The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38

Summary

In this episode of CrashCourse US History, John Green revisits the Cold War, focusing on the Korean and Vietnam Wars. The Korean War (1950-1953) marked America's first post-WWII conflict with communism, leading to a stalemate at the 38th parallel. The Vietnam War escalated under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, with the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the Tet Offensive highlighting the conflict's brutality and the government's misleading portrayal of the war. Nixon's 'Vietnamization' and expansion into Cambodia failed to end the war, which ultimately resulted in a communist victory in 1975. The war's cost in lives and trust in government was immense, marking a significant shift in American attitudes towards military intervention and leadership.

Takeaways

• 🌏 The Cold War's 'hot' conflict began in Asia, specifically in Korea, which is often overlooked in discussions of US history.
• 🇰🇵 The Korean War (1950-1953) was a significant early test of American resolve against communism, directly involving US troops against communist China.
• 🔥 The Korean War was a precursor to the Vietnam War, setting the stage for further US military engagement in Asia.
• 🎖️ General Douglas MacArthur led UN forces in the Korean War, but his popularity with the media did not translate to success on the battlefield.
• 💥 The US attempted to unify Korea under a non-communist government, leading to a protracted and costly conflict.
• 🇨🇳 Chinese intervention in the Korean War was a pivotal moment, leading to a stalemate and eventual armistice near the original dividing line.
• 💣 The Korean War saw extensive bombing and a 'scorched earth' policy, with civilian casualties predominating.
• 🏛️ The war reinforced executive power in the US, as President Truman bypassed Congress to engage in conflict.
• 📈 The Vietnam War was influenced by the Korean War, with the US supporting anti-communist regimes as a bulwark against communism's spread.
• 🕊️ Ho Chi Minh's struggle was as much about national liberation from colonialism as it was about establishing a communist state, a nuance often overlooked during the Cold War.
• 📜 The Gulf of Tonkin incident led to a significant escalation of US involvement in Vietnam, despite questions about its legitimacy.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the video script provided?

The video script focuses on the history of the Cold War, particularly the Korean and Vietnam Wars, emphasizing the reasons behind these conflicts and their implications rather than military tactics.

Why is the Korean War sometimes referred to as the 'Forgotten War'?

The Korean War is called the 'Forgotten War' because it is often overshadowed by World War II and the Vietnam War, despite being a significant conflict where American troops directly engaged with a communist power for the first time after WWII.

What was the role of General Douglas MacArthur in the Korean War?

General Douglas MacArthur was in command of the UN forces, which were primarily American and South Korean forces, at the start of the Korean War. He led the forces in pushing North Koreans back past the 38th parallel.

Why did President Truman not refer to the Korean War as a 'war'?

President Truman did not refer to the Korean War as a 'war' because he sought authorization from the United Nations and insisted that American troops were leading a UN 'police action,' which was a misleading statement.

What was the significance of the Chinese intervention in the Korean War?

The Chinese intervention in the Korean War was significant because it occurred when Chinese forces felt that American forces were too close to China. This led to a stalemate by Christmas 1950, with both sides back at the 38th parallel.

How did the Korean War impact the United States domestically?

The Korean War had profound domestic effects, including strengthening executive power as Truman went to war without a declaration from Congress, increasing the financial and human cost of war, and reinforcing the Cold War mentality and the Red Scare.

What was the 'domino theory' in the context of the Vietnam War?

The 'domino theory' was the prevailing belief that if Vietnam fell to communism, other nations in Southeast Asia would follow, like a row of dominos toppling over. This theory influenced American policy and involvement in Vietnam.

Why did the United States support the French in their war to maintain colonial control in Vietnam after WWII?

The United States supported the French in their war to maintain colonial control in Vietnam due to the fear of communism. The U.S. saw the fight against communism as more important than the issue of colonialism.

What was the Tet Offensive and why was it significant in the Vietnam War?

The Tet Offensive was a major military campaign launched by North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnam and its allies during the Vietnam War. It was significant because, despite being repelled, it cast doubt on the U.S. government's claims of imminent victory and increased anti-war sentiment.

How did the Vietnam War change the American public's trust in their government?

The Vietnam War led to a significant loss of trust in the American government due to the government's dishonesty about the war's progress and its true motives. This distrust was further exacerbated by events like the My Lai massacre and the publication of the Pentagon Papers.

