The Portuguese Empire: How The First Global Empire Was Forged

Summary

Скрипт видео рассказывает о истории Португальского империя, который начался с его возникновения на побережье Иберийского полуострова и развивался благодаря смелым морским путешествиям и навигационным навыкам. Португалия быстро укрепила свои экономические интересы и территориальные претензии от Африки до Азии и Южной Америки. В XVI веке Португалия стала морскими сверхдержавами, открыв торговые пути к Индии и Индонезии, основав торговые форты и укрепления для защиты своих интересов. Однако конкуренция с другими европейскими державами, включая голландцев и англичан, а также внутренние колониальные войны и революции привели к упадку империи, которая в итоге распалась, оставив лишь Бразилию и несколько африканских и азиатских территорий. Последнее португальское колониальное государство, Макао, было передано Китаю в 1999 году, завершив эпоху Португальского морского и торгового империя.

Takeaways

• 🌍 В начале XVI века международные торговые маршруты не существовали, но благодаря находкам и навигационным навыкам Португалии появились новые морские дороги, связывающие разные уголки мира.
• 🏰 Португалия быстро укрепила свое государство, расширяясь от Африки до Азии и Южной Америки, что способствовало не только росту богатства, но и основании глобальной экономики.
• 👑 История Португальского империи начинается с Реконкиста – освобождения христианских территорий на Иберийском полуострове от мусульманских моров.
• 🛳️ В 1415 году Португалия начала свое морское расширение, завоевав город Сутта в Северной Африке, что стало отправной точкой для дальнейших экспедиций и экспансии.
• 🔍 Принц Генрих Альфред, известный как «Навигатор», поддерживал морские исследования и стремился найти способы достичь Азии через восточно-азиатские морские пути.
• 📍 Португалия обнаружила и инкорпорировала в свое государство острова Мадейра и Азоры, а также преодолела препятствия, такие как мыс Букадор, расширяясь к югу по африканскому побережью.
• 💰 Португалия начала торговлю золотом, слоновой костью, перцем, хлопковым деревом и сахаром из Африки, а также участвовать в транзатлантическом рабовладельческом обществе.
• 🛳️ В 1498 году Васко да Гама достиг Индии, открыв морской путь к Азии и подтверждая возможность морской торговли с Индиями и Индонезией.
• 🌐 Открытие Америки Кристофором Колумбом и подписание Договора Тордесилья разделили мир между Испанией и Португалией, устанавливая сферы влияния между ними.
• ⚔️ Португалия столкнулась с сопротивлением и конфликтами при установлении торговых постов и фортов в Азии, часто используя силу для защиты своих торговых интересов.
• 📜 Миссионеры, включая иезуитов, следовали за торговыми экспедициями с целью распространения католичского вера среди местных народов Азии и Африки.
• 🏛️ Португалия столкнулась с угрозой территориальных потерь из-за конкуренции с другими европейскими державами, такими как Голландия и Англия, что привело к колониальным войнам и потерям территорий.
• 🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 В 1580 году Португалия была объединена с Испанией под Иберийским союзом, что привело к участию в более широких европейских конфликтах и сложностям в управлении колониальными территориями.
• 🇧🇷 Бразилия стала значимым территорией для Португалии после открытия золота и бриллиантов в XVII веке, что усилило интерес к развитию этой колонии.
• 🗺️ В 1908 году король Карл и принц Луи Филипп были убиты, что привело к падению монархии и установлению республики в Португалии, что отразилось на управлении колониальными территориями.
• 🏛️ Португалия столкнулась с глобальным трендом декольонизации и давлением на независимость со стороны колоний, что привело к концу Португальского империя в XX веке.
• 🏙️ Последним территориями, перешедшим под контроль других государств, было Макао, которое было передано Китайской Народной Республике в 1999 году, официально завершив распад Португальского империя.

Q & A

Какие торговые маршруты помогли сформировать современный мир?

Современный мир сформирован благодаря сложной сети морских торговых маршрутов, которые соединяют различные регионы через глобальную торговлю.

Какие морские пути были основными до появления международных торговых маршрутов?

До появления международных торговых маршрутов основными морскими путями были локальные знания и примитивные карты, которые использовались для навигации.

Какое государство стало морскими супердержавами в начале 16 века?

В начале 16 века маленькое иберийское государство Португалия стало морскими супердержавами благодаря своим смелым путешествиям и навигационному мастерству.

Какие территории были включены в португальскую империю после ее формирования?

Португалия быстро создала империю, которая простиралась от Африки до Азии и Южной Америки.

