文化的表層の言語、芸術、食文化、服装、儀式、宗教などを指し、水下部分は信念、理想、規範、役割、概念などの文化的深層構造を指します。
文化的アイスバーグの水上部分には何が含まれますか?
-文化的アイスバーグの水上部分には、言語、芸術(音楽、ダンス、映画、絵画、彫刻、建築)、伝統、習慣、儀式、宗教、食文化、服装、制度(組織、社会、法律、慣行)、マナーなどが含まれます。
文化的アイスバーグの水下部分には何が含まれますか?
-文化的アイスバーグの水下部分には、信念、理想、規範、役割、概念、神話、感情、価値観、欲求、前提、嗜好、態度などが含まれます。
文化的アイスバーグ理論において「信念」とは何を指しますか?
-「信念」とは、宗教的な信仰だけでなく、教育、科学、歴史、政治などに対する文化的アイデンティティの基本的な見解や考え方を指します。
文化的アイスバーグ理論における「理想」とは何を指しますか?
-「理想」とは、個体もしくは社会全体にとって何が最善かという一般的に認められた理解を指します。アメリカンドリームがその一例として挙げられます。
文化的アイスバーグ理論における「規範」とは何を指しますか?
-「規範」とは、社会が認める一般的な行動や人々の振る舞いであり、異常や普通とは考えられていないものを避ける傾向があります。
文化的アイスバーグ理論における「役割」とは何を指しますか?
-「役割」とは、個体が社会の中で果たす特定の立場や職責を指し、例えば息子、夫、父親など多くの役割を経て身份を形成します。
文化的アイスバーグ理論における「概念」とは何を指しますか?
-「概念」とは、文化的アイデンティティにおける考え方や物事を捉える一般的な方法を指し、家族の重要性、友情、個人性、プライバシーなどを含む無限のリストです。
文化的アイスバーグ理論における「神話」とは何を指しますか?
-「神話」とは、事実上100%真実でないかもしれないが、メタファー的な真実を含んだとても古い物語を指します。文化的アイデンティティの深層につながる物語です。
文化的アイスバーグ理論における「感情」とは何を指しますか?
-「感情」とは、文化的アイデンティティの最も深い層に位置しており、言語では完全に表現できない人々の一般的な感情や感触を指します。
文化的アイスバーグ理論において、文化的アイデンティティをより深く理解するためにはどのようなアプローチが重要ですか?
-文化的アイスバーグ理論において、文化的アイデンティティをより深く理解するためには、文化的表面だけではなく、文化的深層構造に潜む信念、理想、規範、役割、概念などの要素を探究するアプローチが重要です。
Outlines
🌐 文化のアイスバーグ理論
文化をアイスバーグに例えて、文化的共通性とその顕在性について述べています。文化的表面現象は、言葉、芸術、伝統、宗教、食文化、服装、制度、礼儀などがあります。これらの表面的な特徴は文化的アイデンティティを形成するが、文化的アイスバーグの大部分は水面下に隠れており、信念、理想、規範、役割、概念などの深層的な要素があります。言語は文化的アイデンティティの重要な繋げ役であり、文化的深層を理解するためには、文化的アイスバーグの下層にある人々の思考や感情を理解する必要があります。
🎭 文化の役割と概念
文化における役割や概念について詳細に説明しています。個々人が社会で果たす役割は、性別、民族、経済状態、職業、個性が決定します。文化的アイデアは、家族の重要性、友情の価値、個人性やプライバシー、そして幸福についての考え方など、多様な観念を含みます。文化的神話は、事実上真実でない物語と誤解されることがありますが、実際には重要なメタファー的真理を含んでおり、文化的アイスバーグの深層につながります。
🌏 文化の影響要因
文化を形成し影響を与える外部要因について論じています。気候や地理、人口統計、コミュニケーションメディア、経済、技術革新などが文化的アイデンティティに大きな影響を与えます。特に21世紀初頭の強力なメディアとコミュニケーション手段は、文化的発展に大きな役割を果たしています。経済の影響力を持つ文化は、他の文化に影響を及ぼすことがあります。技術の進歩は文化的アイデンティティに挑戦をもたらし、文化的アイスバーグの表面だけでなく、深層の部分にも影響を及ぼしています。
Mindmap
Keywords
💡文化
💡氷山モデル
💡言語
💡信念
💡理想
💡規範
💡役割
💡概念
💡価値観
💡外部要因
Highlights
文化与冰山的比较揭示了所有文化共有的重要特性:大部分文化特征隐藏在表面之下。
冰山的大部分在水下,文化亦是如此,我们只能直观地观察到表面约10%-15%的部分。
访问其他国家时,人们穿着、饮食、音乐和行为方式等文化表面的方面容易观察到。
文化表面包括语言、艺术、传统、宗教、食物、服饰和机构等方面。
文化深处包括人们的思想、信念、理想、规范、角色和概念。
语言是文化的基础,连接文化表面与深层。
信念系统是文化对教育、科学、历史和政治等的看法。
理想是文化中普遍认同的对个人和社会最有益的观念,如美国梦。
规范是社会认为正常的行为和行动。
角色是个体在社会中的身份,如儿子、丈夫、父亲等。
概念是文化中关于家庭、友谊、个性、隐私等的想法和思考方式。
神话是古老的故事,包含超越事实描述的深层真理。
文化深层的情感和感觉难以用语言表达,需要通过艺术来探索。
价值观是文化中对人性最重要方面的评价,如友谊、成功、财富等。
欲望超越了物质层面,包括安全、权力、便利和人际关系等。
假设是人们日常生活中不断做出的预判,影响我们对情况的反应。
态度是个体对事物的思考和感受方式,可以是积极的或消极的。
品味涉及个人喜好和厌恶,包括故事、时尚、音乐、电影等。
外部因素如气候、地理、人口统计、通信和经济对文化有深远影响。
技术创新的加速发展对文化适应和变化提出了挑战。
冰山隐喻有效地展示了文化的可见与不可见部分,强调了深层文化特征的重要性。
Transcripts
[Music]
when we compare culture to an iceberg
who can begin to understand a very
important quality that all cultures have
in common the most significant feature
of an iceberg
is that most of it is under the water
and you can only see about ten to
fifteen percent above the surface from
above the rest of it is a bit of a
mystery we know it's there we just can't
observe it easily when we look at a
culture we find the exact same
characteristic when you visit another
country for the first time you will
notice lots of small differences in how
people dress the food they eat the music
they listen to and generally how they
behave and how they do things these are
the aspects of a culture that we can
observe and experience
easily using our five main physical
senses let's look at some examples of
the types of things we find above the
surface first of all there will be the
language you might not understand it but
you can hear it and see it so it is
obviously there next come all the
different forms of art including music
dance cinema painting sculpture theater
and architecture cultures are maintained
through their traditions customs and
rituals
closely linked to these are the
different religions which are associated
with particular cultures food is more