What was the 'secret plan' that President Nixon promised to end the Vietnam War?

President Nixon's 'secret plan' to end the Vietnam War involved 'Vietnamization,' which meant gradually withdrawing American troops and leaving the fighting to the Vietnamese, and escalating the war by sending American troops into Cambodia to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail.

What were the consequences of the United States' involvement in Vietnam?

The consequences of the United States' involvement in Vietnam included a cost of over $100 billion, the deaths of 58,000 Americans and between 3 to 4 million Vietnamese people, and a significant loss of trust in the government by the American public.

Outlines

00:00

🌏 Introduction to the Cold War in Asia

John Green introduces the topic of the Cold War, focusing on the often overlooked Korean War as a significant conflict where the US engaged with communist forces. He explains the division of Korea post-WWII and the US's involvement in the conflict due to perceived Soviet influence. The war was the first major military action by the US after WWII and marked the first direct engagement with communist China. The video sets the stage for discussing the broader implications of the Cold War in Asia.

05:03

🔥 The Korean War and its Impact on US Policy

The Korean War is highlighted as a pivotal moment in US history, with significant losses on both sides. The US pursued a 'scorched earth' policy, leading to extensive bombing campaigns. The war's stalemate and eventual ceasefire without a formal peace treaty left a lasting impact on US foreign policy, including the strengthening of executive power and the perpetuation of the Cold War mentality. It also set the stage for the Vietnam War, which is discussed in more detail in the following paragraph.

10:05

🏛 The Misunderstood Vietnam War and its Domino Theory

This section delves into the Vietnam War, emphasizing the US's misinterpretation of Ho Chi Minh's motivations and the influence of the Cold War's domino theory. The US's support for the French colonial war and the subsequent backing of the South Vietnamese regime under Ngo Dinh Diem is critiqued. The paragraph outlines the escalation of US involvement, starting with military advisors and leading to a full-scale conflict, which was largely driven by the fear of communism spreading in Southeast Asia.

📺 The Brutality and Public Perception of the Vietnam War

The paragraph discusses the brutality of the Vietnam War, characterized by jungle warfare, indiscriminate bombing, and the use of chemical defoliants. It notes the significance of television in bringing the realities of the war into American homes, leading to a shift in public opinion. The My Lai massacre and the disproportionate burden on the lower classes are highlighted as key factors that fueled anti-war sentiment, despite initial support for the war among the majority of Americans.

📉 The Escalation and Protests of the Vietnam War

The paragraph details the major escalation of American troops in Vietnam under President Lyndon Johnson and the subsequent protests that arose as the public became increasingly aware of the war's realities. It also covers Nixon's 'secret plan' to end the war, which included 'Vietnamization' and the controversial expansion of the war into Cambodia. The paragraph concludes with the impact of the Pentagon Papers and the eventual withdrawal of US troops, leaving the conflict unresolved.

🏳️ The Legacy of the Vietnam War and its Impact on Trust in Government

The final paragraph reflects on the legacy of the Vietnam War, noting its cost in lives and resources, and marking it as the first definitive loss for the US. It emphasizes the war's role in changing the American public's trust in government, from a period of trust to one of skepticism. The video concludes by acknowledging the importance of understanding the motivations of those involved in conflicts and the consequences of government dishonesty.

Keywords

💡Cold War

The Cold War refers to the prolonged state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc, led by the United States, and the Eastern Bloc, led by the Soviet Union, after World War II. In the context of the video, the Cold War is the backdrop against which the 'hot' conflicts like the Korean and Vietnam Wars took place, as part of the broader ideological struggle between communism and capitalism.

💡Korean War

The Korean War was a conflict that occurred from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea, which was supported by communist China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, which had support from the United States and other Western powers. The video discusses the Korean War as the first major armed conflict of the Cold War era, highlighting its significance as a precursor to other conflicts like Vietnam.

💡38th Parallel

The 38th Parallel refers to the latitude line at 38 degrees north that served as the original boundary between North and South Korea after World War II. The video mentions the 38th Parallel as the dividing line that was initially crossed by North Korean forces, leading to the outbreak of the Korean War, and later became the line around which military operations were focused.