Какой год ознаменовался началом португальских морских путешествий?

Начало португальских морских путешествий относится к 1415 году, когда было принято решение атаковать город Сутта.

Какой значимый прорыв был сделан при исследовании африканского побережья?

Один из первых значимых прорывов в исследовании африканского побережья - это обход мыса Божадор в 1434 году, который открыл дорогу для дальнейших исследований Южной Африки.

Какие товары стали частыми на торговых площадках Лиссабона после исследований?

Товары, такие как золото, слоновая кость, перец, хлопок и сахар из Африки, стали частыми на торговых площадках Лиссабона.

Какой год ознаменовался открытием морского пути к Индии?

В 1488 году Бартоломеу Ди околожал южный конец Африки и достиг Индокитайского океана, подтверждая существование восточного морского пути к Индии.

Какой договор разделил мир между Португалией и Испанией?

Договор Тордесиас в 1494 году разделил мир между Португалией и Испанией, согласно которому восточные земли принадлежали Португалии, а западные - Испании.

Кто был первым исследователем, достигшим Индию после открытия морского пути?

Васко да Гама в 1498 году стал первым исследователем, достигшим Индию после открытия морского пути.

Какие события привели к укреплению колониальной программы Португалии в Южной Америке?

Открытие Южной Америки и появление интересов других европейских стран к этой территории привели к укреплению колониальной программы Португалии в Южной Америке.

Какой год ознаменовался началом золотодобычи в Бразилии?

Золотодобыча в Бразилии началась в 1693 году с открытием золOTOSых руд в Минас-Жерисей.

Какой научный факт означает год 1580 для Португалии?

В 1580 году произошел кризис наследования, после которого Филипп II Испании захватил престол Португалии, что привело к объединению двух коронов и их колоний в Иберийском Союзе.

Какой год ознаменовался концом Португальской Республики и началом диктаторского режима?

В 1933 году в Португалии произошло государственное переворот, который устанавливал диктаторский режим, известный как «Эстадо-Ново».

Какой событий в 1974 году привел к уходу Португалии из колоний?

В апреле 1974 года произошла военная хунта, известная как «Революция тюльпанов», после чего новое правительство начало процесс деколониализации и признания независимости колоний.

Когда и как закончилось Португальское завоевание?

Португальское завоевание окончилось 20 декабря 1999 года, когда Макао было передано Китайской Народной Республике, что ознаменовало окончание Португальской империи.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 Португальское мореходчество и основание империи

В первом параграфе описывается мировая торговая сеть и судовые пути, которые связывают современный мир через глобальную торговлю. Автор упоминает, что многие из этих маршрутов были установлены в далёком прошлом, но в начале 16 века таких международных торговых путей не существовало. Это изменилось благодаря возникновению Португалии в качестве морской сверхдержавы, благодаря смелым путешествиям и навигационному мастерству. Португалия быстро укрепила для себя империю, простирающуюся от Африки до Азии и Южной Америки, что способствовало не только её собственному богатству и влиянию, но и созданию современной глобальной экономики. Также упоминается о Reconquista и первых шагах в колонизации Северной Африки и исследовании Атлантики под присмотром принца Генриха Навигатора.

05:02

🛶 Открытие новых путей и обширных торговых сетей

Второй параграф рассматривает дальнейшие исследования и открытия Португалией вдоль побережья Африки, включая обход Cabo Bojador и открытие новых торговых возможностей на Золотом побережье. Также здесь описывается стремление Португалии найти морской путь к Азии, что было подтверждено в 1488 году Бартоломео диасом, и в 1498 году Кристофор Колумб открыл Америку, что привело к мировому разделению с Испанией по Договору из Тordesilhas. В 1497 году Васко да Гама начал свое путешествие в Индию, что открыло новые торговые возможности и позволило Португалии укрепить свои экономические интересы в Азии.

10:04

🏰 Расширение империи и военные конфликты

Третий параграф посвящён расширению Португальской империи в Азии, где они основали торговые посты и укрепления для защиты своих интересов. Также здесь упоминается их присутствие в Африке, Индонезии и Китае. Португалийцы вступили в конфликты с местными султанатами и империями, используя свою превосходящую военную технологию. Религия также играла роль в расширении империи через миссии и проповедь христианства среди местных народов. Однако, с 1580 года, когда Португалия была объединена с Испанией, империя столкнулась с новыми вызовами, включая конфликты с Голландией и Англией, что привело к потере многих территорий.