often than not central to our region's
identity and what people eat and how
they eat it and who they eat it with can
give us an insight into their ways of
life how people from other places
dressed differently is also very
noticeable at first although maybe less
now than in previous eras above the
surface we can also see a cultures
institutions which include its
organizations and societies and its laws
and practices lastly on this iceberg we
can see Manus which basically refers to
the ways in which people can be polite
and show respect to the people around us
tourists on their holidays interact with
foreign cultures at this level which is
perfectly fine but for a deeper
understanding of a culture then we must
take the plunge and find out what's
going on down below language is a
fundamental part of culture and in this
situation is the link between above and
below the surface as we begin to descend
we find the things that people think
about and can probably describe or
explain using the words of their
language we have five examples on our
iceberg which are beliefs ideals norms
roles and concepts when we talk about
beliefs we aren't just talking about
religion religion is the institution
that we can experience above the surface
the belief systems of a culture are
fundamental to how it views such things
as education science history politics
and all its other institutions in
general
a coach's ideals are they generally
agreed upon understanding of what is
best for the individual and for the
society as a whole
a good example of this is the American
Dream which is a somewhat vague yet very
compelling idea about working hard and
taking social responsibility in order to
achieve financial political and social
freedom for the individual and the
family
the norms of a culture are basically the
behaviors and actions of people which
are considered by the society as normal
and not unusual human beings are
naturally conservative in many ways and
throughout our history anything unusual
or out of the ordinary have likely to
mean danger
everybody within their lifetime will
take on many different roles for example
every man will play the role of a son
many will go on to become husbands
fathers and then grandfather's society
offers countless roles that individuals
work towards and take on as part of
their identity our gender ethnicity
economic status job or career and
personality determine which kinds of
roles we will take on
the concepts of culture are its ideas
and general ways in which people think
about things it is an endless list but
includes concepts about the importance
of family what it means to be a good
friend the importance of individuality
and privacy and how to be happy
along with more abstract ideas about
innovation time and life itself
lastly we come to myths in many context
these days the word myth has come to
mean stories that are probably not true
but real myths are much much more than
this a myth is a very old story that
wealth may not be 100% physically true
contains a meta truth this is a truth
that is vital to our reality but on a
level beyond descriptive factual
language myths provide us with a link to
the deepest depths of the iceberg
because down here language is not
capable of completely describing the
abstract nature of what we find at the
deepest levels of the cultural iceberg
are the emotions and feelings that
people generally have because of the
limitations of language here cultures
must rely on the Arts
to give us insights and clues to help us
understand what is going on and to help
us explore the meaning of such things as
values desires assumptions tastes and
attitudes
let's begin with the core values of the
culture by values we mean the feelings
people have towards the most important
aspects of humanity so how valuable is