💡Domino Theory

The Domino Theory was a Cold War-era political theory that posited that if one country fell to communism, its neighboring countries would also fall like a row of dominoes. The video script uses the term to explain the rationale behind U.S. involvement in Vietnam, suggesting that preventing the spread of communism in Southeast Asia was a key objective.

💡Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1955 to 1975, involving the communist government of North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam, along with the United States and other anti-communist allies. The video discusses the Vietnam War as a significant and controversial part of U.S. history, marked by escalating troop involvement and widespread public opposition.

💡Ngo Dinh Diem

Ngo Dinh Diem was the first President of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963. The video describes Diem as a repressive, elitist leader supported by the U.S. as a bulwark against communism, despite his unpopularity among the majority Buddhist population, illustrating the U.S.'s Cold War strategy of backing anti-communist leaders regardless of their domestic policies.

💡Tet Offensive

The Tet Offensive was a major military campaign during the Vietnam War, launched by the North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnam and its allies in 1968. The video mentions the Tet Offensive as a turning point in the war, which challenged U.S. claims of imminent victory and contributed to growing anti-war sentiment.

💡Agent Orange

Agent Orange is a herbicide and defoliant used by the U.S. military during the Vietnam War to clear dense jungle foliage that provided cover for enemy forces. The video refers to Agent Orange as part of the extensive bombing and chemical warfare tactics employed by the U.S., which had long-term environmental and health consequences.

💡My Lai Massacre

The My Lai Massacre refers to the mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, mostly women, children, and elderly people, by U.S. troops in 1968. The video script highlights the My Lai Massacre as a shocking event that was reported to the public in 1969, intensifying the anti-war movement and raising questions about the conduct of the war.

💡Vietnamization

Vietnamization was a policy of the U.S. government during the Vietnam War to gradually withdraw American combat troops and transfer the task of fighting the war to the South Vietnamese forces. The video describes Vietnamization as part of President Nixon's 'secret plan' to end U.S. involvement in the war, which also involved increased bombing campaigns.

💡Paris Peace Agreement

The Paris Peace Agreement was a peace treaty signed in 1973 that marked the official end of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. The video mentions the Paris Peace Agreement as a significant diplomatic achievement that allowed for the withdrawal of U.S. troops, although it did not bring immediate peace to Vietnam.

Highlights

The Cold War's 'hot' conflict in Asia, particularly focusing on the Korean War and its significance.

The Korean War (1950-1953) being the first major conflict involving the U.S. after WWII and its confrontation with communist China.

The division of Korea post-WWII and the ensuing civil war that escalated into an international conflict.

President Truman's decision to intervene in Korea without a formal declaration of war, framing it as a UN 'police action'.

General Douglas MacArthur's controversial leadership during the Korean War and the push beyond the 38th parallel.

China's entry into the Korean War and the resulting stalemate at the 38th parallel.

The high human and financial costs of the Korean War, including civilian casualties.

The strengthening of executive power in the U.S. due to the Korean War and its implications.

The impact of the Korean War on the Cold War mentality and the subsequent Vietnam War.

Ho Chi Minh's fight for liberation from colonialism, not just the establishment of communism in Vietnam.

The U.S. misinterpretation of Ho Chi Minh as a communist stooge due to Cold War biases.

America's involvement in Vietnam as a continuation of the Cold War and the 'domino theory'.

The escalation of the Vietnam War under President Lyndon B. Johnson, particularly after the Gulf of Tonkin incident.

The Gulf of Tonkin incident's false narrative and its role in gaining Congressional support for war.

The brutality of the Vietnam War, including the use of Agent Orange and napalm, and its televised exposure to the American public.

The social impact of the Vietnam War, with a disproportionate number of lower-class draftees.

The growing anti-war sentiment and protests in the U.S., despite initial public support for the war.

Nixon's 'secret plan' for ending the Vietnam War, which included 'Vietnamization' and the controversial expansion into Cambodia.

The destabilizing effect of the Vietnam War on Cambodia and the rise of the Khmer Rouge.

The disillusionment with government after the Vietnam War and the loss of public trust.

The Paris Peace Agreement of 1973 and the eventual communist victory in Vietnam in 1975.

The cost of the Vietnam War in terms of lives and financial expenditure, and its status as the first definitive U.S. military defeat.