15:05

📉 Упадок колониальной мощи и национальные революции

В четвёртом параграфе описывается упадок колониальной мощи Португалии и рост национальных революций в Атлантическом регионе, в том числе и в её собственной колонии Бразилии. Здесь также рассматривается земледелие цукера и золотой рай в Бразилии, что привлекло множество мигрантов и усилило экономическое значение этой колонии. Однако землетрясение в Лиссабоне в 1755 году и последующие военные конфликты, включая Наполеоновскую войну, привели к дальнейшим потерям и усилению национальных движений в Бразилии, что в итоге привело к её независимости в 1822 году.

20:06

🏛 Крах империи и процесс деколониализации

Пятый и последний параграф охватывает окончательный крах Португальской империи и процесс деколониализации в 20-м веке. Здесь рассматривается конфликт с Британской империей о политике 'розовой карты' в Южной Африке, революции 1908 и 1910 года, которые привели к свержению монархии и установлению республики, а также участия Португалии в Первой мировой войне. В послевоенные годы усиливается давление на империю с требованием признать независимость колоний, что приводит к военным конфликтам и, наконец, к 'Карнационной революции' в 1974 году. В результате новые власти принимают решение о деколониализации, и в 1999 году Макао передается Китаю, что означает окончание Португальской империи. Несмотря на это, портогальский язык продолжает распространяться, и имперские морские пути до сих пор служат для мировой торговли.

Keywords

💡Португальская морская экспансия

Это термин, обозначающий расширение португальских интересов и влияния через открытие новых торговых путей и завоевание новых территорий в XVI веке. В контексте видео, это связано с началом глобального экономического соединения и основанием Португальской империи, которая стала возможным благодаря отважным путешествиям и навигационному мастерству португальцев.

💡Принц Генрих Альфагенс

Принц Генрих, известный как 'Навигатор', был ключевым персонажем в начале Португальской империи. Он финансировал и поддерживал морские исследования и экспедиции, направленные на открытие новых путей к югу Африки и поиск возможностей достижения Азии. В видео упоминается его любопытство и стремление расширить знания о пределах мусульманских территорий в Африке.

💡Кабо-Верде

Кабо-Верде - это архипелаг, который был открыт португальцами в 1456 году, в ходе их исследований и поиска новых торговых путей. В видео упоминается как часть процесса освоения африканского побережья и расширения империи.

💡Трансатлантическая торговля рабами

Этот термин относится к торговле африканскими рабами, которая началась после открытия новых путей к югу Африки. В видео упоминается, что это начало темной истории, которая продолжалась в течение следующих 400 лет и была частью глобального экономического соединения, созданного португальцами.

💡Трактат о делиминировании сфер влияния

Это соглашение между Португалией и Испанией после открытия новых земель в Америках. В видео упоминается, что соглашение разделило мир на две сферы влияния, где восточные земли принадлежали Португалии, а западные - Испании.

💡Васко да Гама

Васко да Гама был известным португальским мореплавателем, который первым достиг Индии, открыв морской путь к Азии. В видео упоминается его экспедиция в 1497-1498 годах как важный момент в истории Португальской империи и глобального торгового соединения.

💡Альфонсо де Албукерке

Альфонсо де Албукерке был вице-королем Португальской Индии, который строил торговые посты и укрепления для защиты и продвижения торговли. В видео упоминается его роль в укреплении португальского присутствия в Индонезии и других частях Азии.

💡Исламская инквизиция в Гойе

Это институт, созданный для расследования и привлечения к ответственности христиан, которые подозревались в ереси. В контексте видео, это связано с религиозным принуждением и насилием, которое испытывали инквизицией индуистские сообщества в Португальской Индии.

💡Колониальная война Португалии

Это серия войн, в которых Португалия участвовала, чтобы защищать или расширить свои колониальные интересы. В видео упоминается, что во время XVI века Португалия вела военные действия против мусульманских султанатов и империй Азии, часто используя превосходную военную технологию.

💡Карнацкий золотой рывок

Это период в истории Бразилии, когда в 1693 году были обнаружены золото и алмазы в штате Минас-Жерайс. В видео упоминается, что это событие привлекло множество мигрантов и увеличило доходы португальской короны, что способствовало развитию Бразилии как важной колонии.

💡Революция с карнацией

Это военная волна, которая прошла в 1974 году в Португалии и привела к свержению диктатораского режима и началу процесса декOLONизации. В видео упоминается, что после этой революции Португалия начала выводить свои войска из колоний и признавать их независимость.

Highlights

The world's shipping lanes map showcases the intricate network of maritime routes that connect our modern world through global trade.

Most oceanic highways were chartered long ago with no reliable navigation methods, relying on local knowledge and rudimentary maps.