friendship is it worth more than family
or loyalty to your employer is success
and wealth more important than
generosity the values of a culture
include evaluations of honesty courage
integrity humility and many other
qualities
what do people want at a superficial
level we would all probably want to win
the lottery
so does this mean all we desire is money
of course not we desire the things that
money can bring such as safety power
convenience and let's be honest
the hot sexy girl or guy of our dreams
but there are also the things that money
can't always help us with like
friendship respect health and peace of
mind
most intercultural and communication
courses warned us that we shouldn't
assume anything but in reality this is
impossible
we all make countless assumptions every
minute of every day we assume the light
will come on when we flick the switch
that the bus will come not too late that
a good performance will be rewarded or
that our kindness will be returned maybe
it is how we react to situations when
our assumptions are not met that is
really important here
our attitude toward something is how we
have decided to think and feel about it
it can be positive or negative and
influenced by our emotions having a bad
attitude having an attitude out of step
with other people within the culture can
make life very uncomfortable for the
individual concerned and for everyone
else that comes into contact with them
the word taste is mostly associated with
food but in the broader sense it simply
means the things that people like and
dislike so people can have different
tastes in almost everything including
stories fashion music movies and even
other people
finally there are the things that
influence the culture from the outside
these are the things over which the
culture has no control to appreciate how
much climate and geography influence a
culture just imagine a cold mountainous
village somewhere in the middle of a
vast continent then compare it to a
coastal city in the tropics and think
about the differences in the challenges
their populations face every day
demographics is concerned with the
details of a population including how
many people there are the percentages of
each gender the amount of people in each
age group and the location of each of
these right now in the early part of the
21st century the world has never seen
such powerful mediums of communication
undoubtedly there is fierce competition
to control the flow of information which
in turn has a huge impact on the
direction and development of our
cultures certainly in the modern world
and perhaps throughout history most
cultures have had little control over
the economics that affect them it is
fair to say that richer more powerful
cultures have always exerted influence
over the others whether by accident or
design the export of American culture
over the last 100 years or so is a good
example since the very first human
beings began using stone tools the rate
of human innovation has gathered pace
exponentially it is reasonable to
suppose that the dizzying rate of
technological advances so far this
century will continue to develop ever
more quickly into the future so it is
also reasonable to wonder how human
cultures will cope with such rapid
changes
to summarize an iceberg makes for a very
useful metaphor because of its hidden
depths in relation to culture the top of
the iceberg that we can observe easily
is all about the things people do their
behaviors and their practices but we
find that most of a culture is below the
surface and that these are the things
that we can't observe so clearly these
are the parts of a culture that come
from people's thoughts and feelings and
are therefore much more difficult to
identify and understand
[Music]
[Music]
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