Transcripts

Hi, I’m John Green, this is CrashCourse US History, and today we’re going to talk

about the Cold War again. Really less about the “cold,” more about the “war.”

As usual, we’re not going to focus so much on the generals and the tactics, but instead

on why the wars were fought and what it all meant.

And today we get to visit a part of the world that we haven’t seen much on this series:

[spins] Asia. Not my best work. intro

So, we’re gonna start today with the place where the Cold War really heated up, at least

as far as America’s concerned. Mr Green, it’s Vietnam.

Close, Me from the Past, but like all your romantic endeavors, unsuccessful. The correct

answer is of course Korea. Like MFTP, many Americans have forgotten about the Korean

War, which lasted three years from 1950 to 1953 and is sometimes called the Forgotten

War. But it was real. The Korean War was the first

real like shooting war that Americans were involved in after World War II and it was

the only time that American troops directly engaged with an honest to goodness Communist

power. I’m referring not to North Korea, but to

China, which became communist in 1949 and qualifies as a major world power because it

was, and also is, huge. We love you China. Just kidding, you’re not watching. Because

of the Great Fire Wall. So the end of WWII left Korea split between

a Communist north led by Kim Il crazypants Sung and an anti-communist but hardly democratic

South led by Syngman Rhee. The two were supposed to reunite, but that

was impossible because they were constantly fighting that cost around 100,000 lives.

The civil war between the two Koreas turned into a full-fledged international conflict

in June of 1950 when Kim Il Sung invaded the South, and the US responded. Truman thought

that Kim’s invasion was being pushed by the Soviets and that it was a challenge to

the “Free World.” Truman went to the United Nations and he got

authorization, but he didn’t go to Congress and never called the Korean War a “war.”

Insisting instead that American troops were leading a UN “police action” but that

was kind of a misleading statement. General Douglas MacArthur was in command of

this tiny little police force at the start of the war because he was the highest ranking

general in the region. He was also really popular, at least with the press, although

not so much with other generals, or with the president.

Under MacArthur, UN forces – which basically meant American and South Korean forces -- pushed

the North Koreans back past the 38th parallel where the two countries had been divided,

and then Truman made a fateful decision: The United States would try to re-unify Korea

as a non-communist state. Which, if you’ve looked at a map recently,

you’ll notice went swimmingly. America’s allies and the UN all agreed to this idea,

so up north they went, all the way to the northern border with China at the Yalu river.

At that point, Chinese forces, feeling that American forces were a smidge too close to

China, counter-attacked on November 1, 1950 and by Christmas the two sides were stalemated

again at the 38th parallel, right where they started.

The war dragged on for two more years with the U.S. pursuing a “scorched earth” policy

and dropping more bombs on Korea than had been dropped in the entire Pacific theater

during WWII. The two sides tried to negotiate a peace treaty,

but the sticking point was the repatriation of North Korean and Chinese prisoners who

didn’t want to go back to their communist homelands.

Meanwhile, at home, Americans were growing tired of a war that they weren’t winning,

which helped to swing the election of 1952 for Dwight Eisenhower.

Also he was also running against perennial presidential loser Adlai Stevenson, who was

perceived as an egghead intellectual because his name was Adlai Stevenson.

In addition to helping get Ike elected, the Korean War had a number of profound effects.

First and most importantly, it was expensive, both in terms of lives and money.

In 3 years of fighting 33,629 Americans were killed, 102,000 were wounded and nearly 4

million Koreans and Chinese were killed, wounded, or missing. The majority of Korean casualties

were civilians. The Korean War also further strengthened executive

power in the United States – Truman went to war without a declaration and Congress

acquiesced – this doesn’t mean that the war was initially was unpopular, it wasn’t.

People wanted to see America do something about Communism and allowing Kim to take the

south and possibly threaten Japan was unacceptable. However, the whole idea that you don’t really

need to declare war to go to war, while not new in America, sure has been important the

last 60 years. And the Korean War also strengthened the Cold

War mentality. I mean, this was the height of the Red Scare.

Also, the Korean War set the stage for America’s longer, more destructive, and more well known

engagement in Asia, the Vietnam War. Oh it’s time for the Mystery Document? The

rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document.

I’m either right or I get shocked. Alright, let’s see what we’ve got.