Portugal emerged as a maritime superpower in the 16th century, establishing international trade routes that did not previously exist.

Portugal's maritime exploits led to the establishment of an empire stretching from Africa to Asia and South America.

The Reconquista events led to the formation of the Kingdom of Portugal, which later focused on maritime expansion.

The attack on the city of Ceuta in 1415 marked the beginning of the Portuguese Empire and its expansion beyond the Iberian Peninsula.

Prince Henry the Navigator championed maritime exploration, seeking to reach Asia by an easterly sea route.

The discovery of the islands of Madeira and the Azores expanded the Portuguese Empire and their exploration of the Atlantic coastline of Africa.

Cape Bojador was considered a point of no return until 1434 when it was successfully navigated, opening further exploration south towards sub-Saharan Africa.

The search for new markets led to the trade of gold, ivory, pepper, cotton, and sugar from Africa, as well as the beginning of the transatlantic slave trade.

The Portuguese left padro stones and established forts and trading posts along the coast of Africa, engaging in the gold and slave trades.

Bartholomew Diaz's voyage in 1488 proved the existence of an easterly sea route to Asia by rounding the southern tip of Africa.

The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 divided the world into spheres of influence between Portugal and Spain, with Portugal claiming lands to the east.

Vasco de Gama's expedition in 1497-1498 successfully established trade relations with Calicut, India, demonstrating the potential of maritime trade to Asia.

Pedro Alvarez Cabral's unintended discovery of Brazil in 1500 led to its eventual colonization and the development of the valuable sugar industry.

Alfonso de Albuquerque's efforts expanded Portuguese influence in Asia, constructing trading posts and fortifications along the route to the East Indies.

Religious missionaries accompanied Portuguese explorers, aiming to spread Catholicism among native peoples in Asia and Africa.

The Dutch and English began to challenge Portuguese trade routes and colonial territories in Asia, leading to conflicts and the loss of some territories.

The union of the crowns of Spain and Portugal under the Iberian Union and subsequent conflicts with European rivals weakened the Portuguese Empire.

The discovery of gold and diamonds in Brazil in the late 16th century revitalized the Portuguese Empire's wealth and focus on its South American territories.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake marked the beginning of the end for Portuguese colonial ambitions, straining the empire's finances and population.

The rise of revolutionary movements and the independence of Brazil in 1822 significantly reduced the size and influence of the Portuguese Empire.

Efforts to connect African colonies with the 'Pink Map' policy were thwarted by British opposition, leading to the end of Portuguese colonial ambitions.

The Carnation Revolution in 1974 led to the withdrawal of Portuguese troops and the beginning of the process of recognizing the independence of its colonies.

The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the official end of the Portuguese Empire, one of the longest-lived maritime and commercial empires.

The legacy of the Portuguese Empire endures with the Portuguese language spoken by 250 million people and the maritime routes established continuing to carry world trade.

Transcripts

[Music]

