Keseimbangan pasar setelah pajak dan subsidi

Summary

This video explains how government policies like taxes and subsidies affect market equilibrium. The speaker discusses how these policies primarily impact the supply function, causing shifts in both price and quantity. Through simple algebraic examples, viewers learn how to adjust supply functions for taxes and subsidies, and how to calculate the new equilibrium. The video includes step-by-step examples using demand and supply equations, emphasizing the need to apply the correct formulas for accurate results. This practical guide helps viewers understand the relationship between policy changes and market outcomes.

Takeaways

• 😀 Taxes and subsidies are government policies that affect the market equilibrium by altering the supply function.
• 😀 Market equilibrium occurs where the quantity demanded (QD) equals the quantity supplied (QS), and can be calculated using their respective equations.
• 😀 A tax on the supply side shifts the supply curve upward, affecting the price at which suppliers are willing to sell.
• 😀 The supply equation with a tax is adjusted by adding the tax value (t) to the original supply function.
• 😀 A subsidy on the supply side shifts the supply curve downward, lowering the price at which suppliers are willing to sell.
• 😀 The supply equation with a subsidy is adjusted by adding the subsidy value (S) to the original supply function.
• 😀 The equilibrium price and quantity are determined by solving the system of equations for demand and supply after adjusting for taxes or subsidies.
• 😀 After the introduction of a tax, the new equilibrium is calculated by substituting the updated supply function with the tax into the demand function.
• 😀 After the introduction of a subsidy, the new equilibrium is calculated by substituting the updated supply function with the subsidy into the demand function.
• 😀 Understanding the effects of taxes and subsidies on supply is crucial for solving market equilibrium problems in economics.
• 😀 It's important to focus on the correct supply or demand function depending on whether a tax or subsidy is applied, as the effect will be on supply in both cases.

Q & A

What is market equilibrium?

Market equilibrium occurs when the quantity demanded (QD) equals the quantity supplied (QS) at a specific price, resulting in a stable market where both price and quantity remain unchanged.

How does a tax impact market equilibrium?

A tax increases the cost of production for suppliers, shifting the supply curve leftward, which leads to a higher price and lower quantity supplied at the equilibrium point.

What are the general forms of the demand and supply functions in market equilibrium?

In market equilibrium, the demand function (PD) is typically written as QD = f(P), while the supply function (PS) is written as QS = f(P). These two functions intersect at the equilibrium price and quantity.

How is the supply curve affected when a tax is introduced?

When a tax is introduced, the supply curve shifts upward by the amount of the tax, reflecting the higher cost of production that suppliers now face.

What happens to the supply curve when a subsidy is introduced?

A subsidy decreases the cost of production, causing the supply curve to shift downward, reflecting an increase in the quantity supplied at each price level.

How do taxes and subsidies affect the supply function in mathematical terms?

For taxes, the supply function becomes PS' = PS + T, where T is the tax amount. For subsidies, the supply function becomes PS' = PS - S, where S is the subsidy amount.

How do you calculate the new equilibrium after a tax or subsidy is imposed?

To calculate the new equilibrium after a tax or subsidy, you substitute the modified supply function (with the tax or subsidy) into the demand function and solve for the new price and quantity that satisfy both equations.

What is the key difference in the effect of a tax compared to a subsidy on market equilibrium?

The key difference is that a tax shifts the supply curve leftward, increasing the price and reducing the quantity supplied, while a subsidy shifts the supply curve rightward, decreasing the price and increasing the quantity supplied.

In the given examples, how is the supply function modified when a tax of 3 is imposed?

In the given example, when a tax of 3 is imposed, the supply function becomes PS' = 3 + 0.5Q + 3, or PS' = 6 + 0.5Q.

How does the introduction of a subsidy of 4 change the supply function in the example?

With a subsidy of 4, the supply function becomes QS' = -4 + 2P + 4, or QS' = 0 + 2P, reflecting the reduction in costs and an increase in quantity supplied at each price level.