"The Declaration of the French Revolution made in 1791 on the Rights of Man and the

Citizen also states: "All men are born free and with equal rights, and must always remain

free and have equal rights." Those are undeniable truths.

Nevertheless, for more than eighty years, the French imperialists, abusing the standard

of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, have violated our Fatherland and oppressed our

fellow citizens. They have acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice.

In the field of politics, they have deprived our people of every democratic liberty.

Well Stan that sounds like a Frenchman who really doesn’t want to be French anymore.

So it’s somebody who’s very disappointed by the way the France has been running their

colonies. I’m going to guess that it’s North Vietnamese leader and Crash Course chalk

board person: Ho Chi Minh. Wait Stan says he needs his real name. It’s

Nguyen Sinh Cung. Yes! So, this document it points out that, at least

rhetorically, Ho Chi Minh was fighting for liberation from a colonial power as much as,

if not more than, he was trying to establish a communist dictatorship in Vietnam. But because

of the Cold War and its prevailing theories, the United States could only see Ho as a communist

stooge, a tool of the Kremlin. Under the so-called “domino theory” Vietnam

was just another domino that had to be propped up or else the rest of South East Asia would

fall to communism like a row of, dominos. That wasn’t my best work.

Now, in retrospect, this was a fundamental misunderstanding, but it’s important to

remember that at the time, people felt that they didn’t want the Soviet Union to expand

the way that, say, Nazi Germany had. America’s involvement in Vietnam, like most

things Cold War, dates back to World War II, but it really picked up in the 1950s as we

threw our support behind the French in their war to maintain their colonial empire. Wait,

Stan, how why would we fight with the French to maintain a colonial empire? Oh right, because

we were blinded by our fear of communism. Now, Eisenhower wisely refused to send troops

or use atomic weapons to help the French. Really good call.

And the Geneva Accords were supposed to set up elections to reunite North and South, which

had been divided after WWII, but then we didn’t let that happen.

Because sometimes democracies don’t vote for our guy. Instead, the U.S. began supporting

the repressive, elitist regime of Ngo Dinh Diem as a bulwark against communism.

Diem was a Catholic in a majority Buddhist country and his support of landowners didn’t

win him any fans. But he was against communism, which was good enough for us.

The first major involvement of American troops, then called advisors, began in the early 1960s.

Technically, their role was to advise the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, also called

ARViN. It was doomed. How did they not know this was doomed? Let’s

fight for Arvin. Against this guy. You are scary. Seriously.

Anyway, pretty quickly this advising turned into shooting, and the first American advisors

were killed in 1961, during John Kennedy’s presidency.

However, most Americans consider Vietnam to be Lyndon Johnson’s war, and they aren’t

wrong. The major escalation of American troops started under Johnson, especially in 1965

after the Gulf of Tonkin incident. This is one of the great incidents in all

of American history. So, in August 1964, North Korean patrol boats attacked US warships in

the Gulf of Tonkin. As a result Johnson asked Congress to authorize

the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” in Vietnam, which

Congress dutifully did with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

So why is this one of the great incidents in American history? Because the whole patrol

boats attacking warships thing? That didn’t happen. None of that stuff happened except

we did actually go to war. Now, in retrospect, this seems like a terrible

idea but it was very popular at the time because to quote the historian James Patterson, “Preventing

Communism, after all, remained the guiding star of American policy.”[1] Wait a second,

did I just say to quote historian James Patterson, like the crime novelist? Oh it’s a different

guy apparently. That’s a bummer. He doesn’t write his own books because he’s

so busy with his secret career - being a historian. So, the number of American troops began a

steady increase and so did the bombing. The frightfully named Operation Rolling Thunder

began in the spring of 1965. And in March of that year two Marine battalions arrived

at Danang airbase authorized to attack the enemy. No advising about it.

But, Johnson didn’t actually tell the American public that our troops had this authorization,

which was part of a widening credibility gap between what the government told Americans

about the war and what was really happening. Let’s go to the ThoughtBubble.