this is a map of the world's shipping

lanes showcasing the intricate network

of Maritime routes that connect our

modern world through global trade

although some of these routes were

established in more recent times such as

the Suz and Panama canals most of these

Oceanic highways were chartered long ago

in an age where there was no reliable

way of navigation other than local

knowledge and some rudimentary

Maps however just over 500 years ago at

the beginning of the 16th century these

international trade routes did not even

exist only due to the emergence of the

small Iberian nation of Portugal as a

maritime superpower were these

connections to other parts of the world

made possible through their daring

voyages and navigational prowess

Portugal quickly established an empire

for itself stretching from Africa to

Asia and South America these Maritime

exploits not only fueled Portugal's

wealth an astonishing rise to power but

also laid the foundation for the

interconnected global economy that we

benefit from today but how did this

relatively obscure Nation on the edge of

Europe emerged to forge an Empire that

would shape the course of history for

centuries to come this is the history of

the Portuguese

Empire all of our videos and are

available to watch ad free over on our

substack page you can also read along to

the original scripts as well as listen

to the audio generation as podcasts by

following the link in the video

description below and subscribing with

your email thank

you the kingdom of Portugal emerged out

of the series of events known to history

as the Reconquista which was the the

gradual reconquest of Christian lands on

the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslim

Moors who had invaded the territory far

back in the 8th Century having

established itself as a sovereign

Kingdom by the middle of the 12th

century the Portuguese went on to push

out the remaining Moors to the South by

capturing the territory of the alav in

1249 effectively setting out the borders

of their Kingdom along the same lines to

which they exist today with their own

territory secured from external threats

and the possibility of further expand on

the Iberian Peninsula ruled out on

account of their friendly relations with

the neighboring Christian kingdom of

Castile to the east Portugal turned its

attention towards the Sea and the

possibility of exerting its own

influence upon both it and the lands

that lay Beyond in North

Africa the year 1415 marked a pivotal

moment in Portuguese expansion for a

decision was made to orchestrate an

attack on the city of sutta which was

held by the marinid

sultanate although many at the time

considered this nothing more than a

continuation of the hostilities between

Christians and Muslims in reality it

paved the way for the Portuguese to

expand their dominions and economic

interests beyond the Iberian Peninsula

and marked the beginning of the

Portuguese

Empire despite capturing the city the

Portuguese were not able to advance

further into North Africa as they had

initially planned owing to determined

resistance by local Muslim forces

nevertheless they continued to Garrison

suta and used its harbor as a base to

explore the Atlantic Coastline of Africa

this policy of Maritime exploration was

championed by a prominent figure in the

early days of the Portuguese Empire

Prince Henry the Navigator he was

curious to know how far the Muslim

territories in Africa extended Southward

and whether it would be possible to

reach Asia by an easterly sea route

consequently scores of Portuguese ships

began to set off into the Atlantic Ocean

and around the coast of North Africa

probing further F and further into what

were at the time uncharted waters the

islands of madira and the azors were

first cited in 1419 and 1427

respectively and were subsequently

incorporated as the latest additions to

the expanding Portuguese Empire one of

the first natural barriers the

Portuguese encountered on their

Explorations was Cape bador the violent

Waters that surround it had claimed many

vessels that had previously tried to

pass through and it was widely deemed to

be a point of no return

that was until 1434 when jilan

successfully found the navigable passage

around the cape and opened up further

exploration South towards subsaharan

Africa no sooner had this feat been

achieved that the merchants of Lisbon

began to search for newer and more

exotic markets to which they could trade

to Gold Ivory pepper cotton and sugar

all from Africa soon became more

commonplace amongst the trading stools

of Lisbon as did the practice of selling

African slaves which began the long and

dark history of the transatlantic slave

trade that would continue for the next

400

years over the subsequent Decades of the

15th century the Portuguese ventured

further and further south down the coast

of Africa reaching the cape verdie

Islands in 1456 and the Gulf of Guinea

by the

1460s as they explored they left behind

a series of padro stone crosses engraved

with the Portuguese coat of arms marking

out their territorial claims which were

followed up with the construction of

forts and trading posts from these bases

they engaged profitably in the gold and

slave trades which they held a virtual

monopoly on for well over a

century the real prize for the

Portuguese Merchants however was a

supposed but as yet unconfirmed sea

route to Asia they hoped that the

discovery of such a route would allow

them direct access to the spice markets

of the Indies and bypass the expensive

Arab and Venetian Merchants who

controlled the Overland trade routes

through the Middle East and across the

Mediterranean into Europe then in 1488

news reached the ears of the Portuguese

authorities that Bartholomew di had

rounded the southern tip of Africa and

reached the Indian Ocean proving that

such an easterly passage did indeed

exist however this Revelation would soon

be eclipsed in magnitude Just 4 years

later when Christopher Columbus sailed

westwards across the Atlantic Ocean in

in search of his own theoretical route

to the Indies and in the process

inadvertently discovered an entirely New

World the discovery of the Americas

which Columbus claimed in the name of

Spain and initially believed to be part

of Eastern Asia quickly created a

problem for the two Iberian Nations not

knowing where one set of recently

discovered lands ended and another began

they consequently agreed to divide the

world in two spheres of influence

between themselves marked by a north

south line of Meridian roughly halfway

between the cape verie Islands

controlled by Portugal and the Caribbean

islands of the Americas which Columbus

had recently discovered and claimed for

Spain the Treaty of pesas ratified this

agreement in 1494 and effectively carved

the world in two with the lands to the

east of this line to be claimed solely

by Portugal and the lands to the West

claimed solely by

Spain with the dispute settled Portugal

could finally begin to undertake its

long-standing ambition of charting a sea

route to Asia and so on the 8th of July

1497 the Explorer Vasco de Gama left

Lisbon with a fleet of four ships and a

crew of 170 men Bound for the Indian

Ocean in search of Asia after a voyage

of some 10 months de's Expedition

finally made landfall on the Malibar

coast of India in May 1498 and

subsequently met with the zamorin or

king of Calicut to establish the trade

relations that they they had longed hop

for whilst the portuguese's arrival was

greeted with hospitality the local

Indian Traders found little value in the

Trinkets and commodities the Europeans

had brought with them to exchange and so

D's Expedition largely left empty-handed

their return Journey back to Portugal

took an agonizing amount of time owing

to the monsoon conditions they had to

face up at Sea which took an immense

toll on both the crew and the ships

nevertheless the survivors arrived back

in Lisbon during the summer of 1499 and

were given a hero's welcome despite the

me quantities of spices and other Goods

they had brought

back although the Expedition itself may

not have been profitable it demonstrated

that Maritime trade to Asia was possible

and had huge

potential the second expedition to India

set sail in 1500 under the command of

Pedro Alvarez Cabra although while

traversing across the Atlantic Ocean

sailed Too Far West and unexpectedly

reached the coast of what is now

Brazil although this discovery may have

been unintentional some speculation

suggests that the Portuguese may have

already been aware of Brazil's existence

and secretly knew that this part of

South America fell within their

designated territory according to the

Treaty of

tordas cabal recommended to the

Portuguese King Manuel the that the land

be settled and two follow-up voyages

were sent in 1501 and

1503 the land was found to be abundant

in brazilwood from which it later

inherited its name but the failure to

find gold or silver meant that for the

time being the Portuguese instead

decided to concentrate their efforts on

the invaluable trade out of

India as the first decade of the 16th

century progressed the Portuguese

ventured further into other parts of

Asia such as Sri Lanka and Indonesia

where they discovered the sources of

cinnamon and Nutmeg so valuable were

these Commodities that Alfonso de

Albuquerque the first appointed Vice Roy

of Portuguese India ordered the

construction of trading posts and

fortifications along the 14,000 M long

route stretching from Portugal to the

East Indies these served as basis of

operations for conducting trade and

ensured the safeguarding of their

valuable cargos that were to be

transported on the long arduous Journey

Back to the markets of Europe shortly

thereafter the Portuguese trading

Network stretched to cover an area

surrounding the coastlines of Africa

Arabia IND India Indonesia and even as

far as China and

Japan although the Portuguese were

primarily motivated to establish trade

relations through peaceful means their

arrival into Asia was often met with a

fair degree of Suspicion from local

Merchants who saw them as nothing more

than foreign Interlopers on their

territory consequently as tensions grew

the Portuguese took to enforcing their

trading activity with the use of force

throughout the 16th century numerous

conf icts broke out Across The Wider

indopacific region as the Portuguese

engaged in Warfare against the numerous

sultanates and empires of Asia often

possessing Superior military technology

over their adversaries the Portuguese

were largely successful at defending

their commercial Enterprises as well as

going on the offensive to capture

strategic targets that they wish to take

for

themselves however it was not just trade

and Conquest that advanced the Realms of

the Portuguese Empire religion also had

its part to play

accompanying the officials Merchants

Mariners and Soldiers on board the ships

leaving Lisbon were small numbers of

priests and

missionaries typically belonging to the

Jesuit order they had been ordered by

the Portuguese monarchy to spread the

Catholic faith amongst the native

peoples of Asia and Africa who they had

come into contact with this policy had

mixed successes for although their

efforts help towards establishing

relations and new settlements such as

the port of Nagasaki in Japan in 1571

elsewhere the priests and missionaries

spread the word of God through violence

and coercion in the case of the Goa

Inquisition for example they heavily

persecuted the Hindu population of

Portuguese India in a bid to convert

them to

Christianity the early period of the

Portuguese Empire was concentrated on

developing trade across Asia and Africa

which were much more lucrative and

easily accessible compared to Brazil

attitudes towards this quickly changed

however when other Europe European

explorers particularly the French began

to develop interests of their own in the

territory and established a trading post

there in

1531 the Portuguese response as decreed