By 1968 there were about half a million American soldiers in Vietnam and the government was

confidently saying that victory was just around the corner. But then in January Vietnamese

forces launched the Tet Offensive and while it was eventually repelled, the fact that

the North Vietnamese were able to mount such an offensive cast doubts on the claims that

U.S. victory was imminent. The Vietnam War itself was particularly brutal,

with much of the ground fighting taking place in jungles. Rather than large-scale offensives,

troops were sent on search and destroy missions and often it was difficult to tell enemy from

civilians. Capturing territory wasn’t meaningful, so commanders kept track of body counts. Like,

if more enemy were killed than Americans, we were winning.

In addition to jungle fighting, there was a lot of bombing. Like, more bombs were dropped

on North and South Vietnam than both the Axis and Allied powers used in all of World War

II. The U.S. used chemical defoliants like Agent Orange to get rid of that pesky jungle,

and also napalm, which was used to burn trees, homes, and people.

Television coverage meant that Vietnam was the first war brought into American living

rooms. And people were horrified at what they saw. They were especially shocked at the My

Lai massacre, which took place in 1968 but was only reported a year later, in 1969. These

draftees were young, and disproportionately from the lower classes because enrollment

in college or grad school earned you a deferment. So unlike previous American wars, the burden

of fighting did not fall evenly across socioeconomic class.

Thanks, ThoughtBubble. So, as Americans at home became increasingly aware of what was

going on in Vietnam, protests started. But it’s important to remember that the majority

of Americans were not out in the streets or on college campuses burning their draft cards.

Right up through 1968 and maybe even 1970, most Americans supported the Vietnam War.

During the 1968 presidential campaign, Richard Nixon promised that he had a secret plan to

end the war and appealed to the silent majority of Americans who weren’t on board with the

anti-war movement. So, the first part of Nixon’s secret plan

was “vietnamization” -- gradually withdrawing American troops and leaving the fighting to

the Vietnamese. The second part involved more bombing and

actually escalating the war by sending American troops into Cambodia in order to cut off the

so-called Ho Chi Minh, named for this guy, a supply line that connected north to south.

Not only did this not work, it also destabilized Cambodia and helped the Khmer Rouge to come

to power. The Khmer Rouge represented the absolute worst

that Communism had to offer, forcing almost all Cambodians into communes and massacring

one third of the country’s population. So, not a great secret plan. By 1970 the anti-protests

had grown and discontent within the armed forces was enormous.

Vietnam veterans, including future almost-president John Kerry, were participating in protests.

And things got even worse when in 1971 the New York Times published the Pentagon Papers,

classified documents that showed that the government had been misleading the public

about the war for years. Congress eventually responded by passing the

War Powers Act in 1973 which was supposed to limit the president’s ability to send

troops overseas without their approval and prevent another Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

John: How does that work out, Stan? Stan: Not great.

John: Yeah. I’ll say. After five years of negotiations, Nixon and

his secretary of state Henry Kissinger were able to end America’s involvement in Vietnam.

In 1973 the Paris Peace Agreement made it possible for America to withdraw its troops,

although it left North Korea in control of some of South Vietnam.

The war between North and South Vietnam however continued until 1975 when the North finally

conquered the South and created a single, communist Vietnam.

The Vietnam War cost the United States more than $100 billion spent, 58,000 Americans

died as well as between 3 and 4 million Vietnamese people

And Vietnam was the first war in America that we definitively lost. We lost it because we

didn’t understand the Vietnamese and we didn’t understand why they were fighting.

To return to the historian James Patterson, “the unyielding determination of the enemy

… wore down the American commitment, which proved to be far less resolute.”[2]

America expected that its superior technology and wealth would eventually wear down the

Vietnamese and they’d just give up communism. But the Vietnamese weren’t fighting for

communism. They were fighting for Vietnam. This fundamental misunderstanding combined

with the government’s dishonesty changed American’s relationship with their leaders.

Before Vietnam, most Americans trusted their government, even when they knew it did horrible

things. But, after the war, and largely because of it, that trust was gone. Thanks for watching.

I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is made with the assistance of

all of these nice people and also through your support at Subbable.

Subbable is a voluntary subscription service that allows you to support crash course at

the monthly price of your choice including 0 dollars.

So if you enjoy and value Crash Course, I hope you’ll consider supporting us through

Subbable. If you can’t afford to do so, that’s fine. We’re just glad that you’re

watching. You can click my face or there’s also a

link in the video info. Thanks again for watching Crash Course and as we say in my hometown,

don’t forget to be awesome.