by King XO III on the 28th of September

1532 was to deter further French

incursions to the region by initiating a

large-scale colonization program that

would see the land divided up and ruled

by 15 separate captaincies with

instructions to build settlements Grant

allotments and administer Justice

each Captain was responsible for

developing and absorbing the costs of

colonization although they were not

allowed to own the land

outright despite their best efforts

however only two of the captaincies

reached any stage of significant

development owing principally to their

dedication in growing the highly

profitable crop of sugar cane this

required an enormous amount of Labor to

produce and over time it became

exclusively reliant on enslaved Africans

to work in its Fields such was the scale

and importance of the sugar industry

that of the estimated 4 million Africans

who were sold into slavery in the

Americas between the 16th and 19th

centuries up to 40% ended up in Brazil

the Portuguese presence in South America

began to slowly develop As Time passed

with the cities of Bahia sa Paulo and

Rio de Janeiro all being founded in the

mid-6th

century however a significant change in

the progress of the Portuguese Empire

occurred in 1580 when a succession

crisis triggered by the untimely death

of King Sebastian 2 years earlier saw

Philip II of Spain invade Portugal and

take the throne for himself with that

the two crowns and overseas empires of

Spain and Portugal were United under the

Iberian Union although they would

continue to be ruled separately and

distinctly from one

another during this time however in the

late 16th century Spain was at war with

England France and the Netherlands and

as a result of the union with its

Iberian neighbor Portugal quickly found

itself embroiled in The Wider conflict

with European Rivals who were all

competing to establish overseas empires

of their own the Dutch in particular

posed the most comprehensive threat to

Portugal at this time for they had just

gained their independence from the

Spanish hapsburg monarchy in 1581 and

being Adept merchants and Maritime

explorers were Keen to participate in

the lucrative trade to Asia for

themselves these Ambitions were also

shared by the English and both soon

learned of the navigational routes

established by the Portuguese that would

take them to the spice markets of India

and Indonesia so much so by the turn of

the 17th century Dutch and English

Mercantile interests had been

established in Asian ports such as Surat

Madras Bantam and Sri Lanka much to the

dislike of the Portuguese traders in the

region not only did this POS a

commercial threat to the Portuguese

Empire with other European Merchants now

competing for the same trade the but it

also led to Colonial conflict as the

Dutch began to attack Portuguese trading

posts and colonies the Dutch Portuguese

War which was fought from 1598 to 1663

saw battles rage across the globe

wherever the colonial interests of the

two European powers came into

contact although the Portuguese were

able to successfully repel the Dutch in

some areas such as the Second Battle of

guaris in northeastern

Brazil many of their territories in Asia

such as Malaysia Lanka and the gold

coast of Africa were lost the wider

Fallout from this conflict also resulted

in further losses for the Portuguese

Empire around the Persian Gulf and in

Japan where local rulers sought to

capitalize on the weakened position of

the Portuguese and expel them from their

respective

regions the loss of these Colonial

territories spurred the Portuguese to

end the personal Union with the Spanish

monarchy believing they had largely been

abandoned by their Iberian neighbor who

had prioritized their own Colonial

interests at the expense of portugals

the resulting Portuguese restoration War

which broke out in 1640 saw John the 4th

proclaimed as king and the establishment

of the overseas Council which was to

govern all aspects of the Portuguese

Empire from that point

onward however as the second half of the

17th century progressed Portugal's

Colonial might continue to decline and

other European nations began to fill the

power vacuum which had had once occupied

with the English becoming the most

dominant power in India and the Dutch

cementing their control over what is now

Indonesia this for the most part left

only Brazil as the remaining territory

of significance with the Empire and

consequently became viewed with

increasing

importance the interest in developing

Brazil was quickly helped in 1693 by the

discoveries of gold and later diamonds

in the Minas jerice region which led to

a gold rush and a large influx of

migrants to the territory Within four

decades the population of Minas had

reached somewhere between 200,000 and

250,000 people as migrants from Portugal

arrived as Prospectors and African

slaves were brought in to work in the

mines the Gold Rush considerably

increased the revenue of the Portuguese

crown and by the middle of the 18th

century it constituted for some 46% of

the exports from Brazil although the

sugar industry remained the primary

source of

wealth although the Portuguese Empire

had regained some of its former Prestige

and wealth by this time a devastating

earthquake which struck the capital of

Lisbon in

1755 marked what would ultimately become

the beginning of the end for Portuguese

Colonial Ambitions the natural disaster

not only put a huge financial strain on

the Empire but the loss of life

estimated to be somewhere in the region

of 40 to 60,000 people also

significantly diminished the ability of

the Portuguese to fully recover as the

18th century progressed

a wave of Revolution began to sweep

Across The Wider Atlantic region first

starting in North America with the 13

colonies declaring their independence

from Britain in

1775 which in turn inspired the French

Revolution of

1789 the Portuguese Empire soon began to

experience this phenomenon for itself

with the air of dissension finding its

way to their largest colony of

Brazil despite being initially confined

to localized slave revolts that were

quickly suppressed

there was a growing sentiment within the

South American territory that it should

embark on its own Journey towards

self-determination outside of colonial

rule the year 1808 would Mark a

significant step in this direction when

the Portuguese royal family led by the

prince Regent Joe I 6 decided to flee

Lisbon in response to Napoleon bonapart

invasion of Portugal and relocate the

Royal Court to Brazil 7 years later in

1815 Brazil itself was elevated to the

SES of a kingdom within the wider United

Kingdom of Portugal Brazil and the

alaves and witnessed to the

unprecedented honor of having the

capital mov from Lisbon to its own city

of Rio De Janeiro this further

emboldened sentiment within Brazil for

Independence and within a year of the

royal family returning to Portugal the

fourth son of j v 6 Don Pedro the who

had remained behind in Rio saw the

chance to capitalize upon the

opportunity to declare himself as

emperor of a newly independent Empire of

Brazil in 182

2 this left the Portuguese Empire as

shadow of its former self now comprising

only of a few outposts in Asia and the

territories of Angola and mosambique in

Africa for the remainder of the 19th

century the efforts of the Portuguese to

retain what little remain of their

empire were focused on Southern Africa

and a proposal was soon made to connect

the two colonies on either side of the

continent with one another by expanding

across the hinterland this project known

as the pink map was highly unpalatable

to the British who had become the

world's most powerful Empire by this

point for it directly affronted their

own policy for a connected system of

colonies across Africa that was to

stretch from Cairo to Cape Town the

British delivered an ultimatum to the

Portuguese in 1890 to end the pink map

policy which subsequently brought any

hint of Reviving Portuguese Colonial

ambition to an end having been

humiliated on the world stage in such a

manner exposed the weakness of the

Portuguese government in monarchy which

played into the hands of a growing

Republican movement within the country

sensing an opportunity to further their

cause on the 1st of February 1908 King

Carlos and Prince Louis Philipe were

assassinated in Lisbon by two

revolutionary Republican activists

although King Manuel II immediately

succeeded the throne he too had to flee

the country just 2 years later in 1910

when the monarchy and government were

overthrown entirely and Portugal was

declared a

republic the continuing weakening

position of the Portuguese Empire was

exploited further by the outbreak of the

first world war in

1914 the German Empire planned to expand

its own dominions and influence in

Africa at the expense of the neighboring

Portuguese colonies of Angola and

mosambique as there was only sporadic

skirmishing in the region at first

Portugal did not formerly declare war

against Germany until 1916 but from that

point on much of the war effort was

forced in supplying the Allies fighting

in France and neglected to defend its

African colonies from further German

attacks

as the war came to an end in 1918 with

the Treaty of Versailles however

Portugal was able to regain control of

all its lost

territory the interwar years bore

witness to another coup in Portugal this

time replacing the unstable Republican

government with a more right-wing regime

called the estado novo in

1933 the new Administration chose to

remain neutral during the second world

war and instead preserve what remained

of its overseas Empire by the war's

conclusion however there was there was a

growing shift in attitudes towards

European imperialism and calls for

decolonization began to grow louder

around the world the efforts of Britain

and France in granting Independence of

the colonies under their control put

great pressure on Portugal to do the

same although it remained reluctant to

do so the establishment of Indian

independence from Britain in 1947

created a flash point on this issue as

the Portuguese enclaves of Goa Damon and

du were not permitted to join the newly

independent state the Indian army was

event ually ordered into the territories

in 1961 but Portugal under the

dictatorship of Antonio de Oliva Salazar

continually refused to acknowledge their

incorporation into

India further reluctance to Grant

independence of their colonies in Africa

resulted in the Portuguese colonial war

which was fought from 1961 to

1974 many African Independence movements

received support from the Soviet Union

as part of the wider Cold War during

this time and as a result Guerilla

Warfare soon became became widespread

across Portugal's African colonies the

growing cost and unpopularity of the war

at home however saw another military

coup carried out against the asadon NOA

regime in what became known as the

Carnation Revolution on the 25th of

April

1974 the new government quickly ended

the hostilities overseas and began

withdrawing its troops to start the

process of recognizing the independence

of its colonies Angola and mosambi

declared an independence in 1975 as did

East timore and the Portuguese

government also finally recognized its

former colonies in India as now being

part of the Indian State the final piece

of the Portuguese overseas territory to

undergo a transfer of sovereignty was

that of

Macau which was handed over to the

People's Republic of China on the 20th

of December 1999 and officially marked

the end of the Portuguese

Empire with that one of the longest

lived Maritime and Commercial empires in

history came to an

although the territories of the azors

and madira are now governed as

autonomous regions of Portugal the

legacy of the Portuguese Empire lives on

with the Portuguese language continuing

to be spoken by some 250 million people

around the world and perhaps most

importantly the sea roots that were

established by those early Maritime

explorers continue to carry the World's

Trade over 5 centuries

on